IN 215 1
IN 215
INTERNET PROGRAMMING
altab6ua Ayoub Elgassier
Lecture Points
2
The Internet Definition, history, Application, and Use
The Web, History, and Versions
Hypertext and hypermedia
Links
Webpage, Website and types
Web principles
Web evaluation
Introduction to Internet Programming Semester: Spring 2024-2025
The Internet
3
─ A global system of interconnected computer networks consists of millions of computing devices
(desktop PCs, Unix-based workstations, and so called servers)
─ A network of networks consists of private, public, academic, business, and government networks
─ Internet allows computers to send a vast range of information in bytes to each other
─ Each Internet hosts has an IP address e.g. 133.09.34.2; some have a domain name e.g. mu.edu.ly
─ With the Internet, it’s possible to access almost any information, communicate with anyone else in the
world, and do much more.
─ Internet usage has new boundaries today; the major uses are e-commerce, e-learning, sharing information,
social connections, etc
Introduction to Internet Programming Semester: Spring 2024-2025
History of the Internet
4
─ In 1962, Mr. Licklider comes up with the idea for a global computer network.
─ In 1965, packet-switching which is a way of sending information from one computer to was developed
─ In 1969, ARPANET delivered its first message & by the end of 1969, just 4 computers connected to.
─ In 1970s, (TCP/IP) had been developed a protocol for linking multiple networks together
─ In 1980s, the PhoneNet system is established and is connected to ARPANET and the 1st commercial
network, Telenet, allows for email communication between multiple nations.
─ In 1990, Tim Berners-Lee develop HTML and URL, giving birth to the 1st incarnation of the Web
Introduction to Internet Programming Semester: Spring 2024-2025
Applications of the Internet
5
1. Email: Electronic mail invented in 1972 is one of the most commonly used services on the
Internet, allowing people to messages to one or more recipients.
2. Telnet: An app service allowing host in a multi terminal network to communicate with other hosts.
3. FTP: File Transfer Protocol is a simple & standard network protocols transferring a file from one
host to the other over a TCP Network
4. Video Conferencing: a set of telecommunication technologies which allow one or more locations
to transmit and receive video & audio signals simultaneously.
Introduction to Internet Programming Semester: Spring 2024-2025
The Web
6
─ The World Wide Web, abbreviated as WWW or W3 and commonly known as the Web, is
─ a system of interlinked hypertext documents with Client Server architecture accessed via the Internet.
─ consists of information organized into Web pages containing text and graphic images.
─ contains hypertext links, or highlighted keywords and images that lead to related information
─ Resources are transferred using Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI) & Hypertext Transfer Protocol
(HTTP).
─ To sum up, the Web is an information space where documents and other web resources are identified by
Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), interlinked by hypertext links, and can be accessed via the Internet.
Introduction to Internet Programming Semester: Spring 2024-2025
The Web History
7
─ In 1989, Tim Berners-Lee wrote a proposal to develop a distributed Information System
─ In 1990, with his colleague Robert, submitted a formal proposal for ‘Proposal for a Hyper Text Project’.
─ Also defined the Web’s basic concepts, the HTML, HTTP and URL
─ In 1991, a simple ‘Line-Mode’ browser was made & announcing WWW software on Internet newsgroups;
─ By1992, the Web software had a growing list of web servers that were mainly located at academic sites
─ In 1993, CERN puts the Web in the public domain, and there were over 500 known web servers
─ By late of 1994, the Web had 10,000 servers - of which 2k were commercial - and 10M users.
─ In 2000s saw the rise and burst of dotcom & Google’s meteoric rise to domination of the search engine
Introduction to Internet Programming Semester: Spring 2024-2025
Web Versions
8
Introduction to Internet Programming Semester: Spring 2024-2025
Web Versions – Web 1.0
9
The era of 1st version of the Web evolution referred as Read only Web was roughly from 1990 to 2000.
Web pages were static & hosted on free web hosting providers
User is limited to reading information provided by the producers.
Can be used as a personal website
The positioning & alignment of the elements on a page were done using tables or frames.
Characteristics:
1 Basic HTML websites with little to no CSS.
2 Limited user interactivity, mostly through forms and basic user input.
3 Information presentation without much user-generated content.
Introduction to Internet Programming Semester: Spring 2024-2025
Web Versions – Web 2.0
10
The era of the Web 2.0 from (2000 to 2010) & continues even now; referred as read-write web
Web 2.0 is a transition of Web 1.0 from static content to dynamic content.
relatively easier for the user to create their content on the web & share it.
Facilitates interaction between users & sites which intern allows users to communicate with others
AJAX and JavaScript frameworks and become a very popular means of creating Web 2.0 sites.
Characteristics
1 Rich user interfaces & responsive design.
2 User-generated content through blogs, social media, and wikis, and interactive web applications.
3 APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) that allow third-party developers to create apps that
interact with web services.
Introduction to Internet Programming Semester: Spring 2024-2025
Web Versions – Web 3.0
11
The Web 3.0 also referred as Semantic Web or Decentralized Web is the era (2010 and above)
computers can interpret information like humans via Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning.
intelligently generate & distribute useful content tailored to a particular need of a user.
Characteristics:
1 web content more understandable by machines
2 Improved search and recommendation systems that understand user context and intent
Example:
blockchain-based platforms like Ethereum are examples of technologies that can facilitate
decentralization.
Introduction to Internet Programming Semester: Spring 2024-2025
Hypertext
12
A document(s) composed of several information units (called nodes), connected between them by links
Refers to the use of hyperlinks (or simply “links”) to present text and static graphics.
Simply text including links to other sections of text, where the user can be transferred by clicking a
mouse button or pressing a key.
Allows for non-sequential or non-linear reading; the document can be read by following different paths
The main use & important aspect is information retrieval app.
The information can be of various media
Introduction to Internet Programming Semester: Spring 2024-2025
Hypertext - 1
13
Therefore, in a hypertext system it is possible to:
link with a term that represents aspects of the content of a document
connect two related documents
relate a term to a fragment containing its definition and use
link two related terms.
Introduction to Internet Programming Semester: Spring 2024-2025
Hypermedia
14
refers to the presentation of video, animation, & audio, which are often referred to as multimedia.
A combination of text, graphics, video or sound can now easily be interlinked in hypermedia
document to offer a rich, often interactive, environment
an extension of the term hypertext, utilized in a similar manner but is not limited to text elements.
The capabilities of hypertext systems have been extended to include any digitized media, such as sound
and images. This means that music and videos can be accessed via hyperlinks
Hypermedia ensures increasingly complex web systems remain interlinked,
providing clear and effective communication between numerous constituent parts.
The system allows internet users to access more information through links
embedded in digital elements such as videos and images.
Introduction to Internet Programming Semester: Spring 2024-2025
Links
15
A hypertext document contains links referring to other parts of the document, or even to whole other Documents.
That connection from one Web resource to another is called link.
The links embedded in a document are known as hyperlinks allowing the reader to jump to another part of the
same page, another page in the same document, or another document
A computerized hypertext system implements this idea by including anchors and links in documents
A link has two ends -- called anchors -- and a direction. The link starts at the "source" anchor and points to the
"destination" anchor, which may be any Web resource (e.g., an image, a video clip, a sound bite, a program, an
HTML document, an element within an HTML document, etc.).
Trails or paths connect a chain of links through an information space. They provide a context for viewing and
understanding a series of nodes.
Introduction to Internet Programming Semester: Spring 2024-2025
Links …..
16
A link:
A link is the actual reference (or "pointer") to the other document.
A link is a pointer to another piece of information within the same document or in another document; often you
cannot see how that link is implemented (it may be a hidden URL or some other programmed mechanism)
An anchor:
An anchor is a fragment of information which links to another document or portion.
An anchor is the visual representation of a link.
An anchor is a fragment of information which the user interacts within order to access the link. For instance, in a
Web Browser the phrase "Click here to return to the previous page“ is the anchor which the user interacts with it
contains the link to the previous page.
Introduction to Internet Programming Semester: Spring 2024-2025
Jump links, Knowledge Additivity
17
Jump link is where you click a link and instantly get moved somewhere
further up or down a long page. The Table of Contents to the right is an
example of page jumps.
Knowledge additivity: links can be created
to associate related subjects. Therefore the
information given can be extensive and wide.
The combination of two related subject areas
is known as knowledge additivity.
Introduction to Internet Programming Semester: Spring 2024-2025
Chain of links
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Chain of links is a series of successive jumps constructs a chained path through a series of documents
There are two different but complementary purposes of chaining documents via links:
Focusing: each jump along the path, the user can narrow the scope of the search until the fragment
containing the topic of their interest is reached.
Broadening: Multiple outgoing links from a document allow the user to broaden their search. This
is useful when the user does not have a precise idea of what is being searched for, or wishes to
conduct a broad search in a certain domain.
Introduction to Internet Programming Semester: Spring 2024-2025
What is a website
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A webpage is a document on the World Wide Web that contains hypertext links which is accessible via Internet.
A webpage is typically written in plain text interspersed with formatting instructions of HTML,
A site or website is a central location of various webpages that are all related and can be accessed by visiting the
homepage of the website using a browser
The main page that all of the pages on a particular Website are organized around and link back to is called the
site’s home page.
A website is hosted on at least one web server accessible by URL
A website is managed by its owner that can be an individual,
company or an organization.
Introduction to Internet Programming Semester: Spring 2024-2025
Type of Websites
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Static:
primarily this means the page doesn't import content from other sources
also this can mean the elements on the page don't interact with the mouse when it rolls over them
It is not required the knowledge of web programming and database design to create a static website. Its web
pages are coded in HTML.
Dynamic:
primarily this means the page may be importing style and/or content from other sources, such as CSS files,
databases, XML files, or other Web pages.
this can also mean CSS, Javascript and/or Flash are present on the Web page so that there is a noticeable
change to navigational bars or other items on the page when they are rolled over or clicked with the mouse.
Introduction to Internet Programming Semester: Spring 2024-2025
Web Principles
25
To access the web, a user must have a computer that connected to the Internet and appropriate browser
software. Such as Firefox.
The connection between the user’s computer and the
Internet can consist of a permanent (dedicated)
connection or a temporary (dial-up) connection
Basically, two pieces of software are needed to access
the web:
1. Basic communication software
2. Web application programs
Introduction to Internet Programming Semester: Spring 2024-2025
Website Evaluation
22
Since the emergence of the Internet an enormous amount of information has become available to us online.
Some websites created by Experts, but, the vast majority of the Web are designed and authored by non-experts
No one judges the quality or accuracy of information found on the Web before it is published, so you must evaluate
what you and for yourself
➢ how can we be sure that the info is accurate, written by whom is an expert in the field, academic and credible?
➢ How do we know whether it has been written and uploaded by a person who has strong opinions on the field?
➢ Does this type of information apply to your research needs?
➢ How can a student be sure that the information he is reading is valid and not just a skillfully worded and
designed promotional webpage trying to sell a product?.
➢ Is the information current, coming from a website that is regularly maintained and updated?
Introduction to Internet Programming Semester: Spring 2024-2025
Website Evaluation - 1
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Authority of Web Documents
Who published the document?
Check the domain of the document, does the URL suggest a reputable affiliation with regard to the
topic--personal or official site;
type of Internet domain (i.e., .edu: educational institution; .org: non-profit organization; .com:
commercial enterprise; .net: Internet Service Provider; .gov: governmental body; .mil: military
body)
What institution publishes this document, and is organizational information provided?
Does the publisher have expertise or experience with the topic?
Introduction to Internet Programming Semester: Spring 2024-2025
Website Evaluation - 2
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Accuracy of Web Documents
Who wrote the page and can you contact him or her?
Is the information presented accurate?
Are the facts documented or well-researched?
Are the Web resources for which links are provided quality sites?
Currency of Web Documents
When was it produced?
Are the pages date-stamped with last update?
When was it updated?
How up-to-date are the links (if any)?
Introduction to Internet Programming Semester: Spring 2024-2025
Website Evaluation - 3
25
Objectivity of Web Documents
What goals/objectives does this page meet?
Is the purpose and intention of the site clear, including any bias or particular viewpoint?
Are the purpose and scope stated?
Who is the intended audience?
Is the information clearly presented as being factual or opinion, primary or secondary in origin?
What criteria are used for inclusion of the information?
Is any sponsorship or underwriting fully disclosed?
Introduction to Internet Programming Semester: Spring 2024-2025
Website Evaluation - 4
26
Usability:
Is the site well-designed and stable?
Is the site organization logical and easy to maneuver?
Is the content written at a level that is readable by the intended audience?
Has attention been paid to presenting the information as error-free (e.g., spelling, punctuation) as
possible?
Is there a readily identifiable link back to the institutional or organizational home page?
Is the site reliably accessible?
is the information presented cited correctly?
Introduction to Internet Programming Semester: Spring 2024-2025
Difference between Web & Internet
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▪ The Internet is a massive network of networks It connects millions of computers together globally
▪ Information that travels over the Internet does so via a variety of languages known as protocols
▪ The Web built on top of the Internet & is a way of accessing information over the medium of the Internet
▪ Web uses the HTTP protocol, only one of the languages spoken over the Internet, to transmit data
▪ Web services use HTTP to allow applications to communicate in order to exchange business logic
Introduction to Internet Programming Semester: Spring 2024-2025
Questions
28
Introduction to Internet Programming Semester: Spring 2024-2025
