○​ Finiteness – Should terminate after a finite

DATA STRUCTURES AND ALGORITHMS number of steps.

○​ Feasibility – Can be implemented with
●​ Data Structures: A way of organizing and storing available resources.
data efficiently. ○​ Independence – Can be implemented in
●​ Algorithms: A set of instructions that define how different languages.
data is processed. 2.​ Algorithm Analysis:
●​ Importance: Helps improve efficiency, manage ○​ A Priori Analysis – Theoretical efficiency
large datasets, and optimize system performance. (before execution).
○​ A Posteriori Analysis – Practical efficiency
DATA STRUCTURE CONCEPTS (after execution).
3.​ Algorithm Complexity:
1.​ Foundation Terms: ○​ Time Complexity – Measures how execution
○​ Interface – Defines available operations in a time scales with input size.
data structure. ○​ Space Complexity – Measures memory
○​ Implementation – Provides the actual requirements of an algorithm.
structure and algorithms used.
○​ Characteristics – Includes correctness, time FUNCTIONS IN PROGRAMMING
complexity, and space complexity.
2.​ Need for Data Structures: 1.​ Defining a Function
○​ Efficient searching – Faster lookups in large ○​ A function is a block of reusable code that
datasets. performs a specific task.
○​ Processor speed limitations – Managing 2.​ Function Declaration
billion-record data efficiently. ○​ Specifies function name, return type, and
○​ Handling multiple requests – Optimizing parameter list.
performance under high user load. 3.​ Function Call
○​ Invokes the function to execute its code.
EXECUTION TIME COMPLEXITY 4.​ Function Parameters
○​ Parameters – Variables listed in function
●​ Best Case: The fastest possible execution declaration.
scenario. ○​ Arguments – Actual values passed when
●​ Average Case: The expected execution time for calling the function.
most inputs. ○​ Pass by Reference – Allows modifying the
●​ Worst Case: The slowest possible execution original variable.
scenario. 5.​ Return Values
○​ A function can return a value using the
ALGORITHM BASICS return keyword.

1.​ Algorithm Characteristics:

○​ Unambiguous – Clear and precise steps.
○​ Input & Output – Should accept inputs and
produce outputs.
ARRAY
○​ Two-Dimensional Arrays – Grid-like
1.​ What is an Array?
structure.
○​ A fixed-size collection of elements of
○​ Multi-Dimensional Arrays – Extends
the same type stored in contiguous
beyond 2D (e.g., 3D arrays).
memory.
2.​ Why Use Arrays?
STRINGS
○​ Helps manage large collections of
data efficiently.
1.​ String Representation in C++
3.​ Array Operations:
○​ Can be represented as character
○​ Traverse – Access each element one
arrays or objects.
by one.
2.​ Basic String Operations
○​ Insertion – Add an element at a
○​ String Length – Determines the
specific index.
number of characters in a string.
○​ Deletion – Remove an element from a
○​ Concatenation – Combines multiple
specific index.
strings.
○​ Search – Locate an element by value
○​ Comparison – Checks if strings are
or index.
equal.
○​ Update – Modify an element at a
specific index.
4.​ Array Dimensionality:
○​ One-Dimensional Arrays – Linear
storage structure.