Microwave&OpticalLaboratory NITAndhraPradesh ECEDepartment

TABLEOFCONTENTS
1. IdentificationofMicrowaveComponents
2. GunnPowerSupply
 TechnicalSpecifications
 FrontPanelControl
 OperatingInstructions
 SafetyPrecautions

3. KlystronPowerSupply
 TechnicalSpecifications
 FrontPanelControl
4. VSWRMeter
 TechnicalSpecifications
 FrontPanelControl
 OperatingTheoryandInstructions
 Techniquesinmeasurements

5. Experiments
Microwave&OpticalLaboratory NITAndhraPradesh ECEDepartment

[Link]

Figure(1)
Microwave&OpticalLaboratory NITAndhraPradesh ECEDepartment

EPlaneBend E PlaneTEE

Figure(2)
Microwave&OpticalLaboratory NITAndhraPradesh ECEDepartment

Figure(3)
Microwave&OpticalLaboratory NITAndhraPradesh ECEDepartment

Figure(4)
Microwave&OpticalLaboratory NITAndhraPradesh ECEDepartment

GUNNPOWERSUPPLY

1. GunnPowerSupply:

Gunn Power Supply comprises of an electronically regulated DC Power Supply and

asquarewavegeneratordesignedtooperateGunnoscillatorandPINmodulatorsimultaneously.

The DC voltage is variable from 0 to 10 volts. The frequency of square wave can
[Link]
Gunnvoltageandthe currentdrawn by the Gunn diode.

The Power Supply is designed to protect Gunn diode from reverse voltage
applicationfrom overvoltagetransients andfromlowfrequency oscillations.

2. GunnOscillator:

[Link]
Gunndiodemountedinawaveguidecavitywhichistunableovertherange
8.5to11.5GHzbyamicrometercontrolledtuningplunger.Outputpoweravailableis5mW –
50mW.

3. PINModulator:

TheCWoutputoftheGunnoscillatorcanbeasquarewavepulsemodulatedbysuperimposingthe
[Link] to achieve good
modulation due to varying impedance of Gunn diode
[Link]
mpedance and should be able to deliver as much as 300 to 500 mA. These
disadvantagescanbeovercomebyusinganexternalPINdiodemodulatoroperatingontheCWout
putofthe Gunnoscillator.

The PIN Modulator is a transmission line i.e. wave guide shunted with a PIN Diode.
Theimpedance of diode varies with the bias applied to it. At negative or zero bias the
diodepresentsverylowimpedance,[Link],thediodepresentsv
eryhigh impedanceand
thereforedoesnotaffectthesignalpropagatingalongthetransmissionline.
Microwave&OpticalLaboratory NITAndhraPradesh ECEDepartment
Since the propagating power is reflected during the period when positive voltage is on
thePIN Diode, it is advisable to place an isolator between the Gunn Oscillator and
PINModulator,to protecttheformer.

TechnicalSpecifications
Display : LCD(16 X 2)
VoltageRange : 0 to10V
Current : 750 mAmaximum
Stability : 0.1%for+ 10%mains variation
Ripple : 1.0 mVtypical
ModeSelect : Continuouswave
InternalModulation(Squarewaveoutput)
AudioModulation
PCdataModulation
[Link]: 800 to1200 Hz
[Link] : 0–10 Vppvariable
OutputConnector : BNCforGunnBias
TNCfor PinBias
PC-Interface : RS232
Microwave&OpticalLaboratory NITAndhraPradesh ECEDepartment

FrontPanel Control

Figure(5)

1. Power:Pushswitchforsupplyingpowertoinstrument.

2. Modes: By this selection switch one can select CW /Int. Modulation /PC data/
AudioInputsignalas PINsupplyoutput.

In CW modes no signal provided from PIN supply output no

[Link] outputofPINsupply is square wave.

InPCdataModeoutputofPINsupply isdatafrom
[Link] output of PINsupply isAudio wave.
3. Audio Input : We can connect a microphone to give audio signal as a PIN supply to
PINmodulator

4. PINOutput:Selectedoutputformodulationisavailablehere.

5. GunnOutput:0- 10V Gunnsupplyoutput is availablehere.

6. GunnSupply: VoltagecontrolfortheGunnsupplyfrom 0 to10V.

7. Modulation Amplitude: Amplitude control for the PIN supply (square wave) from 0
to10Vpp.

8. ModulationFrequency:FrequencycontrolforthePINsupply(squarewave).

9. LCDDisplay: 16X2 LCDdisplayforGunnsupplyvoltageand current measurements.

Microwave&OpticalLaboratory NITAndhraPradesh ECEDepartment

RearPanel Control

1. PCInterface:RS232connector for PCinterface.

OperatingInstructions

ThefollowinginstructionsshouldbefollowedforoperatingtheGunnsource.

GunnPowerSupply:

1. BeforeswitchingOnthePowerSupply,keepGunnSupplyandModulationAmplitudeknobsf
ully anticlockwise.

2. Connect the Gunn oscillator to the Gunn Bias Terminal of Gunn Power Supply
withBNCtoBNCcable. Nowyou canswitch onthepower.

3. RotatetheGunnSupplyknobgraduallytotheoperatingvoltage.

4. For amplitude modulation of CW output of Gunn Oscillator connect Pin Output to

PinModulator by cable, keep the Mode select switch at internal modulation i.e. Square
[Link]-
[Link] when the pin bias
knobisfullyclock-wise.

5. WhendetectorisusedalongwithSWRmeter,[Link]
um Poweris obtained on the SWRMeter.

6. Before switching Off the Power Supply rotate the Gunn Bias and Modulation
Amplitudeknobsfullyanticlockwise anddisconnectGunnOscillatorandPin Modulator.

GunnOscillator:

1. Increase the Gunn Supply Voltage to the operating voltage. The Gunn Oscillator
Cavityistunable by amovableshortwhichis connectedtoamicrometer.

2. If the Gunn oscillator fails to give output check the Gunn-diode current. If the meter
failstoindicatecurrenttheGunnDiodemayhaveburnt/[Link]
i-meter.

3. Negativeormorethanpositive+12VshouldneverbeappliedtotheGunnOscillator,whichw
illcause apermanentdamageto Gunn Diode.

PINModulator:

1. If the CW output of the Gunn Oscillator is required to be amplitude modulated, the

PinModulatorshouldbeconnectedtotheoutputofX-
bandGunnsourcesuchthatpowerflowthrough the modulator is in direction of arrow marked
on it and press mode select switchforgetting modulation.

2. If amplitude modulation with 1 KHz frequency and 50% duty cycle is required for
SWRmeasurements,biasthePinmodulator usingthePowerSupplyasdescribedearlier.
3. A3dBfixedattenuatingvaneisfittedinPinmodulator'swaveguidesectiontoIsolateGunnDiodea
[Link],aDCbiasingto.PinModulatorby10to20mADCcurrent,theoutput willbe
3dB down.

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Microwave&OpticalLaboratory NITAndhraPradesh ECEDepartment

4. Incase CWoutputisrequired, the PinModulatorshouldbe removedfromthetestsetup.

SafetyPrecautions

1. Before connecting the Gunn Power Supply to the Gunn Oscillator and Pin
modulator,switch‘On’theGunnPowerSupplyandcheckGunnbiasvaryingthecontrolknobfro
m0to10V.Ifthisvoltageexceeds12VforanypositionGunnBiasControl,donotconnectthePowe
r Supplyto the GunnOscillator.

2. If the voltage variation is proper, rotate the Gunn Bias Knob fully anti- clockwise
andfollowthe operating instructions.

3. If during operation of the Gunn Oscillator, the meter reads more than 12V and Gunn
BiasControllosescontrolofsupply,disconnecttheGunnOscillatorfromPowerSupplyimmediat
ely.

4. If on rotating the Gunn Bias Control Knob in the clock-wise direction the Gunn
SupplyVoltage saturates at about 3 to 5 Volts again disconnect the Power Supply
[Link] needs servicingin caseofthis situation.

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Microwave&OpticalLaboratory NITAndhraPradesh ECEDepartment

KLYSTRONPOWERSUPPLY

KlystronPowerSupply

Klystron Power Supply, is a state-of the-art solid-state, regulated Power Supply for
operatinglowpowerKlystrons Tube.

Itincorporatesanumberofproprietaryfeatures:

1. RegulatedBeam SupplyandRepellerSupplyvoltages.

2. LEDDigitalmeteringforBeamvoltage,currentandRepellervoltage.

3. Compact andReliable.

4. Modularconstructionforeasymaintenance.

InadditiontoAMandFMmodulationofBeamcurrent,aprovisionforexternallymodulatingtheKlystronsup
ply with desired signal waveformhas beenprovided.

Klystron Power Supply utilizes the quality components and rugged construction. A
[Link]
wopartsoneis highvoltage unit andotherismodulationunit. Itmakes it userfriendly.

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Microwave&OpticalLaboratory NITAndhraPradesh ECEDepartment

TechnicalSpecifications

Beam Supply : Voltage: 199-400V±10%DC, Variable

Current:50mA
Regulation: 0.5%for10%I/Pvariation
Ripple: <5m Vrms
RepellerSupply : -10to-270V±10%DCVariable
Regulation : 0.25%,for10%I/Pvariation
FilamentSupply : 6.3VDC(Fixed)
Over-LoadTripCurrent : 65mA
Modulation : AM(Square) FM(Saw-tooth)
FrequencyRange 500-2000 HZ 50-150Hz
Amplitude 0-110Vpp 0-60Vpp
External : ForExternalModulatingSignal
Display : 3½LEDDigital Displayfor
1. Beam voltage
2. BeamCurrent
3. Repelledvoltage
ModulationSelector : CW/AM/FM/MIC/EXT
MeterSelector : BeamVoltage(V)/Current(C)/Rep.(Repeller)
Connectors : a. 5-Pin Socket
[Link] ExternalModulation
Power Supply : 230VAC±10%,50Hz

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Microwave&OpticalLaboratory NITAndhraPradesh ECEDepartment

FrontPanel Control

Figure(6)

1. Power:Pushbuttonswitchforsupplyingthepowertoinstrument.
2. HT:Output‘ON/Off’switch
3. Externalmode:Toprovideexternalmodulatingsignal.
4. Microphone
5. Modulation Selection switch: For selecting modulation types CW mode – No
modulationsignal appliedtothe beamvoltage. AMmode–Asquare wavemodulatingsignal
isappliedto the repeller voltage. FM mode–A sweep modulation is applied to the repeller
voltage,Ext mode–External modulating signal is accepted for modulation or beam current
throughBNCconnector.

6. AM modulation: Frequency potentiometer controls the frequency or the square

wavemodulating signal (500 – 2000 Hz). Amplitude potentiometer controls the
amplitude orsquarewavemodulating signal(0– 110Vpp).

7. FM modulation: Frequency potentiometer controls the frequency or the sweep

modulatingsignal (50–150 Hz). Amplitude potentiometer controls the amplitude or sweep
modulatingsignal(0 – 60Vpp)
8. 8Pin octalsocket: Pin 1– 2= Beamvoltage

Pin 2 – 5 = Rep.

VoltagePin3–

4=Heatervoltage

9. Repellervoltage:Adjustpotentiometer,itvariesfrom-10Vto-270V±10% DC.
10. Beamvoltage:Adjustpotentiometer,itvariesfrom200VDCto400V±10%DC.
11. MeterSelectSwitch:Forselectingdisplaymodein V–shows Beamvoltage(volts),C

–shows Beamcurrent(mA)and REP –showsRepeller voltageinvolts.

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Microwave&OpticalLaboratory NITAndhraPradesh ECEDepartment
12. Display:formonitoringbeam voltage(involts),Repellervoltageandbeamcurrent(mA).

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Microwave&OpticalLaboratory NITAndhraPradesh ECEDepartment

Beam voltage:200 Vto 400±10%VDC

Repellervoltage:-10 Vto-270±10% VDC

Beamcurrent: 0 to50 mA

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Microwave&OpticalLaboratory NITAndhraPradesh ECEDepartment

VSWRMETER

The VSWR meter is a high gain low noise, tuned voltmeter operating at fixed frequency. It

isdesigned for making standing wave measurement in conjunction with a suitable detector

andslotted
slotted line or wave guide section. It may be used as null detector in bridge circuit and as

fixedfrequency indicator. It is calibrated to indicate directly SWR or dB when used with square

lawdevicessuchascrystaldiode.Itisadjustedforoperationat980Hzto1020H
lawdevicessuchascrystaldiode.Itisadjustedforoperationat980Hzto1020Hztoavoidharmonicsofthe
ztoavoidharmonicsofthe

linefrequency.

TechnicalSpecifications

Display : LCD(16 X 2)

Sensitivity : 0.1 Vfor 200 inputimpedance

NoiseLevel : Lessthan 0.02V

Range : 0 – 60dBin 10dBsteps

Input : Un-biasedlowand
biasedlowand highimpedancecrystalbiased

crystal (200 and200K)

DisplaySelect : SWR1–9

dB0– 10

Modes : Normal(Bar Graph)

Audio

PCInterface

GainControl : Adjuststhereferencelevel,variablerange

0-10dB(approximately)
Input Connector : BNC(F)

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Microwave&OpticalLaboratory NITAndhraPradesh ECEDepartment

InputFrequency : 1000Hz±10%
Power : 230Volts AC±10%, 50Hz

FrontPanel Control

Figure(7)

1. Power: Pushbuttonswitchforsupplyingpower toinstrument.

2. Crystal: It is an input impedance selector switch for low and high inputs i.e. High 200K-
Low200 .

3. Modeselect: Thisswitchisgiventoselect
[Link]:

Normal: In this mode the 1 KHz square wave detected output is given to input of
[Link] gain and SWRshould be measureinthismode.

Audio: Selectthismodeiftheinput ofpinmodulator isa audiosignal.

PC: Select this mode if the input of PIN modulator is PC

data.(thismodecanbe used onlywith Gunn basedbench)

4. SWR/dB: Thisswitchprovidedtoselectdisplaymodeseitherit readsindBpowerorSWRof

device.

5. AudioOutput:Thissocketisprovidedforconnectingheadphone.

6. Input:BNC(Female)connectorforconnectingsignaltobemeasured.

7. GainCoarse: Controlforadjustmentsofmeteroranyotherconvenient reading.

GainFine:Controlforfineadjustmentsofmeteroranyotherconvenientreading.
8. LCDdisplayin SWR&dB:LCDdisplay,formeasuring SWR andgain.

9. RangeSwitch: Asevenpositionattenuatorminimumin10 dBsteps.

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Microwave&OpticalLaboratory NITAndhraPradesh ECEDepartment

Rearpanel Control

1. PCInterface:ThisisprovidedforconnectingRS232cableforpccommunication.

2. ComparatorAdjust:ForPCtoPCcommunicationadjustthepotentiometer.

OperatingTheoryandInstructions

Auxiliaryequipmentrequired:
ForSWRmeasurement,followingequipment’sarerequired:

1. SignalSource:

Thesignalsourceshouldcoverthedesiredfrequencyrangeandbeamplitudemodulatedatoperati
ng frequency of the SWR meter. Generally square wave modulation is used
[Link]
, it is necessary to minimize interaction between the oscillator and the load. Inthese
cases,anisolationdeviceshould beused.

2. Cablesorwaveguides:

The cable or the wave guide used for connecting the source to a slotted match the
sourceimpedance overthe desiredfrequency range

3. SlottedSection:

The slotted section should cover the desired frequency and be equipped with an
accuratescaleor indicator.

4. Detector:

The detector should be square law (output proportional to RF power input) device such
asa Barretter or a crystal diode operated at low signal level. A Barretter is reasonable
squarelawwhenusedatlowsignallevelbutingeneralthiscannotbesaidinallcaseswithcrystaldio
[Link],thesensitivityofcrystalisconsiderablybetterthanwithBarretterssothatcrystalsare
widely used asdetectorsfor SWRmeasurements.

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Microwave&OpticalLaboratory NITAndhraPradesh ECEDepartment

[Link]:

Various termination is required (i.e. a fixed and a movable short circuit) to

establishreferencepoints and to aidin calibratingthetestsetup.

TechniquesinMeasurements

KeepSWR/ dBswitchatdBposition.

Basically, the measurement of a standing wave ratio consists of the probe carriage at a
voltagemaximum position and setting the gain to obtain a reading of 0.0dB i.e. SWR=1.0. By
keepingSWR/dB switch at SWR position we can read SWR directly. The probe carriage is then
movesalongwiththeslottedlinetoavoltageminimumorgainminimumandnownotethecorresponding
reading at SWR [Link] SWRis showndirectlyonthe LCDdisplay.

Butthereareothercases,speciallyindesignanddevelopment,wherecompleteknowledgeofthetermina
ting equipment is desired. This can be obtained by measuring SWR and phase in
thestandingwave pattern.

Generally, the impedance characteristic of the load is obtained by measuring the position of
[Link]
s when a known load replaces the load under test at reference point on the slotted line.
Thedistance between these two minima is entered on a smith chart and the reactive component
isdetermined. For convenience the known load usually a short circuit or shorting plate and
thereferencepointis the load connection.
Detectorprobepenetration:
Ageneralruleinslottedlineworkisthatthepenetrationofasamplingprobeintothelineshouldbe held to
a minimum. The power extracted by the sampling probe caused distortion in thestanding-wave
pattern. This effect usually becomes greater as probe penetration is increased
andcanbeexplained byconsideringthe probe as andadmittanceshuntingthe line.
Impedance in the standing-wave pattern varies along the line from maximum at a
voltagemaximum to a minimum at a voltage minimum. The shunt admittance introduced by the
probelowers these impedances this causing the measured SWR to be lower than the true SWR
andshifting both the maxima & minima from their neutral position. The shift will be greater at
avoltagemaximumthatatavoltageminimum.
Besides absorbing power and affecting the standing-wave pattern the probe will also
[Link]
not matched, these reflections are re-fleeted towards the load and will cause additional
errorsinlowSWR measurements.
An exception to the minimum penetration rule occurs when it is desired to examine in details
avoltage minimum in a high SWR measurement. For this work, greater probe penetration can
[Link]
atavoltage minimumyou cantolerate substantialprobepenetration.

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Microwave&OpticalLaboratory NITAndhraPradesh ECEDepartment

Precautionwhencrystal detectorsused:

Withunloadedcrystal,[Link],theXTA
L 200-ohm position will give the best sensitivity. However, some crystal diodes may givehigher
output in the XTAL-200 K ohms position. Maximum sensitivity is desirable so
probepenetrationinthe slottedline canbe kepttoaminimum.

Operationprocedures:

LowSWRMeasurements (10and below):

a. Turn on the instrument. For a maximum stability allow approximately 5 minutes

towarmup.

b. Select Normalmodewiththehelp ofModeselect.

c. Set Crystal Switchfor thetypeofdetectorthat isto beusedin ourcaseitis 200ohm.

d. Connectthedetectorcableto theinputoftheSWRmeter.

e. SetGain(Coarse& Fine) controlstofullyanticlockwise.

f. Set range switch on 40-db or 50-db position. Adjust probe penetration to

obtainmaximumreading.

g. Peak the meter reading by adjusting the modulation frequency of the signal
[Link] keepreadingon display.

h. Peak the meter reading by tuning the probe detector. Reduce the gain control
knoborattenuatorto keepreading on display.

i. Peak the meter reading by moving the probe carriage along the line. Reduce
gaincontrolknob or attenuatorto keepreadingonmeter.

j. AdjustGaincontrolsandoutputpowerfromthesignalsourcetoobtainexactly0.0dBr
eading i.e. SWR=1.

k. Move the probe carriage along the line to obtain minimum reading in dB,
withoutdisturbingtheprobe oranysetting.

l. Nowkeep SWR/dBswitchatSWRposition.

m. ReadSWR,Which isdirectly theSWR oftheload?

1. If the reading at the minimum is less than -10dB on the meter then meter
displaysSwitchRangesowehavetoswitchto thenexthighersensitivityrange(clockwise).

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Microwave&OpticalLaboratory NITAndhraPradesh ECEDepartment

2. Ifthereadingatthemaximum ismore than0dBon themeterthanmeterdisplaysOver

Range sowehavetoswitchtothe nextappropriate range(anticlockwise).

3. However, all readings on the di

display in dB must be added in the range
selectorswitch position.

HighSWRMeasurements (Above10):

When the SWR is high, probe coupling must be increased if a reading is to be obtained at
thevoltage minimum. However, at the voltage maximum, this high coupling may result in
adeformation of the pattern with consequent error in reading, In addition to this error caused
byprobeloadingthereisalsoadanger oferrorresultingfromthechangeindetectorcharacteristicsat
higher R.F. levels.

DoubleMinimumMethod:

Inthedoubleminimummethod,itisnecessarytoestablishtheelectricaldistancebetweenthepointswher
minimummethod,itisnecessarytoestablishtheelectricaldistancebetweenthepointswher
ethe outputis doubletheminimum.

1. Repeatstepsa toiinthe lowSWRmeasurement procedure.

2. Move the probe carriage along the line to obtain minimum reading and note
theprobecarriage position.
osition.

3. Forreference,adjust gaincontrolstoobtainreadingof3.0dB(oranyotherreferencecan
betaken).

4. Movetheprobecarriagealongthelinetoobtainareadingof
0.0dBoneachsideoftheminimum.

5. Record as d1 and d2 the probe carriage position at the two equal readings obtained
obtai
instep4.
6. [Link]
ceis, the guide wavelength.

TheSWRcanbeobtainedbysubstituting thisdistanceintotheexpression.

𝜆
𝑆𝑊𝑅 =
2(𝑑 − 𝑑 )

Where 𝜆 is the wavelength of the guided wave, d1 andd2arethelocationofthe two successivepoints,

successive where
the voltage is minimum.

Themethodovercomestheeffectofprobeloadingsincetheprobeisalwayssetaroundavoltageminimu
mwherelargerprobeloadingcanbetoleratedhoweveritdoesnotovercometheeffectofdetectorcharacte
ristics.

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Microwave&OpticalLaboratory NITAndhraPradesh ECEDepartment

CalibratedattenuatorMethod:

Another method for measuring high SWR's is to use a calibrated variable attenuator between
thesignal source and the slotted line. Adjust the attenuator to keep the rectified output of the
crystaldiode equal at the voltage minimum and voltage maximum points. The SWR in dB is
thedifferenceintheattenuatorsettings.

1. Repeatstepsa toiin lowSWRmeasurements procedure.

2. Move the probe carriage along the line for a voltage minimum, adjust the attenuator
togivea convenientindication onthe meter,notetheattenuatorsetting.

3. Movetheprobecarriagealongthelinetoavoltagemaximum,adjusttheattenuatortoobtainthesam
eindicationon themeterasestablished instep2, andnotetheattenuator setting,

4. The SWR may be read directly (in dB) as the difference between the first and
[Link]
characteristic, the effect of probe loading still remains. Be careful; always use
minimumprobepenetration.

Locationofvoltagemaximumor voltageminimum:

From the discussion on probe loading it has shown that it is more desirable to locate the
voltageminimum than the voltage maximum since the effect of probe loading is less at the
[Link], the location of voltage minimum by a single measurement, particularly on
low SWR,is usually inaccurate because of its broadness, thus making the true minimum position
hard todetermine. An accurate method of locating the voltage minimum is to obtain the position
of theprobe carriage at two equal output readings on either side of the minimum and then
averagingthesetworeadings.

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