MODULE 1: CONCEPTS IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT –

COMMUNITY
Objectives:
This session aims to help students understand the basic concepts
utilized in Community Development particularly the concept of
Community. Specifically, it aims to:
 Define and explain the concept of community;
 Discuss the classifications and characteristics of a community;
 Analyze the role of community in the development process.

Introduction
Community is a common term usually used to describe a group of
people living in a certain area. For some, a community immediately means
a Barangay or Sitio. Let’s not be confused when we say ‘community’ or
‘komunidad’ in community development as it connotes various
classifications and forms. Communities can be classified as rural, urban, or
indigenous. There are also communities called after the major activities of
the people living in it such as farming, fishing, mining, industrial and
commercial community. We also hear about upland communities, lowland
or coastal communities which are labeled on the basis of the ecological
zone location and its natural resources. However, does a community
immediately describe a geographical space or can a community be just a
group of people with certain similarities? Furthermore, as a discipline that
deals directly with people in the community, every community
development initiative, may it be planning, implementation, and
monitoring and evaluation, are all situated in the community. The
community is where all of this will happen, so it would better to find out
more about it.
In this module, we will delve into the different definitions of a
community, its various forms and types, and the significance of
understanding the concept in community in CD.

Defining Community
There are several ways to think about what a community is. A community,
at its core, is often understood as a collective of people sharing a common
location, interests, or characteristics. This concept forms the foundation of
many societal structures and initiatives. One of the simplest ways to
define a community is by its geographic presence—a physical area with
visible boundaries. Streets may delineate neighborhoods, while mobile
home parks or apartment complexes have clear perimeters that define
their limits. If you were to fly over the area in a small plane, you could
actually see these boundaries. Certain streets mark a neighborhood’s
borders (Homan, 2016) or even small clumps of houses while viewing it
from above. These geographic communities are primarily places of
residence, offering a tangible connection to individuals who live within
their confines. The communities being described are spatial or
geographic.
In the Philippine context, the common term used is barangay but there
are communities that could be small than barangays such as sitios.
Geographic communities are composed of the people living in a definite
territorial space, and with a set of values and norms that govern the lives
and relationships of the constituents (Luna, 2009). Living in the same
geographic space creates a condition wherein the people is bonded by
common factors such as socio-economic, political, cultural and
environmental. However, the effects of these factors vary depending on
the individual and groups status and socio-economic variations. For
example, the impact of a typhoon may vary for those who have concrete
housing and make-shift houses even if they are located in a similar
community. While there could be seemingly homogenous communities,
differentiation exists among the constituents by virtue of their wealth,
personal characteristics, relationships, mobility or access to the outside
world (Luna, 2009).
Some communities are defined by individuals’ shared interests, activities,
affection, or common identity. These characteristics differentiate them
from others (Homan, 2016). This type of community is not based on
spatial or geographic location but rather are affected, bonded or
determined by common interests, needs, challenges, forces or aspirations
(Luna, 2009). The place where these people live does not determine their
membership in the community. Meenaghan and Gibbons (2000) describe
solidarity and ontological communities, which are made up of people who
have a common heritage, such as religion, language, ethnicity, or culture.
These communities maintain a distinct identity within the broader
framework of contemporary, multifaceted societies.
These include the men and women, as well as children in the following
sectors: peasants, industrial workers, urban poor, students, church people,
indigenous people, health workers, teachers, and other interest groups.
This type of community includes groups of people coming from various
sectors who bond together, temporarily or strategically, to achieve
specific purposes or objectives (Luna, 2009). As mentioned, these interest
groups may not share similar geographic aggregation but shares similar
interests, commonalities, needs, challenges, problems, dreams and
aspirations that is vital in forging relationships which is a crucial element
for development.
To further understand the concept of community, here are some
definitions from different scholars about the concept:
 “Community: a group of individuals or families that share certain
values, services, institutions, interests, or geographic proximity”
(Barker, 1999).
 “Community, or a ‘sense of community,’ exists when two or more
people work together toward the accomplishment of mutually
desirable goals (conditions)” (Lofquist, 1993)
 “A community is a territorially bounded social system or set of
interlocking or integrated functional subsystems (economic,
political, religious, ethical, educational, legal, socializing,
reproductive, etc.) serving a resident population, plus the material
culture or physical plant through which the subsystems operate”
(Bernard, 1972).
In community development context, when we speak of people and
community, we usually do not think of the affluent, the rich and famous,
and the dominant groups of people who have greater access or
monopolizing the resources and power within and outside the community
(Luna, 2009). They have more than enough resources and power for their
own betterment and development. Rather, when we speak of people in
the community, we think about the depressed, the oppressed, the poor,
the exploited, the disabled, the devastated and the vulnerable people
(Luna, 2009). These include families that are experiencing extreme
conditions due to poverty – informal settlers, displaced residents due to
war and conflict, victims of natural and man-made disasters, and peasants
whose lands are grabbed by the exploitative landlords. When we talk
about the people, we talk about the masses. The masses whose
endeavors are aimed just to survive the day. Workers in factories that are
not given fair and equal treatment, farmers that are deprived with
assistance, communities that are constantly in fear of getting caught
between the crossfire of rebels and government troops in conflict areas,
indigenous communities that are stripped with their ancestral lands by
large mining companies. Workers wo fear to lose their jobs due to
economic crisis and recession. Disaster stricken communities due to socio-
economic vulnerabilities and so much more.

Classifications of Communities in the Philippines

There are different classifications of communities based on geographical
space and social dynamics. Here are some common classifications of
communities:

Rural Community
A geographical classification of a community mainly described as having
few homes and buildings, located in an open area and close to nature. Its
population is less dense compared to urban areas and commonly
embodies a homogenous culture, language, and customs. Rural
communities as largely agricultural.
Comon issues, concerns and challenges: Rural communities are usually
located in far-flung areas where basic social services are difficult to
access due to its proximity. Landownership becomes a glaring concern
especially that livelihood mainly revolves in farming which particularly
involves land use.

Urban Community
Urban communities mainly refer to towns, cities, and suburban areas. It is
characterized as having high density in population and human
infrastructures like houses, commercial buildings, roads, bridges etc. Most
of the people rely on commerce, businesses and employment for living. In
contrast, there is a heterogeneity in culture, language, and customs
because of the influx of people coming from different origins. This creates
a more culturally diverse attribute that influences the people living within
it.
Comon issues, concerns and challenges: Having that heterogeneity in
culture, bringing people together is increasingly difficult. The diverse
context of each and every individual in urban communities capped with
the fast pace of living and the pervasive culture of individualism hinders
their ability to participate in community development activities.

Indigenous Community
Indigenous communities are territories commonly occupied by indigenous
people (IP). These communities are situated within their ancestral domain
or ancestral land (Lupang ninuno.) Ancestral lands are inhabited by IPs
during the pre-colonial period hence, its ownership and preservation is
granted to them through the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA). They
way of life is closely knitted to their ancestral land and the natural
resources within it. Land and natural resources are linked with their
identities, culture, livelihood, physically and spiritually.
Comon issues, concerns and challenges: Indigenous communities are
prone to land grabbing, oppression and discrimination. This is deeply
rooted in their ethnicity where they are usually considered as minority
groups. With the lack of formal education, they are usually victimized
through deception and often lead to community displacement or worse,
militarization.
Communities can also be classified by their major
economic activities,
Fisherfolk Community
Fisherfolk community is a group of people who live near bodies of water
such as oceans, seas, rivers, or lakes and depend on fishing as their main
source of food and income. These communities often have deep ties to
their local environment, with traditions, social relationships, and cultural
practices shaped by their daily life on water and reliance on marine
resources.
Comon issues, concerns and challenges: Fisherfolk face various concerns.
Given the seasonality of their livelihood, they are considered as one of the
poorest sectors here in the Philippines. It is capped with overfishing,
decline of marine resources, competition with commercial fishing boats
and climate change.
Farming Community
Farming community is a group of families and individuals who rely on
agriculture as their way of life. Their daily routines and income come from
activities like planting crops and raising animals. These communities are
usually located in rural areas and are found in fertile land wherein water
and natural resources make farming easier and more productive.
Comon issues, concerns and challenges: Similar to urban communities,
farming communities face similar issues and concerns particularly from
access to basic social services. Furthermore, our country which is mainly
import-export dependent makes it more difficult for farmers to cope with
the influx of imported produce from other countries which are way
cheaper. The lack of technological advancement in farming, conversion of
farm land for residential/commercial use, and the lack of support from the
government are some of the challenges faced by farmers.

Commercial Community
A commercial community is a group of people and businesses in a certain
area that focus mainly on trade, services, and other economic activities.
Instead of farming or manufacturing, the community thrives on buying
and selling goods, offering professional services, and working in
commercial industries like retail, banking, education, or healthcare. These
communities are usually located in cities or developed areas where
markets, offices, business establishments, and other service centers are
situated.
Comon issues, concerns and challenges: Because of the influx of people
coming from different origins, the diversification of culture makes it
difficult to form a shared perspective which is vital in doing development
initiatives. Furthermore, the focus of the people are centered in profit-
building hence, participation in community development activities are less
prioritized.
Community classification based on ecological zones locations and natural
resource endowment.

Coastal Community
These are towns, barangays, or cities local along or near the sea or ocean.
The lives of people in these areas are closely connected to the coastal
ecosystems in which their livelihoods are often dependent in fishing,
tourism, and marine transportation.

Lowland
Lowland communities are located in relatively flat, low altitude
geographical areas, often characterized by fertile soil, access to water
bodies and favorable conditions for agriculture and commerce.
Upland/Upstream
Upland or upstream communities refer to a population or settlement
located in high-elevation areas such as mountains, hills, and interior
forests or near rivers.

Basic Community Characteristics

In doing community development work, knowing what to look for
and what information needs to be known is essential. The initial
information you observe and gather about the community provides an
initial picture of what to expect from the people and how to present
yourself around them. It also helps the development worker develop a
framework of action which includes plans and strategies that will be
relevant in future development initiatives with the community.
Furthermore, these characteristics help practitioners assess community
needs, strengths, and community dynamics.

Geographical Location or Territory

We may start with the questions, how big is it? Where is it located?
What are the dimensions of the community? Where are its boundaries? A
geographic community occupies a certain physical space and territory. It
is bound by certain borders that subdivide a community to an adjacent
community. The physical space influences the access of the community in
terms of transportation, resource, and basic social service. The location
also provides information about the exposure of the community to certain
hazards. For example, a community along the river is susceptible to flash
floods while a community located near the coastal areas are prone to
storm surges and tsunamis. It also tells us about the primary livelihood of
a community. A community situated near the coast is likely a fishing
community while communities situated in low-lying or rural areas probably
would be farmers. Knowing the geographical location of a community
offers a direct glimpse of the situation of a community.

Population and Demographics

As development workers, we always work with the people and by working
with them means knowing their demographics. These incudes the size,
age structure, gender, ethnic composition and other demographic factors.
These influence community needs such as healthcare, education, and
livelihood. By knowing and understanding the present demographics of a
community, it can provide the development practitioner a general
background of the dynamics of people living in a certain community.

Shared Identity and Culture

Shared identity and culture are key characteristics of a community,
creating a sense of belonging and unit among its members. Shared
identity involves common beliefs, values, experiences, and symbols that
bind people together, while shared culture encompasses language,
practices, tradition, arts, and social norms that dictates the way of life in
the community. These elements are deeply interconnected, as culture
shape identity and nurtures a sense of community. Understanding shared
identity and culture is significant in doing development work. By knowing
and learning their way of life can foster a much closer relationship with
the community. This can be done by immersing oneself to the community.
Through this, the community openly accepts the development worker as a
part of the community.

Social Structures and Institutions

As a community development worker, understanding social structures and
institutions is crucial for effectively assisting and empowering
communities. Social structures and institutions like family, education,
government, religion, and the economy form the framework that shapes
how people interact within a community. These aspects influence roles,
norms, relationships and responsibilities of the community members. A
community is commonly understood by shared values, social cohesion,
and organized systems that usually governs how relationships are formed.
It is essential to know and understand the existing social structures and
institution in the community. It helps the development worker understand
collaborative dynamics, power relationships, and dominating perspectives
within a particular community.

Economy and Livelihood

One of the most important characteristics of a community is its economy
and the way people earn for a living and access basic needs. These
includes employment rate, jobs, businesses, access to local resources, and
other aspects that can influence economic development and people’s
livelihood. Livelihood mainly means the activities that people do o secure
their needs like food, shelter, and clothing. It includes any way people
earn for a living such as farming, fishing, trading, or even running a small
business. In community development, strengthening the local economy
and supporting diverse, sustainable livelihoods helps reduce poverty,
empowers residents, and builds resilience. This allows the community to
be more self-reliant and decreases their vulnerability.

Social Capital and Networks

Social capital and networks are vital elements of a community. Social
capital refers to the value of social relationships and networks that help
individuals and communities work together effectively. Trust, cooperation,
shared vision and norms, and mutual support among community
members are examples of social capital. Likewise, networks include
community partners and allies in development. In community
development, identifying and capitalizing in social capital is crucial as
collaboration and collective action greatly depends on it. Networks also
provide vital support for communities especially in outsourcing resources
and assistance.

Needs and Problems

Needs and problems are basic characteristics of a community. There is no
community in the world who does not have needs and problems. This
highlights what the community lacks and the challenges it faces that
affects their way of living. Nees are essential aspects to achieve a good
quality of living such as clean water, education, healthcare, housing and
livelihood. On the other hand, problems refer to as issues that prevent the
community from meeting those needs like poverty, unemployment, poor
infrastructure, or social conflict. Needs and problems in a community
requires to be known, understood, and analyzed, particularly by the
community along with the development worker. Through this, root causes
of problems are addressed, and needs are essentially brought about the
people’s real necessity.

Community in Context of Community Development

In community development, understanding the context of the community
is vital. From social relationship to socio-economic status, politics,
environment and culture, it lays the foundation for all development
initiatives to translate into positive change. However, it is not just about
understanding the observable façade but looking into the deeply rooted
problems within the community. This means that to fully understand a
community, one must live and immerse oneself to the ways of life in the
community and learn all about it together with the people. But why is it
important to understand the context of the community?
Understanding the context of a community is essential for development
workers. Each community is shaped by its own unique identity, complex
dynamics, and diverse needs. No two communities are exactly the same
regardless of its proximity to one another or its similar characteristics.
This points out that development strategies and initiatives are not one
size fits all, as it should be tailored in correspondence to the context of the
community.
Community development workers along with the community members
must take time to understand and analyze the history of the community,
its prevailing values, socio-economic situation, environment and
resources, and social structures. The interrelatedness of these factors
creates the prevailing status quo within a community and the society as a
whole. Furthermore, these factors (social, economic, political, cultural and
environmental) also affect the people within the community in different
ways. For example, a community struck by a typhoon is surely
experienced by everyone within the community however, the rich and
affluent would likely withstand the negative impacts of the typhoon and
would recover much more quickly rather than the poor which is more
vulnerable and susceptible to its effects. Similarly, the increase of prices
for goods and service caused by inflation would be felt by both rich and
the marginalized in the community however, their ability to adapt with the
increasing cost of products would differ. This connotes that despite
belonging to a similar community, the impacts of these different societal
factors vary for the rich and the poor. As Luna (2009) emphasized, the
space as the first visible and concrete manifestation of what is common to
the residents or neighborhood, living in the same locality creates a
condition where people is bonded by common socio-economic, political,
cultural and environmental forces. The effects of these forces could vary
in scope and magnitude on the individuals and groups due to personal and
socio-economic differentiation.
However, the process of learning,
Notes from the Field:
understanding, and analyzing should be in
Barangay Roxas, continuum. You can spend a lifetime
Mondragon, Northern studying and still not know everything you
Samar is a rural would like to know. In actual practice, you
community situated gather some information (you need to
alongside the coastal areas determine how much) and then act. And
of Mondragon. It is prone you keep gathering information while you
to tsunamis, storm surges, are taking action, and the actions that you
tidal waves, typhoons, and take will lead to changes and new
other weather-related information. You continue to balance your
hazards. Also, there is an need for action with your need for
estimated of 101 information. The better informed you are,
households living in the the more efficiently and effectively you can
hazard prone area. Their use your time (Homan, 2016). Through
livelihood mainly revolves which, they are able to formulate better
in fishing and nipa roof solutions with the community that actually
making. During strong works and addresses its problems and
typhoons, households concerns. This increases your chances for
within the hazard prone success and reduces the role of luck
area are basically more (Homan, 2016). Without this deep
vulnerable. They tend to understanding and analysis of the context
evacuate to well-off of the community through immersion and
families with sturdy integration, development efforts risk being
household to host and misaligned, overlooked or can even harm
house families affected the community itself. In contrast, if we
during typhoons and have a clear grasp of the context of the
provide alternative community it can foster sustainable
shelters for the evacuees. growth, participation, and empowerment
However, the poor suffers among the people.
largely due to the light
materials used in building
their houses in contrast Role of the Community in
with the rich whose houses Development Process
are made from concrete.
The community plays a very significant role
in the development process. Remember that development should always
happen in the community level (for both geographic communities and
communities of interest) through active engagement and participation of
community members in planning, implementing, and sustaining initiatives
that resonates with local needs and aspirations. In community
development, the community members are primary responsible for
initiating community change work (Hasan, 2022), and not just as passive
recipients of development programs. The common dilemma for present-
day development programs and projects is the view that people are mere
beneficiaries which creates a sense of dependency making community
engagements a grueling task. Community engagement fosters a sense of
ownership among residents, making them active stakeholders in the
development process (Gore, 2024). Their capabilities, local knowledge,
and social cohesion are significant assets that the community can
contribute largely for development to happen. When community members
perceive that their voices are heard, their decisions matters, and they are
directly affected by the results, they are more likely to engage
meaningfully and sustain efforts beyond external support (Lachapelle,
2008). As a development worker, we only work in the sidelines, we do not
lead the community, but we teach them how to lead themselves.
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