DCMI/ Physics , Gourav kalia

CLASS –X Ch– MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT PHYSICS

Magnet
A magnet is a material that produces a field that
attracts or repels other such materials of magnetic
nature.
Lodestone is a naturally occurring magnet. It attracts
materials like Iron, Nickel, Cobalt etc.

Iron filings test around a bar magnet

Iron filings around a bar magnet exhibit the
magnetic field lines that engirdle the bar
magnet. The magnetic field lines can be
explained as imaginary lines that represent the
magnetic field that is acting around any
magnetic substance.

Magnetic field lines

1. The tangent to the field line at any given
point indicates the direction of magnetic
field at that point.
2. Magnetic field lines form a closed loop
Since magnets have dipoles, magnetic field lines must originate and end. Therefore
by convention, it starts at the north pole and moves towards the south pole outside
the bar magnet and from south to north inside the magnet. Hence it forms closed
loops.

3. No two magnetic field lines intersect

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Magnetic field lines do not intersect as there will be two tangential magnetic field
directions associated with the same point, which does not occur. If a compass needle
is placed at that point, it will show two different directions of the magnetic field
which is absurd.
4. Relative strength of magnetic field inferred from magnetic field lines
The closer or denser the magnetic field lines, greater is the magnetic field’s
strength.

Oersted’s experiment
• When electric current flows through a
current carrying conductor, it produces a
magnetic field around it. This can be
seen with the help of a magnetic needle
which shows deflection.
• More the current, the higher the
deflection.
• If the direction of current is reversed, the
direction of deflection (in needle ) is also reversed.
SNOW rule:
If current is moving from SOUTH to NORTH , magnetic compass needle is OVER the wire,
then it would deflect towards WEST.

Ampre’s swimming rule :

Imagine a person is screwing a screw in the direction of current, in such a way that current is
entering from his feet and leaving from his head, then direction of magnetic compass needle
would always be towards his left hand.

Current Deflection in the magnetic compass

needle
Switched ON Shows deflection
Switched OFF No deflection
Increases Increases
Decreases Decrease
Revsersed Reversed

Electromagnetism and electromagnet

An electromagnet is an artificial magnet which produces a magnetic field on the passage
of electric current through a conductor. This field disappears when the current is turned
off. The phenomenon of producing or inducing a magnetic field due to the passage of
electric current is called as electromagnetism.
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Magnetic field due to a straight current

carrying conductor
When current is passed through a straight
current-carrying conductor, a magnetic field is
produced around it. Using the iron filings, we
can observe that they align themselves
concentric circles around the conductor.

Right-hand thumb rule

If a straight conductor is held in the right hand in such a way that the thumb points along
the direction of the current, then the tips of the fingers or the curl of the fingers show the
direction of magnetic field around it.
Maxwell screw rule:
Imagine a person is screwing a screw in the direction of current, then curls of the fingers
gives the direction of magnetic field around it.

Magnetic field due to current through a circular loop

The right-hand thumb rule can be used for a circular current carrying conductor as well as
it comprises of small straight segments. Every point on the wire carrying current gives rise
to a magnetic field that appears as straight lines at the centre.
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Magnetic field due to current carrying solenoid

A solenoid is a coil of many circular windings wrapped in the shape of a cylinder. When
current is passed through it, it behaves like a bar magnet, producing a very similar
magnetic field pattern as that of a bar magnet.
To increase the strength of a solenoid we can:
• Use a soft iron core.
• Increase the Number of turns.
• Increase the amount of current passing through the coil.

Ampere’s experiment
When an electric conductor is placed in a
magnetic field, it experiences a force. This
force is directly proportional to the current
and is also perpendicular to its length and
magnetic field.
Fleming’s left-hand rule : If you stretch three
fingers of your left hand (fore finger, central
finger & thumb) of your left hand mutually perpendicular
to each other such that fore finger pointed towards the
direction of magnetic field, central finger towards the direction of current
then the direction in
which thumb is pointed is the direction of force acting on a conductor
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FIND THE DIRECTION OF FORCE USING

FLEMING’S LEFT HAND RULE---à

IDENTIFY THE UNKNOWNS

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Bar magnet Solenoid Current carrying Current carrying
straight conductor circular conductor

Factors affecting strength Amount of Amount of current Amount of

of magnetic field are: current(directly (directly current(directly
proportional) proportional) proportional)

Nature of coil Distance of Nature of coil

conductor (inversely
Number of proportional) Number of
turns(directly turns(directly
proportional) Shape is concentric proportional)
circles

Statement Answer
Write potential of live wire 220 V
Neutral wire 0V
EARTH WIRE 0V
If you touch a neutral wire you will not experience shock No potential
difference between
your body and neutral
wire(both at 0 V)

Colour of
Live wire Red
Neutral wire Black
Earth wire Green
Melting point of fuse Low,
around 100 degrees
Celsius
Fuse is made up of Alloy of tin and lead

How fuse is connected to circuit IN SERIES with live

wire
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Precautionary measure to prevent leakage of charge EARTHING
Precautionary measure to prevent short circuit and overloading Fuse

When number of appliances are connected to single socket Overloading

When live wire or neutral wire accidently touches each other Short circuit

How solenoid behaves like a bar magnet?

1. Magnetic field lines of both are same
2. Both have north and south pole
3. When bar magnet and a current carrying solenoid suspended freely, both will come to
rest in north south direction.
DCMI/ Physics , Gourav kalia
 DCMI/ Physics , Gourav kalia
Q 1: Which of the following correctly describes the magnetic field near a long straight
wire?
(i) the field consists of straight lines perpendicular to the wire
(ii) the field consists of straight lines parallel to the wire
(iii) the field consists of radial lines originating from the wire
(iv) the field consists of concentric circles centred on the wire
Answer: (iv) the field consists of concentric circles centred on the wire

Q 2: List three sources of magnetic fields.

Answer:
(i) Current carrying conductor
(ii) Electromagnets
(iii) Permanent magnets

Q 3: When is the force experienced by a current-carrying conductor placed in a magnetic

field largest?
Answer: The force experienced by a current-carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field
largest when current and magnetic field are perpendicular to each other.

Q 4: Why does a compass needle get deflected when brought near a bar magnet?
Solution:
The compass needle is a small magnet. When the compass needle is brought close to a
bar magnet, the magnetic field lines of the compass needle interact with the magnetic
field lines of bar magnet which causes the compass needle to deflect.

Q 5: Draw magnetic field lines around a bar magnet.

Solution: Magnetic field lines of a bar magnet emerge
from the North Pole and terminate at the South Pole
as shown in the figure.

Q 6. List the properties of magnetic field lines.

ANS:The properties of magnetic field lines are as follows:

• Magnetic field lines do not intersect with each other.

• They emerge from the North Pole and terminate at the South Pole.
• Inside the magnet, the direction of the field lines is from South Pole to North Pole.

Q 7. Why don’t two magnetic field lines intersect each other?

Solution: If two magnetic field lines intersect then at the point of intersection the
compass needle shows two different directions, which is not possible hence they do not
intersect with each other.
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Q 8. Consider a circular loop of wire
lying in the plane of the table. Let
the current pass through the loop
clockwise. Apply the right-hand rule
to find out the direction of the
magnetic field inside and outside the
loop.
Solution:

For the downward direction of the current, the direction of the magnetic field will be as if
emerging from the table outside the loop and merging the table inside the loop. Similarly,
for current flowing in the upward direction, the direction of the magnetic field will as if
they are emerging from the table outside the loop and merging to the table inside the
loop as shown in the figure.
Q 9. The magnetic field in a given region is uniform.
Draw a diagram to represent it.
Solution:

Q 10. Choose the correct option.

The magnetic field inside a long straight solenoid-
carrying current
a) Is zero.
b) Decreases as we move towards its end.
c) Increases as we move towards its end.
d) Is the same at all points.
Solution: d) is the same at all points
The magnetic field inside a long straight current carrying solenoid is uniform therefore it
is same at all points.
Q 11. Which of the following property of a proton can change while it moves freely in a
magnetic field? (There may be more than one correct answer)
a) Mass
b) Speed
c) Velocity
d) Momentum
Solution: (c) and (d)
When a proton enters the region of magnetic field, it experiences magnetic force. As a
result, the velocity and the momentum change.