A. M.
NAIK SCHOOL, POWAI
ICSE and ISC
Grade 9 SUBJECT: Robotics & AI
Notes
Chapter 1- Introduction to Robotics
🔹 1. Introduction
● Robotics is becoming essential in fields like manufacturing, medicine, defense,
agriculture, and even in our homes.
● Robots can: Move objects, Assemble parts, Perform medical surgeries, Assist in day-to-day
domestic chores
● Robots reduce human effort, enhance precision, and improve safety in risky environments.
🔹 2. What is a Robot?
● A robot is a machine that performs tasks either automatically or semi-automatically.
● It can range from a simple cleaning bot to a complex surgical assistant.
🔹 3. Definition of a Robot
A robot is an autonomous machine capable of sensing, computing, and acting in its
environment to perform tasks without continuous human guidance.
🔹 4. Characteristics of Robots
# Characteristic Description
1 Sensing Robots use sensors like cameras, microphones, or touch sensors to gather
data about their surroundings.
2 Actuation Actuators such as motors or robotic arms allow robots to move or
manipulate objects.
3 Programming Robots are programmed using software, which can include artificial
intelligence or machine learning for smarter behavior.
4 Autonomy Robots can function with little or no human supervision.
5 Adaptability Robots can handle multiple tasks or adjust to changes in the environment.
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6 Communication Some robots communicate with humans or other robots using speech,
displays, or wireless networks.
7 Movement Movement is enabled through wheels, legs, or propellers depending on the
terrain.
8 Energy Robots are powered by sources such as batteries, electricity, or solar
power.
🔹 5. Benefits of Using Robots
Benefit Description
Increased Quality Robots ensure consistency and reduce defects in manufacturing.
Increased Productivity They can work faster and continuously, enhancing output.
Increased Efficiency Robots perform repetitive tasks without fatigue, saving time.
Longer Working Span Robots don’t need breaks, food, or rest.
Work in Hazardous Useful in places like nuclear plants, space missions, and
Environments underwater explorations.
Improved Workplace Robots can take over unpleasant or risky tasks, leading to safer
conditions for humans.
🔹 6. Evolution of Robots (History)
Time Period Stage Key Developments
1900s–1930s Early Concepts and - Mechanical devices like automatic looms and toys.
Automation - Robotics seen more in science fiction than real life.
1940s–1960s Birth of Industrial Robots - Unimate, the first industrial robot, was created by
George Devol.
- Used in General Motors for welding and lifting.
- Focused on replacing human labor in industries.
1970s–1990s Advances in Robotics - Integration of microprocessors for control.
- Emergence of robots in electronics and automotive
sectors.
- Early use of AI and vision systems.
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2000s–Present Collaborative Robots and - Development of Cobots (Collaborative Robots).
AI Integration - AI-enabled robots that interact with humans.
- Application in healthcare, home automation,
agriculture, and defense.
- Rise of smart assistants like Alexa and
autonomous vehicles.
🔹 7. Definition of Robotics
“Robotics is the design, construction, and use of machines (robots) to perform tasks
done traditionally by human beings.”
It combines concepts from:
● Mechanical Engineering
● Electrical Engineering
● Computer Science
● Artificial Intelligence
🔹 8. Classification of Robots
A. Field/Terrain-Based Classification
● Based on environment:
○ Land robots
○ Aerial robots (drones)
○ Underwater robots
B. Control-Based Classification
● Autonomous robots – Work independently
● Semi-autonomous robots – Require some human control
● Tele-operated robots – Fully controlled by humans
C. Bio-Inspired Robots
Robots inspired by living organisms.
Type Examples Features
Humanoid Robots ASIMO (Honda), Atlas Walk, run, recognize speech and
faces
Bird-Inspired Festo SmartBird, BionicSwift Flapping wing flight for
Robots aerodynamic efficiency
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Snake-Inspired Snakebot, HiBot ACM-R5H Flexible body, ideal for confined
Robots spaces
Spider-Inspired SPY-DER Multiple legs for better grip and
Robots climbing
🔹
🏠 9. Real-World Applications of Robots
A. Domestic Applications
● Amazon Echo (Alexa): Voice assistant capable of:
○ Playing music
○ Setting alarms
○ Answering questions
○ Controlling smart appliances
○ Ordering items online
🏭 B.● Industrial Applications
TATA Motors: Uses robotic arms for tasks like car painting.
● Yaskawa Motoman GP Series: Used in:
○ Welding
○ Material handling
○ Assembly operations
🏥 ●C. Medical Applications
da Vinci Surgical System (Apollo Hospital):
○ Used for minimally invasive surgeries.
○ Controlled by surgeons using joysticks and visual aids.
○ Provides precision and reduces risk.
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🪖 D.● Defense Applications
MULE (Multi Utility Legged Equipment):
○ Used by the Indian Army
○ Functions:
■ Carrying loads
■ Surveillance
■ Combat support
○ Designed to move on rough terrain and resist extreme conditions.
🎮 E.● Entertainment Applications
ASIMO (Honda):
○ Demonstrates advanced mobility
○ Can interact using gestures, voice recognition, and facial recognition
○ Appears in theme parks, exhibitions, and tech events
🌾 ●F. Agricultural
FarmBot:
Applications
○ Automates farming tasks:
■ Planting
■ Watering
■ Weeding
○ Uses computer vision and machine learning to optimize crop production.
✅ Conclusion
● Robots are revolutionizing the way humans live and work.
● They improve efficiency, safety, and precision across industries.
● As robotics continues to evolve with AI and bio-inspiration, its applications will become even
more widespread and intelligent.
