Lecture 1C
ECOM F213
Object Oriented Programming
01/08/25
BITS, Pilani Goa campus
Prof. Anita Agrawal
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Encapsulation
A mechanism of wrapping the data (variables) and code
acting on the data (methods) together as a single unit.
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Encapsulation and classes
▪ Class contains: Data
Member/Instance
variables
Code Member methods
o Class encapsulates complexity
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Inheritance
o A mechanism in which one class acquires the property of
another class.
o Example, a child inherits the traits of his/her
parents.
o With inheritance, the fields and methods of the existing
class can be reused.
o An inherited class is called a subclass of its parent class
or super class.
o It can be of different types- Single, Multiple, Multilevel,
Hierarchical and Hybrid
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Real World example of
inheritance
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Another example of Inheritance:
One class acquires properties of another class
Supports hierarchical classification
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Real World Example in a
banking system
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Polymorphism
▪ It is a OOP concept where one name can have many
forms.
▪ In a real world example, a person at a same time can
have different characteristic.
▪ Example- Calculate the Area-
• For Circle: Radius r
• For Rectangle: Length L and Width W
• For Sector: Radius r, Angle O.
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Introduction
to Java
Topics:
▪ Anatomy of a Java Program
▪ History of Java
▪ Salient Features of Java
▪ Stages of Execution of Java Program
▪ JVM vs. JRE vs. JDK
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Java Program
▪ A Java program is defined as a collection of objects
that communicate with each other to perform specific
tasks.
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Anatomy of a Java Program
A. Reserved words / Keywords
B. Classes
C. Package
D. Modifiers
E. Statements
F. Blocks
G. Methods
H. The main method
I. Comments
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A simple java program
//This comment contains only one line.
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Breaking down the program
▪ “class" keyword is used to declare a new class.
▪ “Myfirstjavaprogram" is the identifier
▪ public static void main
▪ public:
» It is an example of an access specifier.
» Allows programmer to control the visibility of class
members
» Members may be accessed from outside the class in which
they are declared.
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Breaking down the program
(Contd.)
main() be declared as public since it will be called
by outside it’s class
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Breaking down the program (Contd.)
▪ static:
» Allows main() to be called without creating an object of the
class.
» It is necessary since main() is called by JVM before any
objects are made.
▪ void:
» Defines the return type, in this case it is void.
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main
» The system locates and runs the main method for a class
when you run a program.
» Other methods get executed when called by the main
method.
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▪ String args[ ]
– Declares a variable (object) named args
– It is an array of String class instances
– args[ ] receives any command line arguments during
program execution
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[Link]
▪ println: It is a method
▪ It is used by invoking a statement with a string argument.
▪ The string argument is enclosed within parentheses. In this
case, the argument is "This is my first java program!"
▪ You can call the same println method with a different
argument to print a different message.
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Blocks
▪ A pair of braces in a program form a block that groups
components of a program.
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Comments
//my first java program
class myfirstjavaprogram
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
[Link]("this is my first java
program");
}
}
// This is a single line comment
/* These are multiple
line comments */
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Lexical constraints
▪ Whitespace – Java is a free-form language (indentation is not
necessary but desirable).
» As long as there is one whitespace character between each token –
Space, tab, and newline.
▪ Identifiers – Used for class, method, and variable names.
▪ Literals – A constant value in Java is called literal
▪ Comments – /* */ and //
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Identifiers
▪ Combination of uppercase and lowercase letters,
and numbers
▪ Underscore_ and $ sign are allowed.
▪ Must begin with an alphabet, underscore or $
▪ Case-sensitive
▪ 3-15 characters
▪ Reserved keywords cannot be used
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List of Separators
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Reserved words/ Keywords in Java
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Important points
▪ The name of the source file is very important.
▪ In previous example, the name of the file will be
[Link]
▪ The name of the class should match the name of file that holds
the program.
▪ A source file is officially called compilation unit.
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▪ It is a text file that contains one or more class definitions.
▪ For Java compiler, source file must have .java extension.
▪ In Java, all code must reside inside a class
▪ Java is a case-sensitive programming language.
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Example 2: If control statement
//if control statement
class if_eg
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int n=10;
if(n%2== 0)
[Link]("The number is even");
else
[Link]("The number is odd");
}
}
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Example 3: for control statement
//for statement
class for_eg
{
public static void main(String args[]
{
int x=10;
int i;
int sum=0;
for(i=1; i<=x; i++)
sum = sum+i;
[Link]("The sum is: " +sum);
}
}
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History of Java
❑ Initially called ‘Oak’, but after a while (1995), came to be
known as ‘Java’, over coffee.
❑ Name of Coffee seed
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Salient Features of Java
❑ Object-Oriented Programming language
❑ Structured in terms of classes, which group data with
operations on that data
❑ Can construct new classes by extending existing ones
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Salient features of Java contd….
▪ Platform Independent:
Unlike many other programming languages including C
and C++, when compiled, it is not compiled into a code
which is platform specific, rather into “platform-
independent byte code”.
▪ It runs on a variety of platforms such as Windows, Mac OS,
and the various versions of Unix.
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Salient Features of Java contd…
▪ Simple:
Easy to learn
▪ Secure:
Enables to develop virus-free, tamper-free systems.
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Salient Features of Java
contd…
▪ Architecture-neutral:
Generates an architecture-neutral object file format which makes
the compiled code executable on many processors with the presence
of Java runtime system.
▪ Portable:
Being architecture neutral and having no implementation dependent
aspects of the specification, makes it portable
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Salient Features of Java
▪ Robust:
Eliminates error-prone situations by emphasizing mainly on
compile time error checking and runtime checking.
▪ Multithreaded:
Programs can be written that can perform many tasks
simultaneously.
▪ Interpreted:
Java code is translated on the fly to native machine instructions.
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Salient Features of Java contd..
▪ High Performance:
With the use of Just-In-Time compilers, Java enables high
performance
▪ Dynamic: More dynamic than C or C++
Can carry extensive amount of run-time information that can be
used to verify and resolve accesses to objects on run-time.
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▪ Follows 2-step process:
▪ Compilation
▪ Execution
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ByteCode
▪ Output of Java Compiler is not executable code but is a
Bytecode.
▪ Bytecode is a highly optimized set of instructions to be executed
by Java Runtime System (Java Virtual Machine- JVM).
▪ JVM is the interpreter for Bytecode -> Converts into machine code
for execution.
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Java program: Stages of execution
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Bytecode- Contd.
▪ Advantages:
▫ It makes it easier to execute a program
▫ Only the JVM needs to be implemented
▪ Disadvantages:
▫ Slower performance
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Requirements
▪ A text editor
▪ The Java Development Kit (JDK)
▫ Development Tools to develop your java programs
▪ The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) to execute your
java Programs
» Includes Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
» Libraries
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JVM vs. JRE vs. JDK
▪ JVM – Java Virtual machine(JVM) – JVM is responsible for executing the
java bytecode line by line hence it is also known as interpreter – JVM allows
Java to be a "portable language" (write once, run anywhere)
▪ JRE – Java Runtime Environment – An installation package which provides
environment to only run (not develop) the java program onto your machine. JRE
includes JVM and libraries – JRE is used by them who only wants to run the
Java Programs i.e. end users of your system.
▪ JDK – Java Development Kit – The JDK is a superset of the JRE, and contains
everything that is in the JRE, plus tools such as the compilers and debuggers
necessary for developing programs and applications.
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JDK editions
A. Java Standard Edition (J2SE)
▫ J2SE can be used to develop client-side standalone applications
or applets.
B. Java Enterprise Edition (J2EE)
▫ J2EE can be used to develop server-side applications such as
Java servlets and Java ServerPages.
C. Java Micro Edition (J2ME)
▫ J2ME can be used to develop applications for mobile devices
such as cell phones.
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Next …………Data Types and Variables
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THANKS!
Any questions?
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