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Module2 1

The document appears to be a course outline or lecture notes for a subject titled 'Computer Communication Networks'. It includes various topics related to networking, communication protocols, and data transmission. The text is heavily fragmented and contains numerous typographical errors, making it difficult to extract coherent information.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
11 views54 pages

Module2 1

The document appears to be a course outline or lecture notes for a subject titled 'Computer Communication Networks'. It includes various topics related to networking, communication protocols, and data transmission. The text is heavily fragmented and contains numerous typographical errors, making it difficult to extract coherent information.

Uploaded by

Kavya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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SVIT. Deot. of ECE AKSHITH MONNAPPA K 35


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MODULE: 3

Wirefess LANs: Introduction: Architectural Comparison, Characteristics, IEEE 8O2.LL:


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Connecting Devices: Hubs, Switches, Virtual LANs: Membership, Configuration, Communication
between Switches and Routers, Advantages.
Network Layer: Introduction, Network Layer services: Packetizing, Routing and Forwarding,
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Address Space, Classful Addressing, Classless Addressing, DHCP, Network Address Resolution,
Forwarding of lP Packets: Based on destination Address and Label. LL, Lz

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