CHEMISTRY NOTES

CHAPTER =2
IS MATTER AROUND US PURE
INSTITUTE FOR CAREER EDUCATION(ICE)
BY ABHISHEK SIR

Matter: Anything which occupies space and has mass is called matter.

Matter can be divided in two categories.

(I) Pure Substance
(II) Impure Substances (Mixtures)

Pure substance: Pure substances means that all elements have same chemical properties. A
pure substance is made up of same kind of elements.

Properties pure substance:

 Pure substances are elements or compounds.

 They are made up of only one kind of entity.
 They cannot be broken down into simpler substance by chemical or physical
methods.
 They have a fixed composition.
 Example: Diamond, carbon dioxide.

Elements: An element is the simplest form of matter. Elements cannot be broken down into
further elements by chemical reactions. Eg. Hydrogen (H), Boron (B), Carbon (C)
Elements are further characterised as Metals, Non-metals and Metalloids.

METALS
1. Metals are lustrous (shiny).
2. Metals conduct heat and electricity.
3. Metals have a silver-grey or gold-yellow colour.
4. We can hammer metals and form thin sheets (Malleability).
5. We can convert metals into wires (Ductility).
6. Metals always produce a ringing sound if they are hit (Sonorous) .
7. Silver, Mercury, Copper, Gold

NON-METALS
1. Non-Metals do not conduct heat and electricity.
2. Non-Metals are not sonorous.
 3. Non-Metals are not lustrous.
4. Non-Metals are not ductile.
5. Non-Metals have different colours.
6. Carbon, Iodine, Chlorine, Oxygen, Hydrogen.

Metalloids : They show some properties of metals and some of the non-metals.
Example: Boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, and tellurium.

Compounds: Compounds are the substances consisting of two or more different

types of elements in a fixed ratio of its atoms.
For Example: -Ammonium Sulphate, Sulphur Chloride, Water.
Properties of Compound:
 Elements in a compound are in fixed proportion.
 Compounds have a definite set of properties.
 Compounds can be broken down by chemically only.
 Components of compound cannot be separated by physically.
 They are homogenous in nature.
 Compound has fixed melting and boiling points.

Mixture: It is a substance in which two or more substances (element or compound) are

simply mixed together in any proportion. Examples: - The air is a mixture of oxygen,
nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water vapour.

Properties of Mixture:

 The mixture has no fixed composition.

 To form mixture energy is neither produced nor evolved.
 The mixture has no fixed melting and boiling points.
 Mixture retains the properties of its components.
 Components of mixtures can be separated by simple physical methods.
 They are homogenous or heterogeneous in nature.
 Difference between compound and mixture
Compound Mixture
Compounds are substances which can be Mixtures are substances that are formed
formed by chemically combining two or more by physically mixing two or more
elements. substances.

Compounds fall under pure substances. Mixtures can be categorized as impure

substances.

A mixture shows the properties of its Compound doesn’t show the

components. properties of component elements.
The chemical composition of compounds is A mixture can have a variable composition
always fixed. of the substances forming it.
Compounds are always homogeneous in Mixtures can either be homogeneous or
nature. heterogeneous in nature.

Homogeneous mixture: A mixture which has a uniform composition throughout is

called a homogeneous mixture or solution.

 Examples: sugar in water, salt in water.

Heterogeneous mixture: A mixture which contains physically distinct parts and has a
non-uniform composition is called a heterogeneous mixture.

 Examples: Mixture of salt and iron filings, sand and sugar.

 Difference between homogenous and heterogeneous
Homogenous Mixture Heterogeneous Mixture

They have a uniform composition They have a non-uniform

throughout composition
We cannot separate the We can separate the components
components of the mixture through physical processes
through physical processes
Components cannot be seen Components can easily be seen
through naked eyes through naked eyes
The mixture is in single phase The substances can be of two
throughout different phases and we may see
separate layers of the substances
Example :- A mixture of water Example :- A mixture of oil in
and milk water

Alloys: An alloy is a mixture of different metals or non-metals and metals that cannot be
separated from each other using physical methods.
For Example
Brass – Copper with up to 50% zinc
Bronze – Copper with up to 12% tin

Classification of Solution based on size

 Solution(True Solution)
 Suspension.
 Colloidal solution.

Solution: A solution is nothing but a uniform mixture of two or more substances. Homogenous
Mixtures are solutions. It is also known as true solution.
E.g. Nimboo Pani, soda water.
Concentration:
Concentration refers to the amount of a substance added in a solution or can be defined as
the ratio of solute in a solution to either solvent or total solution.
Solution = Solute + Solvent
Solvent > Solute
Solvent – The substance in which another substance is mixed is called the Solvent.
For Example, Water is a solvent in which we can mix different substances such as
salt or sugar.
Solute – The substance that is added to the solvent to form a solution is called
a Solute.
For Example, Salt, when mixed in water, acts as a solute for the mixture or solution.

To calculate the Concentration, consider the formulae below:

 Percent by Mass = (Mass of solute / Mass of solution) X 100
 Percent by Volume = (Volume of solute / volume of solution) X 100
 Percent by Mass by Volume = (Mass of solute / volume of solution) X 100

Properties of Solution

 Its particles are too tiny and have a diameter less than 1 nm.
 The particles are not visible to naked eyes.
 Particles do not scatter a beam of light passing through it and hence do not show the
Tyndall effect.
 The solute particles never settle down on keeping undisturbed.
 The components of a solution cannot be separated using filtration.

Solution of -
 Liquid into a liquid: Water and Ink
 Solid into solid: Alloys
 Gas into gas: Air
 Solid into a liquid: Sugar and Water
 Solid into gas: Hydrogen and Metals
 Liquid into gas: Carbon Dioxide and Water

What is a stable solution?

A stable solution is a solution in which particles do not settle down if we leave the
solution undisturbed for some time. This is because the particles of a stable solution
are homogeneously spread.

Different Types of Solutions

Saturated solution: -When no more amount of solute can be dissolved in a
solution at a given temperature, it is called a saturated solution.

Unsaturated solution: -When more amount of solute can be dissolved in a

solution at given temperature, it is called a saturated solution.
Solubility: -The amount of the solute present in the saturated solution at the given
temperature is called its solubility.

Suspension
A suspension is formed when two or more substances are mixed in a non-uniform manner.
Heterogeneous mixtures are suspensions. The solute does not mix with the solvent and can be
viewed through naked eyes.

Properties of Suspensions:
 A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture.
 We can see the particles of suspensions through naked eyes.
 We can see the path of light through the particles of a suspension .
 The particles of suspension settle down when it is undisturbed. Then, they can be
separated using filtration.
 The size of particles greater than 1 nanometre (10−9 metre).

Colloids or Colloidal solutions

A colloidal solution or a colloid is a uniform solution of two or more substances. The particles
are very small and the solution appears as a homogeneous mixture but it is not.

Properties of colloids:
 Colloids are heterogeneous in nature.
 The particles of a colloid cannot be seen through naked eyes.
 The particles scatter a beam of light passed through a colloid and produce the
Tyndall effect.
 Colloids are stable in nature. The particles of colloids do not settle down if left
uninterrupted.
 We cannot separate the particles of a colloid through filtration. We use a method
called Centrifugation to separate the particles of a colloid.

Tyndall Effect
The phenomenon of scattering of light by colloidal particles is called Tyndall Effect.

Classification of Colloids:
Dispersed Phase – The dispersed particles or the solute-like components in a
colloid.
Dispersing Medium – The substance in which these solute-like particles are added.
Physical Change: The physical properties such as the shape, size, colour or state of the substance
change. No new substance is formed.
For Example: Change of ice into water
Chemical Change: A substance is said to undergo a chemical change when a new substance with
completely new properties is formed.

Example: Burning of wood or paper, souring of milk.

Separation of components of a mixture

 Heterogeneous mixtures can be separated into their constituents by simple physical
methods.
 Methods include: handpicking, sieving, filtration.

Why do we need to separate the components of a mixture:

(1) To obtain useful components.

(2) To remove non-useful components.
(3) To separate more than one useful components from a mixture.

For example-
Tea leaves are separated from the tea with a strainer while preparing tea.

The components of a mixture can be separated from each other using several other
techniques like
 Evaporation
 Centrifugation
 Sublimation
 Chromatography
 Distillation

Separation of mixture of 2 Solids:

1) Using a suitable Solvent

2) Using a magnet
3) Process of Sublimation

1)Using a suitable Solvent

It is used when one of the Components of mixture is soluble in solvent and other is
not. Mixture is added to the solvent.

eg. Mixture of sand and sugar.

2)Using a magnet

It is used when one of the component of mixture is attracted by the magnet and other is
not.

Eg. Mixture of Iron fillings and sulphur

 3)Process of Sublimation

This process is used to separate mixture that contain a sublime substance to non-
sublime substance.

Sublime substance: Ammonium Chloride, Camphor, Iodine, Naphthalene etc.

 Applications:
 Ammonium chloride/camphor/naphthalene and salt

 Method:
 Heat the mixture in an inverted funnel so that the sublimable
component sublimes in the air and settles over the walls of the funnel
and the non-sublimable component, on the other hand, is left behind.

Separation of mixture of 2 or more liquids:

Miscible: Substance which is completely mixed in liquid.

Immiscible: Substance which is not completely mixed in liquid.

Distillation: Distillation is a method for separating the component of substances

from a liquid mixture by evaporation and condensation. It is used to separate
Miscible liquids.
 Applications:
Acetone and water
 Method:
 The mixture is heated in a distillation apparatus. The one substance with a
lower boiling point evaporates first, condenses and gets separated from the
one with a higher boiling point.

 Simple Distillation – when the miscible liquids have a satisfactory difference in

their boiling points
 Fractional Distillation – when the difference between the boiling points of the
liquids is less than 25 K
Separating different Gases from the Air
Method – Fractional Distillation
 Compress and cool the air by increasing the temperature and decreasing the
pressure. The air turns to liquid air.
 Liquid air is warmed up slowly in a fractional distillation apparatu s
 The several components of air get separated and are collected at various heights
on the basis of their boiling points.
Purifying Solids
Method used – Crystallisation

 Crystallisation is a separation technique in which solids are separated from a

solution.

 Applications:
Salt from seawater
Purification of copper sulphate
 Method:
 The impurities of a substance are filtered out.
 Water is evaporated to obtain a saturated solution.
 The solution is covered with filter paper and left as it is.
 After some time, the crystals of pure solid are formed.

Evaporation – For separating a mixture of a non-volatile and a volatile substance

 Applications:
Separating coloured component from the ink
Salt from water
Sugar from Water
 Method:
 Mix some ink into water and heat it. After some time the water will evaporate
leaving behind the coloured substance.

Centrifugation – Separating higher particles from lighter particles by the rotating in

high speed.
 Applications:
 Separating milk from cream
 Separating butter from cream
  Squeezing out water from wet clothes
 Method:
 Milk is put in a centrifuging machine or milk churner and the cream thus
separates from milk.

Chromatography
Chromatography is used to separate the different components in a liquid mixture.
 Applications:
 Separating colour components of a dye
 Drugs from blood
 Method:
 Take a filter paper or a blotting paper and place a drop of ink at the
rear end. Dip the end in water. Since the ink is a mixture of two or
more colours, the component of ink which is soluble in water mixes into
it and then separates quickly from the other components that are less
soluble in water.