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The document provides an overview of differential equations, distinguishing between ordinary differential equations (ODE) and partial differential equations (PDE). It covers the concepts of order and degree of differential equations, as well as general and particular solutions. The module aims to equip students with the ability to classify and solve differential equations effectively.

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9 views14 pages

De 1

The document provides an overview of differential equations, distinguishing between ordinary differential equations (ODE) and partial differential equations (PDE). It covers the concepts of order and degree of differential equations, as well as general and particular solutions. The module aims to equip students with the ability to classify and solve differential equations effectively.

Uploaded by

Rashmae
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (D.E)

EMATH 213: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS


Objectives

By the end of this module, students should be able to:


▪ Differentiate between ordinary differential equations (ODE)
and partial differential equations (PDE).
▪ Identify the order and degree of a given differential equation.
▪ Distinguish between general and particular solutions of a
differential equation.
▪ Interpret the role of arbitrary constants in solutions of
differential equations
INTRODUCTION

Differential Equation is an equation involving


one or more derivatives of an unknown
function.
INTRODUCTION

Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE): Involves


derivatives for only ONE independent variable.

𝑑𝑦
+ 3𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥

Where y is the dependent variable and x is the


independent variable.
INTRODUCTION

Partial Differential Equation (PDE): Involves


derivatives for two or more independent
variable(s).

𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒚
+ =𝟎
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒛

Where y is the dependent variable while X and Z


are the independent variables.
Examples

Verify whether the function is PDE or ODE.


𝒅𝟐 𝒙
1. 𝟐 + 𝒌𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒕
2. 𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
𝟐

3. 𝒚′′′ − 𝟑𝒚′ + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝟓𝒅𝒚
4. 𝒅𝒙 𝟐 +
𝒅𝒙
− 𝟗𝒚 =𝟎
5. 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒚 + 𝟕𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟓
𝟐
ORDER AND DEGREE OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

Order – the highest derivative present in the


equation.

𝒅𝟑 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝟑
+𝟐 −𝒚=𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙

Order: 3
ORDER AND DEGREE OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

Degree – exponent of the highest-order derivative,


after the equation has been made free from
radicals and fractions involving derivatives.

𝟑 𝟐
𝒅 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
+ 𝟐 −𝒚=𝟎
𝒅𝒙𝟑 𝒅𝒙

Degree: 13
Examples

Determine the order and degree of the following D.E:


𝟑
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝟕
1. + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟕𝒚𝟐 = 𝟑𝒙
𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙

2. 𝒚′′′ 𝟑
+ 𝒙 𝒚′′ 𝟒
= 𝒆𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
3. 𝒅𝒙 𝟐 + 𝟔 +
𝒅𝒙
𝟑𝒚 = 𝟎
SOLUTIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

General Solution: Contains arbitrary constant(s) equal in


number to the order of the D.E
𝒅𝒚
= 𝟑𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝒙
Integrating both sides:
න 𝒅𝒚 = න 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙

General solution:
𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝑪
SOLUTIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

Particular Solution: Obtained from the general solution


by assigning specific values to the arbitrary constants,
usually given initial or boundary conditions.

General solution:
𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝑪
At y(0) = 2, substituting the given condition to the G.S:
𝟐 = 𝟎 𝟑 + 𝑪 ==⇒ 𝑪 = 𝟐
Therefore,
𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐
Examples

Identify the general and particular solution of the


given
𝒅𝒚
= 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒
𝒅𝒙
The given condition is at y(0) = 2.
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!
EMATH 213 : DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Diagnostic Exam (30mins)

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