Quantum Computing
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ScribdTranslationsQuantum Computing
Uploaded by
ScribdTranslationsQuantum computing
Francisco Cárdenas
Physical Engineering -USACH
Summary
Quantum computing deals with the storage and processing of
information in quantum bits (qubits) that can be found and stored
multiple states at the same time and offer us superior processing capabilities.
Introduction
Throughout history, man has used various materials and
multiple mechanisms to facilitate the execution of processes that streamline and
automate the execution of calculations and information processing. The
computers have undergone a great change compared to how they were initially;
They have as their first ancestor the abacus (3000 BC), the adding machine.
Pascalina (1642), to the loom controlled by punched cards that contained its
designs (1801). The Z3 (1941), the first programmable electromagnetic computer
through a punched tape, it had a memory of 64 words of 22 bits. The
ENIAC (1946) is considered the first computer, as its operation was
completely electronic; stored 20 numbers of 10 digits and performed
about 5000 additions and 300 multiplications per second. After this the
the most important steps in computing were the invention of the transistor and of
integrated circuits, which allowed for the miniaturization of components and the
increase in processing speed, up to reaching the current
massification of computers in homes, and the most powerful, Jaguar
(2010) has more than 300 TB of RAM, 10,000 TB of storage capacity
storage, and 2.3 petaflop/s of performance (2.3 trillion operations per
second) But the limit of its evolution is given because at a certain point, it no longer
the components can be miniaturized further.
Will quantum computing be the next step in computing?
Quantum Computing
Fundamentals
Quantum computing is based on the properties of the
interactions of subatomic particles and modern computing theory. In
set have allowed the emergence of a new computational paradigm that
as it is seen, it will allow processing data and solving problems in a way
never seen before.
The qubit is the basic element of quantum computing. It is based on the
quantum superposition principle, which allows it to represent a '0' or a '1'
logical, the superposition of both states simultaneously. The state of a
a qubit can be written as {a|0>, b|1>}, where a and b are complex numbers that
satisfy the relationship |a|2+|b|2=1.
A two qubit vector simultaneously represents the states 00, 01, 10.
y 11, a vector of three qubits would be 000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 111, that is, if
we have n-qubit there will be 2 n possible simultaneous states. Any system
Quantum with two distinct discrete states can serve as a qubit, a spin.
of an electron that points up or down, a qubit.
Another of the fundamental principles in quantum computing is the
entanglement. This phenomenon consists of two subatomic particles
inevitably remain related to each other, if they have been generated in a
same process. These particles form a system that cannot be described
separately, this implies that if one experiences a change of state, it impacts
in the other particle.
Quantum teleportation is another of the phenomena used. In the
classical computing to transmit bits, these are copied or cloned and then
sent through different media such as copper, fiber optic, waves of
radio, sound waves, etc. But in quantum computing, it is not possible to clone,
neither copy nor send qubits from one place to another as is done with the
bits, but rather the mentioned phenomenon is used; The sender has a qubit
called 'x' and the receiver has a qubit called "y", these qubits are
intertwined in such a way that if one changes this, it would also happen in the other
(entanglement effect). The sender has information in the qubit 'z' that they want
send to the receiver, then the 'x' and 'z' qubits are combined and operated in such a way
that the information from "z" is transferred to "x" and how this is intertwined with the
Qubit 'y', information is transferred automatically, without the need for a medium.
physical.
Quantum parallelism is directly involved with the ability to
problem solving. In current computing, to solve some
it is necessary to test possible solutions one after another, which
requires an immense amount of resources, so much so that they must be simplified.
problems considering fewer variables, or even not being raised at all
its practical resolution. In contrast, in quantum computing, all are evaluated.
the possible answers at the same time, which allows solving the problem in a time
much less.
Architecture
The architecture of a quantum computer is very similar to that which
the current computers, except that these have their own elements of
quantum computing.
The quantum Alu has the fundamental functions of executing
quantum operations and error correction in the data stored in qubits.
The Alu prepares the quantum data before executing any logical gate.
(device capable of performing boolean logical operations) applying a
sequence of basic quantum transformations.
To a large extent, this preparation is carried out for error correction.
It is important to note that qubits are very sensitive to noise and interference.
electromagnetic and others related to their handling, being able to change their
states easily. To avoid this, the ALU makes use of hardware
traditional specialized, which provides standard elemental states for
compare and correct the errors.
Quantum memory is a very important structural element, as
it will store the information, and above all it must be reliable, for which
will have a specialized update unit in each sector of the
memory, which will be responsible for detecting and correcting errors in the qubit.
The use of a high-performance classical processor has been proposed as
main part of the dynamic scheduler, component of a computer
quantum that is responsible for controlling the flow of data and performing operations
Quantum logics about qubits.
Applications
The possible uses of this technology when it is developed are oriented towards
to the realization of models and simulations related to physics of
particles, for example, processing data from particle accelerators, the
meteorology and the most accurate weather prediction and the study of phenomena
atmospheric, military defense systems, the study of the genome, and the
cryptography, since on one hand it is expected that some of the standards of
current encryption becomes obsolete, and on the other hand, because if it is transmitted
information through quantum means, just intercepting it will alter it, so the
communication would be secure.
Requirements for development
In order for quantum computing to continue evolving, a need exists for a
stable qubit system, that are individually addressable and manageable,
and they must interact with each other to form logic gates and transfer.
information. It must also be possible to extract the computational results, and
This must be done without damaging or altering the rest of the computing system.
Finally, the memory, as well as other components of a quantum computer,
they must be scalable, that is, they must be able to increase, in a non
complex, and without the procedure causing damage to the system or loss of
information, reminding that qubits are susceptible to altering information
that they possess, so the necessary precautions must be taken in this regard
sense
Latest developments
Currently, the advancement of quantum computing has ceased to be
merely speculative and theoretical, to become reality.
In the 1980s, the speculative phase was seen, and they began to lay the groundwork.
their foundations. Then in the 90s, the theory was consolidated and began to be put into practice.
Peter Shor formulated the algorithm that allows for the calculation of prime factors of
numbers at a much higher speed than in any traditional computer.
The first successful quantum cryptographic transmission was carried out over a distance
of 23 km. In addition, the first teleportation of a photon was carried out. Also
they created and transmitted the first qubit.
In the present century, it was possible to implement in a pseudocomputer the
Shor's algorithm, which was executed in a single step when in a
traditional computer would require numerous iterations. It was achieved to unite
quantum components through superconductors, creating the first bus of
quantum data. The first 16 qubit device was also successfully implemented.
The company Magiq is already marketing a quantum encryption device. The year
last year the first solid-state quantum processor was created, a great advance, as
Previously, we worked with gases that were unstable and difficult to handle.
Conclusion
Current computers are reaching their limit, but for
when this happens, it is expected that quantum computers will already be present
advanced, being able to take us to a world with capabilities of
processing information that is difficult to understand in the present.
The future is already here, it's just a matter of a few years before the new
supercomputers may be quantum, and who knows if in a couple of decades
we have one in our house.
Bibliography
Quantum Architecture, Hillary Caituiro-Monge, Electrical and Computer
Engineering Department, University of Puerto Rico.
Electronic Journal of Telematic Studies; QUANTUM COMPUTERS
PARADOX OF SUPERPOSITION Richard Primera Rafael University
Belloso Chacín. Venezuela
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