LAB REPORT No.

STANDARD METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF VISCOSITY

KINEMATICS OF OPAQUE AND TRANSPARENT LIQUIDS (AND CALCULATION OF
DYNAMIC VISCOSITY

ASTM Standard (D 445-88)

PRESENTED BY:
PAULA NATALIA ALVAREZ MUÑOZ CODE: 20151134435
Karla Mildred Cerón Hernandez Code: 20141125651
GROUP: THURSDAY - 02

PRESENTED TO:
HAYDEE MORALES MONDRAGÓN

SURCOLOMBIANA UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
Petroleum Engineering
CRUDE AND DERIVATIVES

THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 7, 2019

NEIVA (HUILA)

1
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
OBJECTIVES…………………………………………………………………………….3
GENERAL……………………………………………………………………………..3
SPECIFIC............................................................3
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK…………………………………………………………………….4
FLOW CHART.................................................................7

8
SAMPLE OF CALCULATIONS................................................... 8

RESULTS ANALYSIS………………………………………………………..17
CONCLUSIONS
QUESTIONNAIRE……………………………………………………………………….19
BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………………22

2
 OBJECTIVES
GENERAL OBJECTIVES
Determine the kinematic viscosity of crude oil and a lubricant oil.
by measuring the flow time of the volume at different temperatures.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
Determine the dynamic viscosity from the data obtained during the
kinematic viscosity practice.
Recognize the relationship between kinematic and dynamic viscosity.
To understand the importance and impact that this practice has in the industry.
oil company

3
 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Viscosity of oil
Viscosity is a measure of the internal resistance to flow, resulting from the
combined effects of cohesion and adhesion. ; It can also be defined
as the opposition of a fluid to tangential deformations. A fluid that does not
it has viscosity is called ideal fluid, in reality all known fluids
they present some viscosity, with the zero viscosity model being a
a pretty good approximation for certain applications.1
Viscosity is a characteristic of all fluids, both liquids and gases.
gases, although in this last case their effect is usually negligible, are more
close to being ideal fluids.2
It should be noted that viscosity only manifests in moving fluids, yes
that when the fluid is at rest, it adopts a shape such that the forces do not act
tangential forces that it cannot withstand.3
The unit in the CGS system for dynamic viscosity is the poise (p), whose
name honors Jean Louis Marie Poiseuille. It is more commonly used his
submultiple the centipoise (cp.). The centipoise is more commonly used because water
it has a viscosity of 1.0020 cp at 20 °C.4
The poise or centipoise (0.01 poises) is defined as the force required in dynes.
to move a square centimeter area plane over another of equal area
and separated by one centimeter of distance from each other, with the space filled with the liquid
investigated, to achieve a displacement of one centimeter in one second.5
The viscosity of crude oil in the reservoir can range from 0.2 to over 1,000.
centipoise6
Viscosity is one of the most important characteristics of hydrocarbons.
in the operational aspects of production, transportation, refining and
petrochemical. Viscosity is obtained by various methods and is designated by
several measurement values. The effect of temperature on is very important.
viscosity of crude oil, in the reservoir or on the surface, especially
regarding heavy and extra heavy crudes.7
Effect of temperature on viscosity: the effect of temperature
the viscosity of a liquid is markedly different from the effect on
a gas; in the case of gases, viscosity increases with temperature,
while in the case of liquids, it invariably decreases from
marked way when the temperature rises. As the temperature increases of
the crude viscosity decreases due to the increase in speed of
the molecules and, therefore, both the decrease in their cohesive strength
as well as the decrease in internal molecular resistance to
displacement.8

4
 Effect of pressure on viscosity: the effect of pressure
mechanics increases viscosity. If the increase in pressure is carried out by
mechanical means, without gas addition, the increase in pressure results in a
increase in viscosity. This behavior is due to the fact that it is
decreasing the distance between molecules and, consequently, it is being
increasing the resistance of the molecules to move.9
Effect of density on viscosity: It is defined as the quotient
between the mass of a body and the volume it occupies. The density of a
The body is related to its buoyancy; one substance will float on another.
if its density is lower. The denser the fluid, the greater its
viscosity.10
The following viscosities can be mentioned:
Apparent viscosity: the viscosity that a substance can have in a
given moment, which is measured by an instrument that determines
the shear rate. It is a function of the plastic viscosity with
regarding the assignor.11
Kinematic viscosity: viscosity in centipoise divided by density at
the same temperature and is designated in Stokes or centiStokes units.12
Universal Saybolt Viscosity (SSU): represents the time in seconds
for a flow of 60 cubic centimeters to exit from a tubular container
through a hole, properly calibrated and placed at the bottom of the
container, which has been maintained at a constant temperature.13
Relative viscosity: the ratio of the viscosity of a fluid with respect to
the water.14
Engler viscosity: a measure of viscosity that expresses the flow time
of a given volume through an Engler viscometer in relation to
the time required for the flow of the same volume of water, in which case
the relationship is expressed in Engler degrees.15

Saybolt Furol viscosity (SSF): time in seconds it takes to flow 60

cc sample through a hole larger than the Universal, calibrated at
specified conditions, using a Saybolt viscometer.16
Redwood Viscosity: British testing method for determining
viscosity. It is expressed as the number of seconds needed for
50 cc of the sample flow in a Redwood viscometer, under conditions
specific to the essay.17
Viscosity correlation with temperature.
By having gas in solution and raising the temperature, the solubility would decrease.
Well, gas would come out of the solution (if P remains constant) and it would be
effecting the combined effect of higher temperature and less gas in
solution with opposing effects. However, the effect of the
Temperature is of the greatest importance.18

5
Effect of pressure on viscosity.
The increase in mechanical pressure increases viscosity. If the increase
the pressure is exerted by mechanical means, without the addition of gas, the
increase in pressure results in an increase in viscosity. This
behavior obeys that it is decreasing the distances between the
molecules and consequently the resistance of the
molecules to move. It is evident that any increase
pressure mechanic for a gas-saturated crude will place it in a
sub-saturation condition.19

Effect of gas solubility on viscosity.

Chew-Connally correlation The addition of gas in solution to a crude oil
constant temperature reduces its viscosity and this occurs because the
relatively small molecules of the gas components pass to
is part of the molecular configuration and increases the separation
intermolecular between the complex molecules of the liquid phase, which
reduce the resistance to movement.20

6
 FLOW CHART

STANDARD METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF

THE KINEMATIC VISCOSITY OF OPAQUE LIQUIDS
AND TRANSPARENT

Define the temperature to which you want to set the bath.

Choose a clean, dry, and calibrated viscometer.

The viscometer is inverted in such a way that it can be suctioned by

one of the sides until filling the indicated bulb or bulbs.

The two openings are covered with corks.

Place the viscometer in the temperature bath..

Leave the viscometer covered inside the bathroom until it reaches the
desired temperature

Remove the plugs and let the contained sample flow

Measure the time it takes to reach the indicated mark.

The time in seconds

es 200>t>1000

YES NO

Is it greater the
Take the bathroom to another time?
temperature and calculate the time
in what the sample flows.
YES NO

Cool the system Warm up the system

Report the time in Sec

END

7
 RESULTS

Table 1. Viscosity data for a lubricating oil at different

temperatures.

SUBSTANCE TEMP(°F) T (Seg) CONSTANT (mm2/s)/s)

86 820 40°C 100°C
OIL 122 462
LUBRICANT 0.10237 0.102
158 441

Table 2. Viscosity data for crude oil at different temperatures

SUBSTANCE TEMP(°F) T1 (Sec) T2 (Seg) CONSTANT (mm2/s)/s

40°C 100°c
86 803 907 L U L U
RAW
122 608 855
158 402 597 0.01432 0.00970 0.01441 0.00978

SAMPLE OF CALCULATIONS
Calculation of kinematic viscosity for crude oil

To carry out the corresponding calculations for this practice, the first thing that is
It is necessary to make the pressure correction of the constants of the viscosimeters.
since the pressure in Neiva is different from the one they were calibrated for
(760mmHg)
Correction calculations for pressure for crude oil:

For a temperature of 40°C

722 mmHg
= 0.01432 = 0.013604
760 mmHg

722 mmHg
= 0.00970 = 0.009215
760 mmHg

8
For a temperature of 100°C

722 mmHg
= 0.01441 = 0.0136895
760 mmHg

722 mmHg
= ∗ 0.00978 = 0.009291
760 mmHg

Now corrected the constants for pressure, we proceed to find the respective ones.
kinematic viscosities for the crude with the following equation

1+ 2
=
2

For the first temperature (86 ° F)

In order to find the viscosity at this temperature, it is necessary to interpolate the
constants with the data proposed in the previous table
L = 0.0135897 U = 0.009223
(0.013589)(803) + (0.0009223)(907)
86° =
2

° = .

For the second temperature (122 °F)

The interpolated constants are:

L = 0.013618 U = 0.0092367

(0.013589)(608) + (0.009223)(855)
122° =
2

° = .

For the third temperature (158 ° F)

The interpolated constants are:

L = 0.0136467 U = 0.009253

9
 (0.01363467)(402) + (0.009253)(597)
158° =
2

° = .

Calculation of absolute viscosity for crude oil

Using the previously found data on kinematic viscosity, we obtain the

dynamic or absolute viscosity using the following equations:
:
, = , ∗ ,

,
=
,

( − )
= −
1.8
From the previous practices, the value of the standard API gravity is obtained and for
consequently the specific gravity at standard temperature for the sample of
raw.

21,307
0.9269
Hwa = 67.48 ∗ 10-5

Calculation of absolute viscosity for 86 °F

674.8−5 (86 - 60)

86° = 0.9269 - = 0.9171
1.8

86° 0.9957 ⁄ (Tables)

86° = 0.9171 * 0.9957 g ⁄ = 0.9131 ⁄

° = . ∗ . ⁄ = .

Calculation of absolute viscosity for 122 °F

674.8-5(122 − 60)
122° = 0.9269 - 0.9036
1.8

122° 0.98808 g ⁄(Tables)

10
 122° = 0.9036 * 0.98808 g ⁄ = 0.8928 ⁄

° = . ∗ . ⁄ = .

Calculation of absolute viscosity for 158 °F

67.48 times 10-598

122° = 0.9269 - = 0.8901
1.8

158° = 0.97772 g/cm³⁄ (Tables)

° = . ∗ . ⁄ = .

Calculation of kinematic viscosity for a lubricating oil

To perform the corresponding calculations for the lubricating oil of this

in practice, it is necessary to correct the constants by pressure
viscometers for clear, since the pressure of Neiva is different from what these
they were calibrated (760mmHg). The operations are as follows:

Pressure correction calculation:

For a temperature of 40°C

722 mmHg
= 0.10237 = 0.09725
760 mmHg

For a temperature of 100°C

722 mmHg
= ∗ 0.102 = 0.0969
760 mmHg

As was done previously, the kinematic viscosity for the oil is found.
lubricant with the following formula:

11
 =

Calculation of kinematic viscosities

For the first temperature (86 °F)
It is interpolated to obtain the constants at this temperature.
0.10243

86° 0.10243∗ 820

° = .

For the second temperature (122 °F)

The interpolated constant is:

C = 0.1023

122° 0.1023∗ 462

° = .

For the third temperature (158 °F)

The interpolated constant is:

0.1021

158° = 0.1021∗ 441

° = .

Calculation of absolute viscosity for crude oil

Using the kinematic viscosity data found earlier, the

absolute viscosity values with the following equation:

, = , ∗ ,

,
=
,

12
 ( − )
= −
1.8

For this calculation, it is necessary to have the API data, Specific gravity of the
lubricating oil that is listed below:

= 29.1
0.8810
Hwe = 67.38 ∗ 10-5

Calculation of absolute viscosity for 86 °F

67.38 * 10−5 26
86° = 0.8810 − 0.8712
1.8

86° 0.9957 ⁄ (Tables)

86° = 0.8712 * 0.9957 g ⁄ = 0.8674 ⁄

° = . ∗ . ⁄ = .

Calculation of absolute viscosity for 122 °F

67.38 * 10-5(122 − 60)

122° 0.8810 - 0.8577
1.8

122° = 0.98808 g ⁄ (Tables)

122° = 0.8577 * 0.98808 g ⁄ = 0.847 ⁄

° = . ∗ . ⁄ = .

Calculation of absolute viscosity for 158 °F

67.38 * 10-5(158 − 60)

158° = 0.8810 − = 0.844
1.8

158° 0.97772 g ⁄Tables

° = . ∗ . ⁄ = .

The viscosity at 210 for the oil is: 19.41 cst

13
So:
L=4926.3
D=3395.3
H=1531
100− 100
= * 100
100

4926.3 −65.54
= 100 = 143.16
3395.3

Since the viscosity index result was greater than 100, it is necessary to find
the extended viscosity index:

log ( H100-)log ( 100 )

=
log ( μ 210)

log (1531-)log 65.54

( )
= = 1.06
log (19.41 )

(
Antilgt 1.06- 1)
Ivet = 100 + = 191.47
0,0075

Results table for crude

VISCOSITY VISCOSITY
SUBSTANCE TEMPERATURE
CINEMATIC (CST) ABSOLUTE(Cp)
RAW 86 9,638 8.8
122 8,073 7,207
158 5,505 4.9

Chart 1. Kinematic viscosity vs temperature for crude oil

14
 Kinematic Viscosity vs Temperature
12

10

0
0 50 100 150 200
Temperature (°F)

Graph 2. Absolute viscosity vs temperature for crude oil

ABSOLUTE VISCOSITY vs TEMPERATURE

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 50 100 150 200
Temperature (°F)

Results table for the lubricating oil

SUBSTANCE TEMPERATURE VISCOSITY VISCOSITY

CINEMATIC ABSOLUTE
86 83.99 72.85
OIL
122 47.26 40,029
LUBRICANT
158 45,026 38,001

15
Graph 3. Kinematic viscosity vs temperature for lubricating oil.

Kinematic Viscosity vs Temperature

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 50 100 150 200
Temperature (°F)

Figure 4. Absolute viscosity vs temperature for lubricating oil

ABSOLUTE VISCOSITY vs TEMPERATURE

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 50 100 150 200
Temperature (°F)

16
 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
The results presented in the calculations show the relationship.
dependent on viscosity with temperature, this can be observed
clearly in the summary table and in the graphs where a
inversely proportional behavior between viscosity and temperature
both for crude oil and for lubricating oil; as the
temperature decreases the time it takes to flow, that is, the higher it is
As the temperature of the fluids increases, they exhibit less resistance to flow.

With the calculations made using the formulas proposed by the guide, it
they found both the kinematic and absolute viscosities of the crude oil and the
lubricating oil, where it was observed with these values that the oil is
much thicker than crude; the viscosity values of the oil are
ranged between 45cst and 83cst, while that of the crude showed a
viscosity less than 10 cSt. With these values it is established that the oil is the
most viscous substance between these two.

The crude has a very low viscosity, this can be corroborated with the
API test conducted in the last cut, as the API gravity of the crude is
Therefore, it is known that it is a light crude oil that was going to present a
low viscosity.

It is important for subsequent expenses or operations that the crude has a

low viscosity, so injection treatments will not have to be done
significant, thus reducing expenses.
In the viscosity vs temperature graphs, the change is more abrupt for the
raw that for the oil, in the oil it carries a practically behavior
linear, whereas in the crude it varies a bit more. What is analyzed is that
the viscosity index is higher for the lubricating oil.
One of the sources of error could be that the lubricant oil used in this
practice was contaminated, this could have affected the time it took to flow; another
the source of error could be that since the temperature bath is contaminated it is not
it can be seen very well when the substance passes through the bulbs and therefore it
They can make mistakes when timing with the stopwatch.
In the oil industry, viscosity allows us to understand on one hand the quality of
a raw since viscosity can be related to the resistance that it has a
raw to flow because this property is linked to the API gravity, and
therefore allows recognizing the commercial competitiveness that a crude oil will have according to
the previously mentioned parameter, this is why it can be said that the
Viscosity has an inverse relationship with API gravity.

It is also important because if the viscosity of the crude in reservoirs is known already
which allows to devise the type of recovery needed to use in cases where the
oil will not flow on its own due to very high viscosities, which is great
importance in production; it is also important in distribution and transport

17
through pipes and/or pipelines where the flow of this is fundamental for
know what type of pumps should be used.

On the other hand, the viscosity of lubricating oils allows for the establishment of the type of
oil to be used according to the characteristics of the machines used is thus
it is established that if the viscosity of the oil is too low for the application, the
wear is greater due to lack of hydrodynamic cushioning.
If the viscosity of the oil is too high for the application, the energy consumption
is older, the wear can be greater due to lack of circulation and the oil
will heat up by friction.
CONCLUSIONS
The densities of substances are linked to temperature, it takes a
inverse proportional relationship; as the temperature increases
viscosity decreases considerably.

Density is related to the API gravity; the higher the API, the more it contains.
lighter components, which presents less resistance to flow.

To minimize the error in finding the viscosities, it is necessary to correct the

constants of the viscometers by pressure, as these factors affect
the measurement of the seconds it takes for the substance to flow.

The viscosities of the crude are below 10cst, it is the least.

viscous of the two studied substances. It is categorized as a crude with
low viscosity and this presents a great advantage for the industry due to the
parameters required for their transport; avoiding making too many
treatments and therefore reduce expenses.

The viscosities of the lubricating oil are in a range of 45cst -

83cst, compared to crude oil, is much more viscous. This oil is
can be used in machines that require high speeds and low ones
temperatures.

In the case of the lubricating oil, it was deduced that it is of good quality, it is
to say that the variation of viscosity with respect to temperature is
minimum, taking the viscosity index as a scale.

18
 QUESTIONNAIRE
1. Define kinematic viscosity
Kinematic viscosity is the ratio of absolute viscosity to density.
of a fluid. This is usually denoted as υ, so υ = μ/ρ. Some of the
units to express it are the m2/s, the stoke (St) and the centistoke (cSt), being the
1 meter2/s = 10000 St = 1x106cSt. Imagine two fluids
different with the same absolute viscosity, which will flow vertically to
through an opening. The one of the fluids that has greater density will flow more
fast, that is, the one with the lowest kinematic viscosity.21

How can Kinematic Viscosity be measured?

One of the existing devices to find this property is the Viscometer
Saybolt (figure 2), in which the sample to be analyzed is introduced into a cylinder with
a hole in its bottom (of 1/8 or 1/16”). The fluid is allowed to drain through the
hole and the time is measured. For low viscosity substances, the hole is used
1/16" and the measured time is called Saybolt Universal Seconds (SSU),
while for more viscous fluids the 1/8" orifice is used and the time
quantified is called Saybolt Furol Seconds (SSF). To transform these
SSU or SSF to the conventional units of kinematic viscosity, can be
use the following equations: υ = SSU/4.6347 = SSF/0.4717.22

2. Define absolute viscosity

Absolute viscosity is a property of fluids that indicates the greater or
less resistance that these offer to the movement of their particles when they are
subjected to a shear stress. Some units through which
this property is expressed in Poise (P), Pascal-Second (Pa-s) and centiPoise
(cP), with the relationships between them as follows: 1 Pa-s = 10 P = 1000 cP. The
Absolute viscosity is usually denoted by the Greek letter μ. It is important.
highlight that this property depends very significantly on the
temperature, decreasing as it increases.23

How can Absolute Viscosity be measured?

One of the devices designed to determine this property is the Viscometer.
Stormer. In this device, the substance to be analyzed is introduced into the space.
understood between a fixed cylinder (external) and a movable one (internal rotor). The rotor is
activated through weights and the time required for it to be measured
the rotor rotates 100 times. The higher the viscosity of the substance, the greater its
resistance to deforming and the longer it takes for the rotor to comply
the 100 revolutions. It can be demonstrated through the analysis of the phenomenon and of
the constructive characteristics of the equipment for which the Absolute Viscosity in cP is

19
μ = 0.0262827 ∙ m ∙ t, where m is the mass placed on the weight hanger and t is the time
in seconds needed for the rotor to complete 100 revolutions.24
3. Why is the calibration constant of the viscometer corrected by
effect of gravitational acceleration?

Due to the fact that the calibration constant C depends on the acceleration of the
gravity, if the acceleration at the test site differs by more than 0.1% from that of
place where the calibration was performed, that constant must be corrected:
C2 g 2*C 1/g1

Where: C2it is the corrected calibration constant, g1the acceleration of the

Gravity at the calibration site, C1it is the calibration constant obtained in
the calibration and g laboratory2the acceleration of gravity at the place of
test.25
In addition to the constant, the time it takes for a certain volume to flow
The liquid's function is gravity, and the kinematic viscosity is the product
between the time it takes to flow and the constant.26
4. What do you think is the practical importance of knowledge of the
kinematic viscosity?
Since oil and most of its derivatives are liquids, viscosity is a
very important property and not only in petroleum engineering, but also in
all fields of engineering related to fluid flow; this
It is the case, for example, of the flow of oil, gas, or water through a reservoir.
well or surface pipeline.27
In the oil industry, viscosity allows us to know on one hand the quality
from a crude oil since we relate viscosity to the resistance that it has
raw to flow because this property is very linked to the API gravity,
which allows us to recognize the commercial competitiveness that a crude oil will have.
according to the previously mentioned parameter this is why we affirm that the
viscosity has an inverse relationship with API gravity.28

On the other hand, knowledge of the viscosity of crude oil in the reservoir gives us
allows to conceive the type of recovery that should be employed for cases where the
oil will not flow on its own due to its high viscosity and low API, so it
becomes a tool of utmost importance in the field of production of
raw, Another important factor in understanding viscosity is the
distribution or transport of crude oil through pipeline networks or oil pipelines in the
one must know its flowability, and thus ensure what type
bombs must be used for their transportation and in one way or another
ensure to meet the required energy needs with a good
efficiency in this crude distribution, as well as the knowledge of viscosity
the lubricating oils allows to establish the type of oil to be used according to the
Characteristics of the machines used is thus established that if the

20
the viscosity of the oil is very low for the application, the wear is greater due to
lack of hydrodynamic mattress.29
If the viscosity of the oil is too high for the application, the energy consumption is
mayor, wear may be greater due to lack of circulation and the oil will heat up due to
friction.30

21
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,17 viscosity

of oil. The community
oil company [online] 2010. [reviewed on February 6, 2019] Available at
InternetViscosity of the
[Link]

18, 19,20 Characteristics

of the viscosity of crude oil. The oil community
[online] 2012. [reviewed on February 6, 2019] Available on the Internet:
[Link]
[Link]

21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,30

viscosity measurements of oil in
laboratory. Report of the National Autonomous University of Mexico.
line] 2017. [revised on February 6, 2019] Available online:
[Link]
13675/[Link]?sequence=1

ASTM D445-15a, Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of

Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2015.

22