Musclework.

Muscle work in labor activities can be divided into

four groups:

Heavy dynamic muscle work, (it can be developed in

forestry, agricultural and construction activities.
The manual handling of materials, (for example, in jobs
such as in nursing, transportation, and storage).
Static work (for example, exists in offices, the industry
electronics and maintenance and repair tasks.
Repetitive work can be found in industries
food and wood processing.

In dynamic muscular work, the skeletal muscles involved are

they contract and relax rhythmically, increasing pulmonary ventilation,
increases heart rate and blood pressure, increases blood flow
blood and the supply of oxygen to the active muscles, there is a
decrease in flow to inactive areas, as well as a contraction and
relaxation of skeletal muscle.

Physiological aspects of the human body, postural and physical load, their
interrelation with activity and the environment, addressing the
context of your work environment.

In static work, muscle contraction does not produce movements.

visible, pulmonary ventilation remains stable, the frequency
Cardiac output and cardiac expenditure remain stable, pressure increases.
inside the muscle and the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the muscle,
It becomes hindered and fatigue occurs.

Consequences of muscle overload in activities

labor

If the muscle load is too high, fatigue can occur.

reducing work capacity and recovery of activity is more
slow and can cause physical damage such as related illnesses
at work. In jobs with high physical demands in the
older workers tend to have health problems,
disabilities and workload overload.

Many risk factors for musculoskeletal diseases,

related to work, they are related to different aspects of
the workload on muscles such as the application of forces, postures
inadequate, lifting weights and sudden overloads.

Acceptable workload in dynamic muscle work

heavy

The acceptable workload is the relative load, which is defined as

the percentage of the worker's oxygen measured during their shift
labor. Most authors recommend that it be between 30 to 35%
the oxygen consumption for the entire workday. Originally, the
acceptable levels of relative workload were developed
for pure dynamic muscle work, something that rarely occurs
in real work life, since usually muscular jobs
They exceed the recommended percentages.

Acceptable workload in manual handling of

materials:

This load includes tasks such as lifting, transporting, pushing, or pulling.

of various external loads. Most of the research
Those carried out in this field have focused on problems in the area.
lumbar, derived from lifting tasks,
especially from a biomechanical point of view. The
recommendations based on heart rate can be
absolute or relative depending on resting heart rate. The
absolute values in men and women 90-112 beats per minute
during the continuous handling of materials.

Acceptable workload for static muscular tasks:

Static muscular work is primarily required in the

maintenance of work postures. The duration of the contraction
static depends exponentially on the relative strength of the
contraction. For example, when static contraction requires a
20% of the maximum contraction force, the duration of the contraction
It will be five to seven minutes and when the contraction force is the
50% of the contraction duration will be approximately
one minute, that is, the smaller the contraction force, the greater
it will be the duration of it.

Acceptable workload in repetitive work:

The repetitive work done with small muscle groups is
similar to static muscle work. It is difficult to establish criteria
definitive for this type of work, but even the lightest work
can cause increases in intramuscular tension, which can
leading to swelling of the muscle fibers, the onset of pain and
the decrease in muscle strength.

Prevention of muscle overload:

There is little epidemiological evidence to demonstrate that the burden

muscular is harmful to health, however the physiological studies and
ergonomics on work indicate that muscle overload is
it leads to fatigue and can reduce productivity and quality of
work. The prevention of muscle overload can be directed towards
content of the work, to the work environment or to the worker. The most
quickly to regulate said load is to increase the flexibility of the schedule
individual work, static and repetitive muscle work,
should be kept to a minimum. Proper training will improve the
worker's job skills and can reduce the burdens
muscular during the day, in addition, regular physical exercise
done during leisure or during work will increase strength
muscular and the cardiorespiratory capacity of the worker. The type of
muscle work that takes place in the Cedis where I work is
mostly dynamic due to the tasks of assembling platforms, loading and
product download, which instructs workers with
lifting and load handling techniques to prevent injuries from an
bad movement, likewise, emphasis is placed on the maximum weight that
each person must load so that they do not have an overload that
it could cause them some injury.

Posture at work:

The organization of the trunk, head, and limbs is considered.

worker. The position aims to facilitate work and therefore it has the
purpose of influencing its nature: in its temporal relationship and its cost.
Posture is the source of musculoskeletal strain, (except
when we are relaxed), whether standing, sitting or lying down, the
muscles have to exert forces to maintain our posture or
control the movements. The posture is closely related to the
balance and stability are controlled by a series of reflexes
nervousness is the basis of precise movements and observation
visual. It is a source of information about the events that
they take place at work, the observation of posture can be
intentional or unconscious.

Safety, health, and work postures:

The postures causing musculoskeletal diseases, such as

The ailments in the lumbar region are the most concerning. The pain in
the lower back has various causes and posture can be one of them
they, epidemiological studies have shown that a job
physically heavy causes lumbar pain and that posture is an element
key in this. The postures that force you to lean forward
increase the load on the spine and the ligaments, which
they are vulnerable to loads when they are rotating. External loads
(dynamics), such as those that cause jolts or slips
they can significantly increase the loads on the back. It is important
identify bad postures and other elements of this nature, such as
part of occupational safety and health in general.

Factors that affect work postures:

The characteristics of the dimensions of the workplace define

quite good the positions, as in the case of the jobs that are
they are performed sitting down and the case of dynamic tasks such as handling of
materials in a small place. The loads that need to be handled, the
weight and the nature of the tools of work, force the body to
adopt a determined stance. The differences in age and sex
they also influence the attitudes, for each individual and work situation
There is an optimal alternative position that allows for the avoidance of injuries.

Aid and support for the positions adopted during the

work:

There are belts, lumbar supports, and recommended orthopedic devices.

in tasks with risks of lumbar or muscle pain in the limbs
superior and are considered as support to the muscles, they also serve
to limit the range of motion of the elbows, wrists, and fingers. The
postural supports in the workplace and in machinery, such as the
knee pads and seating supports can
to be useful for alleviating pain and postural strains.

Regulations on health and safety in relation to

postural elements:
Positions have never been subject to rules by themselves, without
there are documents that refer to the positions such as
integrating element in the development of a standard for example:

The ILO published a recommendation on maximum loads in 1967.

that must be managed. The NIOSH guidelines on lifting weights do not
they are not strictly rules, they rather refer to the weight limits for
loads, using a postural element as a basis. Together with
muscle work is found in the posture at work, in the Cedis
we try to ensure that workers not only know the techniques of
lifting also knows the correct postures for the
carrying out the activities, likewise, they should also know the
consequences that may arise if they do not follow the
guidelines of ergonomics such as, for example, lumbar injuries,
sprains, blows, and twists that can be avoided if the
good practices

Biomechanics.

Biomechanics is the discipline that deals with the study of the body,
as if it were a mechanical system where all the parts of the
bodies are compared with mechanical structures and are studied as
such. In biomechanics, the following analogies can be determined:

Bones: levers, structural elements

Muscle mass: volumes and masses
Joints: bearings and joint surfaces
Coating tissues of the joints: lubricants
Muscles: motors, springs
Nerves: control mechanisms and feedback
Organs: power supply
Tendons: cords
Fabrics: springs
Body cavities: balloons.

The main objective of biomechanics is to study the way in which the

the organism exerts force and generates movement, it is based on the
anatomy, mathematics, and physics. The related disciplines are the
anthropometry, the physiology of work (studies of the principles of the
mechanics) and kinematics (anatomy in relation to movement
of the human body). Biomechanics helps suggest design of
tasks that prevent this type of injuries or improve poorly performed tasks
designed.

Two important principles of biomechanics are:

Muscles work in pairs.

Muscles contract more effectively when the pair of
muscles are in relaxed equilibrium.

From these principles, an important criterion can be concluded for the

work design: the work should be organized in such a way that it
produce with the opposing muscles of each joint in balance
relaxed.

Applications of Biomechanics:

Ideal diameter of tool handles.

Use of tweezers.
Sitting postures.
To screw.

Recommended weight limits:

Weight limits vary arbitrarily from one country to another, the National
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), from the United States,
established 23kg as the load limit in 1991. Therefore, it is important
that each lifting task can be evaluated according to its
characteristics.

In the Cedis, an standardized weight is attempted to be maintained so that everyone

the optimal mechanical procedures and tasks to facilitate the tasks and
reduce the risk of injuries from sudden lifts, it also
support the staff with the necessary tools to reduce the
workload such as electric scooters and forklifts that streamline the
activities reducing time and effort.
Conclusions:

In recent years, significant advancements have been made in the

industrial complexes and in service provision
fundamentally caused by resource optimization, methods
of work, plans, and production programs. However, the
the main elements that make these advances possible are beings
humans, responsible for managing, controlling, maintaining, and improving the
productivity and services. It is currently common to hear about
about ergonomics, we see it mentioned in the newspapers, the
television and all kinds of propaganda. The implementation of principles
ergonomic in any production and/or service process means the
establishment of a dynamic of change and continuous improvement, called
ergonomic management, having as an essential element in the systems
to work to the man. The use of the ergonomic process will help eliminate
the risk factors in the workplace, which will reduce pain and
suffering caused by injuries and related illnesses
the work, thus influencing the improvement of quality of
work life. The application allows to identify and evaluate, new
dangerous situations that are affecting physical integrity
and the mental well-being of the workers, in addition to

enable the proposal of corrective measures that allow for improvement

from the

current situation. This procedure is applicable to all activities

and processes

existing, due to their flexibility and consistency with regulations.

It becomes a business necessity for management to be aware,

employ and apply ergonomic tools in such a way that it contributes

to preserve

the physical-mental health of individuals and achieve the goals

and goals

business-related.

Bibliography

Laurig, W. & Vedder, J. (2012). Chapter 29 Ergonomics. Encyclopedia of the

OIT.
Spain: D - INSHT (National Institute of Safety and Hygiene at
Work)