CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter presents the background of the study including the introduction, theoretical framework, conceptual
framework, statement of the problem, statement of hypothesis, significant of the study, scope and delimitation and
definition of terms.

A) Introduction: serves as a critical component that sets the stage for the entire study. It guides the reader
from a broad context to the specific research problem, establishing the relevance and importance of the
study. It shapes the reader's first impression of the research, stimulate interest, clarify the research's
relevance, and provide a roadmap for the paper. It is often advisable to write the introduction after
completing the main body of the paper to ensure it accurately reflects the content and conclusions drawn
from the research.

Suggested Pattern how to write Research introduction in deductive Method (general to specific)

1st paragraph -Introduction of the main theme

2nd paragraph-definition of your main problem and related studies
3th-5th paragraph - Tell me more about your main problem, Statistics or news about the main problem
(Global to Philippine to Local scenario if possible) (don’t forget the citation, the references should be 5-6
years back)
6th (legal basis)
7th Paragraph -Solution (if applicable) and support study about the effectiveness of the solution.
8th paragraph-(Research gap if possible)
9th paragraph onwards – tell me about the objective and purpose of the study

Example: Level of Awareness in Bullying and Academic Performance of the Students

Introduction

Introduction of the main theme

Based on the title, the theme of the study is about education, and safe and secure environment school.

A safe and secure school environment is essential for fostering student well-being and academic success.
When students feel protected and supported, they are more likely to focus on their studies and actively participate
in school activities. Ensuring this type of environment promotes not only learning but also emotional and social
growth, creating a foundation for long-term success.

Definition of your main problem

Conversely, bullying significantly hinders academic success by adversely affecting students' mental health
and engagement in learning. Victims of bullying often experience anxiety and depression, making it difficult for them
to concentrate in class, which leads to lower grades and diminished self-esteem (Finkelhor & Kantor, 2021). As a
consequence, students who are bullied may find themselves increasingly disengaged from their studies, further
exacerbating the negative impact on their academic performance (Maseli, 2024). This cycle of victimization
underscores the urgent need for effective interventions to address bullying in schools and support affected students
(Al-Raqqad et al., 2017).

Tell me more about your main problem

Global Setting

Bullying remains a significant global issue, affecting millions of children and adolescents across various
settings. According to a recent UNESCO report, more than 30% of students worldwide have experienced bullying,
which can lead to severe consequences for their academic achievement and mental health (UNESCO, 2023).
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Additionally, the rise of digital technology has contributed to the prevalence of cyberbullying, with approximately
10% of adolescents reporting experiences of online harassment (Westchester Park Pediatrics, 2021).

Philippines Setting

In the Philippines, bullying is a pressing concern, with alarming statistics highlighting its prevalence among
students. According to the 2022 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), one in three Filipino
students reported being bullied at least once a week, with 28% stating they were made fun of and 19% experiencing
threats from peers (Inquirer, 2022). The Department of Education (DepEd) recorded a total of 7,742 bullying cases
during the 2022-2023 school year, reflecting a growing awareness and reporting of the issue since the Anti-Bullying
Act was enacted in 2013 (MB.com.ph, 2024). Despite these efforts, bullying remains a widespread problem,
particularly in public schools, underscoring the need for continued intervention and support to create a safer
educational environment for all students (PNA, 2024).

Local Setting

Parallel to the alarming national data on bullying, Marcelo I. Cabrera Vocational High School is also grappling
with a significant increase in bullying cases. According to Marie Joyce Manahan, the school's guidance counselor,
bullying incidents have been rising by approximately 3% annually, with a particular spike in cyberbullying cases. This
worrying trend underscores the growing prevalence of bullying among students at the school and the urgent need
for comprehensive interventions to address this issue.

Legal basis

To address the issue of bullying, the Philippine government established a legal framework through the Anti-
Bullying Act of 2013 (Republic Act No. 10627), which mandates all elementary and secondary schools to implement
policies aimed at preventing and addressing acts of bullying. This law defines bullying as any severe or repeated use
of written, verbal, or electronic expressions, physical acts, or gestures directed at another student that instill fear or
disrupt the educational process. It requires schools to establish clear procedures for reporting and investigating
incidents, provide counseling for both victims and perpetrators, and ensure that disciplinary actions are appropriate
to the severity of the offense, including mandatory rehabilitation programs for offenders. In addition, the
Department of Education (DepEd) has issued guidelines to support the implementation of the Act, emphasizing the
creation of a safe learning environment and outlining the responsibilities of school administrators and teachers in
preventing and responding to bullying. These guidelines also highlight the importance of training programs for staff
and encourage schools to educate students and parents about bullying dynamics and reporting mechanisms,
fostering a culture of awareness and support within the school community (DepEd Order No. 40, s. 2012).

Research Gap

There is a significant research gap in understanding the specific impact of bullying on students' academic
performance. While various studies have explored the negative effects of bullying on mental health and social
relationships, few have directly examined its correlation with academic achievement (Rusteholz, 2021). Additionally,
existing literature often overlooks the differential effects of various types of bullying, such as physical, verbal, and
cyberbullying, on academic outcomes (Gomes, 2020). To address this gap, further research is needed to
comprehensively assess how bullying influences academic success and to identify effective interventions that can
mitigate these negative effects (Al-Raqqad et al., 2021).

Objective and purpose of the study

Thus, in this study, the researchers aim to determine the relationship between bullying such as physical,
verbal, and cyberbullying and students' academic performance in a local setting. Based on the research findings of
this study, the researchers will develop a framework or intervention program to effectively address bullying within
the school. This initiative will help the school implement strategies to mitigate bullying and support affected
students, fostering a safer and more productive learning environment.

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B) Research Locale
The research locale is the specific place where the study is done. It tells where the research
happens, like a school, city, or community. This part explains important details about the place that
could affect the study, such as the environment or people living there. It helps readers understand
the setting of the research and why that place was chosen for the study. The description is short
and focuses on features relevant to the research.
Step-by-step guide to write the Research Locale part of your study
Step 1: Brief History of the School and Its Location (Paragraph 1)
Start by introducing the school, including its founding history and where it is located. Give
enough background to establish context.
Sample:
This study was conducted at Clarendon College, which was established in 1996. It was founded by
Lucille T. Bacay and Flerie T. Sucgang, beginning with only two classrooms in an apartment located
at Bagumbayan, Roxas, Oriental Mindoro, originally known as Clarendon Montessori. Through the
hard work and perseverance of the owners and staff, the school expanded, and now its main
campus is located in Odiong, Roxas, Oriental Mindoro.
Step 2: Description of Important Details about the Place (Paragraph 2)
Describe the environment and population of the place where the study is conducted. Focus on
what is relevant to your study and explain why this setting is important.
Sample:
Clarendon College aims to provide high-quality and inclusive education, with classrooms fully
equipped with televisions and computer laboratories that help students reach their highest
potential. The institution supports technology integration, making it easier for teachers to manage
their students' learning. The school has a large student population ranging from high school to
college; however, the number of college students majoring in Mathematics is relatively small
compared to other courses. This setting is suitable for studying the relationship between ICT
integration in teaching Mathematics and student academic performance.
Step 3: Short Description Focusing on Relevant Features (Paragraph 3)
Briefly explain specifics about how and where the study will be conducted within this locale,
highlighting key features related to the research.
Sample:
This study involved 61 Mathematics majors from second year to third year at Clarendon College.
Questionnaires were distributed physically and answered by respondents in their classrooms or in
comfortable locations within the vicinity they chose. The use of ICT in teaching Mathematics at this
school provided the ideal context to assess the extent of ICT integration and its impact on academic
performance.
Step 4: Justification for Choosing This Locale (Paragraph 4)
Explain why this place was selected and how it relates to the research objectives.
Sample:
The researchers chose Clarendon College because of its active integration of ICT in Mathematics
instruction, which aligns with the study's focus on ICT's effects on student performance. Conducting
the research in the second semester of the academic year 2023-2024 allowed for gathering timely
and relevant data to support the study titled "ICT Integration in Teaching Mathematics in the
Modern World and Academic Performance of Students: Basis for Technical Assistance."

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 C) Objectives of the Study
The Object of the Study is the specific subject or focus of the research. It defines what the researcher is
investigating or analyzing. It helps narrow down the topic to a clear, manageable scope and guides the entire
research process. Stating the object ensures that the research stays focused on the main issue or
phenomenon being studied. It is usually mentioned early in the research paper to clarify what the study is
about and why it is important. This is written in bullet.

Example of Objectives of the Study

The following are the objective of the study:

 To assess the extent of ICT integration in teaching Mathematics at Clarendon College.
 To identify the types of ICT tools used by Mathematics teachers in the classroom.
 To determine the relationship between ICT integration and the academic performance of
Mathematics students.
 To examine the challenges faced by teachers in integrating ICT in Mathematics instruction.
 To evaluate students’ attitudes towards the use of ICT in learning Mathematics.
 To analyze the effectiveness of ICT in enhancing students’ understanding of mathematical concepts.
 To provide recommendations for technical assistance to improve ICT use in Mathematics teaching.
 To explore how ICT integration influences student engagement and motivation in Mathematics
classes.

D) Theoretical framework is a foundational structure that guides research by providing a set of concepts,
theories, and assumptions relevant to a specific phenomenon or problem.
Theory is a rational type of abstract thinking about a phenomenon, or the results of such thinking. It is a set
of accepted beliefs or organized principles that explain and guide analysis. Theories are explanations of a
natural or social behavior, event, or phenomenon.
Sample of Theories
a) Hierarchy of Needs Theory by Abraham Maslow suggests that people are motivated by five basic
categories of needs: physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, and self-actualization. The theory
proposes that lower-level needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs emerge as motivators. As
each level of need is mostly satisfied, the next level up becomes the primary motivator of behavior.
b) Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework developed by Punya Mishra and
Matthew J. Koehler, identifies the essential knowledge teachers need to effectively integrate technology
into their teaching. It combines three core components: Content Knowledge (CK), Pedagogical
Knowledge (PK), and Technological Knowledge (TK), emphasizing the importance of understanding how
these areas intersect. By integrating these knowledge domains, educators can enhance their teaching
practices and create more effective learning experiences for students.
c) Cognitive Learning Theory developed by theorists such as Piaget and Jerome Bruner, this approach
focuses on the mental processes involved in learning, including how individuals process, store, and
retrieve information, highlighting the active role of the learner in constructing understanding.
d) Social Constructivism Theory Influenced by Lev Vygotsky, this theory emphasizes the social aspects of
learning, suggesting that knowledge is co-constructed through collaboration and interaction with others,
with a focus on the role of cultural and social contexts in shaping understanding.

Steps in Writing Theoretical Framework

1. Search for a theory that related to your study.

2. First paragraph-Discuss first the theory and its pioneer
3. Second paragraph-Explain how the theory related to your respondent
4. Third paragraph-Explain how the theory related to your study

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 Level of Awareness in Bullying and Academic Performance of the students.

1. Search for a theory that related to your study.

That theory that related to this study is Social Cognitive Theory

2.Discuss first the theory and its pioneer

Social Cognitive Theory, formulated by Albert Bandura, asserts that learning occurs within a social context
through the observation of others, highlighting the dynamic interactions among personal factors, behavior, and the
environment (Bandura, 1986, as cited in Miller, 2022). Schunk (2012, as cited in Miller, 2022) emphasizes in this
theory that individuals can acquire new behaviors by observing role models, and the consequences of these
behaviors influence whether they will be replicated. Core concepts of SCT include observational learning, self-
efficacy, and the notion that individuals actively shape their learning experiences through cognitive processes (Miller,
2022).

3.Explain how the theory related to your respondent

According to Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), students learn behaviors by observing and imitating others,
indicating that those who witness bullying may either adopt aggressive behaviors or become victims themselves,
which can negatively affect their engagement and academic performance (Hong et al., 2021). Additionally, bullying
can diminish the self-efficacy beliefs of victims, leading to decreased motivation and academic success, as students
who feel less capable are less likely to engage actively in their learning environments (Lazarus et al., 2019).

4.Explain how the theory related to your study

This study is related to Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) because it helps to understand students' awareness of
bullying and its effects in academics. By examining how students observe and respond to bullying behaviors, the
research can uncover the cognitive mechanisms that influence their actions and academic performance. Ultimately,
this understanding can inform interventions aimed at promoting positive behaviors and improving the school
environment.

E) Conceptual Framework
Conceptual Framework is a structured representation that outlines the relationships among various concepts,
variables, and theories relevant to a specific research problem. It serves as a roadmap for researchers, guiding the
development, analysis, and interpretation of their studies (Miles & Huberman, 1994).
Purpose: It helps in understanding a research problem by illustrating the expected relationships between variables. It
defines the objectives of the research and organizes knowledge, thereby facilitating the formulation of theories and
hypotheses. This framework can be presented in written or visual forms, and it typically includes key concepts,
variables, and the assumptions underlying the research (Jabareen, 2009).
Kinds of Conceptual Framework/Model

1. The Input-Process-Output (IPO) model is a widely used conceptual framework in research for describing the
structure and relationships within a system or process.
It consists of three main components:
Input.The resources, data, or materials that enter the system or process.
Process.The actions or transformations that occur to convert inputs into outputs.
Output.The results or products generated by the process.

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Example 1. Title: Improving Retention of the Students in Mathematics through Game-Based Learning

Input Process Output

Retention rate of the  Data Gathering  Improved Retention

Students in  Implementation of rate in Mathematics
Mathematics Game-based
Learning  Enhanced Game-
 Pretest
 Data Analysis using based Learning
 Posttest
Statistical tool Activity

The IPO model visualizes how inputs are transformed through processes to yield outputs. It helps researchers
analyze and understand the flow and impact of various factors within a system.

2. The IVDV framework visualizes the expected cause-and-effect relationship, with arrows starting from the IV
(cause) and pointing to the DV (effect). It presumes that changes in the IV lead to changes in the DV (Field,
2013).

Example 2. Title: Extent of Bullying and Academic Performance of the Students

IV DV
Extent of Bullying Experience by Level of Academic Performance of
the students in terms of: the students in terms of:

1.1. Physical Bullying, 2.1 Written Works,

1.2. Cyber Bullying, and 2.2 Performance Task, and
1.3. Emotional Bullying 2.3 Summative Test

In preparation of the conceptual framework, the following components should be

considered:
A short introductory paragraph will be written before the actual figure or diagram. It will be labeled at the
bottom (e.g. Figure 1. Extent of Bullying Experience by the students and Level of academic performance of
the students)
An explanation will be written after the figure which is commonly composed of three (3) parts if applicable
First part. General description of the framework
Second part. Identification of the independent and dependent variables, its indicators that will be
determined and treatment that will be used ( e.g. differences , effects or relationship)
Third part. The possible solutions are outlined in this section, including enhancements or improvements to
the conducted experiment and proposed intervention programs for the improvement of future studies.

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Example of Conceptual Framework

Conceptual Framework

Based on the review of related literature, studies and theories the conceptual framework was formulated.
IV DV
Extent of Bullying Experience by Level of Academic Performance of
the students in terms of: the students in terms of:

1.1 Physical Bullying 2.1 Written Works

1.2 Cyber Bullying and 2.2 Performance Task and
1.3 Emotional Bullying 2.3 Summative Test

Figure 1: Relationship between extent of bullying and academic performance of the students

The figure 1 illustrates the variables of the proposed study. The independent variable is the extent of
bullying experience by the students in terms of physical, cyber, and emotional bullying. Meanwhile, the dependent
variable is the level of academic performance which includes written works, performance task, and summative test.
However, the one-headed arrow shows the correlational relationship between the dependent and independent
variable.

F) Statement of the Problem

A research question is a specific inquiry that a study seeks to answer, serving as the foundation for the entire
research process. It guides the direction of the investigation, determines the methodology, and helps to define the
scope of the study (Jansen, 2023). Statement of the problems are basically based on the conceptual framework.

Types Quantitative Research Questions

1. Descriptive Research Question aim to provide a detailed account of a phenomenon, situation, or

population. They seek to describe characteristics, behaviors, or conditions without manipulating any
variables. Thus, this research question requires descriptive statistics such as mean, median, mode,
variance, standard deviation, percentage and frequency.
2. Inferential Research Questions are designed to draw conclusions or make predictions about a
population based on a sample. They often involve hypothesis testing and require statistical analysis to
infer relationships or effects.

In writing the research question, a researcher should write first the general objective of the study followed by
specific objectives stated in interrogative format or question form.

Example. Given the conceptual framework about Extent of Bullying and Academic performance of the Students, this
is the statement of the problem.

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Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the relationship between the extent of bullying and the level of academic
performance of students at Marcelo I. Cabrera Vocational High School. Specifically, it seeks to answer the following
questions:

1. What is the extent of bullying experience by the students in terms of:

1.1. physical bullying;
1.2 cyber bullying; and
1.3 emotional bullying?
2. Level of academic performance of the students in terms of:
2.1 written works;
2.2 performance task; and
2.3 summative test?
3. Is there a significant relationship between the extent bullying and the level of academic performance of the
students?
4. Based on the findings, what intervention program can be proposed to address the problem of bullying and
improve the academic performance of the students?

G) Statement of the hypothesis. A hypothesis in research is a tentative, testable statement that

proposes a possible explanation for some phenomenon or event. It is an educated guess about the
relationship between two or more variables. A research hypothesis is an essential component of the
scientific method, as it guides the research process and helps researchers test their predictions.

Two types of hypotheses are:

Null Hypothesis: This hypothesis posits that there is no relationship or effect between the variables being
studied. It serves as a default position that indicates any observed effects are due to chance rather than a
specific cause. For example, "There is no significant relationship between the level of awareness in bullying
and academic performance of the students."
Alternative Hypothesis: This hypothesis suggests that there is a significant relationship or effect between
the variables. It is the hypothesis that researchers aim to support through their study. For instance, " There is
a significant relationship between the level of awareness in bullying and academic performance of the
students."
In stating hypothesis of your study always state the Null hypothesis.

Example:
Statement of the Hypothesis
From the problem stated above, the hypothesis was formulated:
There is no significant relationship between the level of awareness in bullying and academic performance of
the students.

H) Significant of the study is a crucial component of a research paper that explains why the research is
important and what contributions it makes to the field. Discuss the significance of the study one by one in
different people or organization.

Example of Significance of the Study

This study aimed to provide valuable information on the level of awareness in bullying and its impact on the
academic performance of students. The significance of this study is multifaceted, as it has implications for students,
teachers, school administrators, curriculum developers/planners, and future researchers.

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 For students, increasing awareness of bullying may empower them to recognize and address bullying
behaviors, fostering a safer and more supportive school environment. This heightened awareness can also enhance
their emotional intelligence and social skills, contributing to their overall personal development. Additionally,
understanding the effects of bullying on academic performance may motivate students to engage more actively in
their studies and seek help when needed.

For teachers, the results of this study may encourage them to incorporate discussions about bullying into
their curriculum and teaching practices. By understanding the relationship between students' awareness of bullying
and their academic performance, teachers can adapt their instructional strategies to better support students who
may be affected by bullying. This knowledge can also help teachers create a more inclusive classroom environment
that promotes respect and empathy among students.

For parents, this study highlights the crucial role they play in their children's awareness and understanding
of bullying. By being informed about the effects of bullying on academic performance, parents can engage in
meaningful conversations with their children, fostering an open dialogue about their experiences at school. This
awareness can also motivate parents to collaborate with schools in promoting anti-bullying initiatives and supporting
their children’s emotional and academic well-being.

For school administrators, this study may provide insights into the importance of implementing
comprehensive anti-bullying programs and awareness campaigns within the school. Administrators can use the
findings to develop policies that prioritize student safety and well-being, ultimately leading to improved academic
outcomes. This research can also guide the allocation of resources toward training staff and implementing effective
intervention strategies.

For curriculum developers and planners, this study may serve as a reference for designing educational
programs that address bullying and its impact on academic performance. They can incorporate lessons on empathy,
conflict resolution, and the importance of a positive school climate into the curriculum, ensuring that students are
equipped with the skills to combat bullying.

Finally, for future researchers, the results of this research may provide a foundation for further studies
exploring the complex dynamics between bullying awareness and academic performance. This study contributes to
the growing body of knowledge on bullying in educational settings and highlights the need for ongoing research to
inform effective interventions and support systems for students.

I) Scope and Delimitation.

Scope refers to the boundaries of a research study. It defines what the study will cover, including the specific
objectives, target population, location, time frame, and key variables. The scope helps researchers focus on
manageable aspects of the research question.
Delimitation refers to the limits set by the researcher regarding what will not be included in the study. It
clarifies the specific boundaries of the research, helping readers understand the context and focus of the
findings.
Together, scope and delimitation outline what the study will explore and what it will exclude, guiding the
research process.
Limitation: Weaknesses in the study that may affect the results, such as small sample size or lack of control
over variables. These are often beyond the researcher's control.

Note: The key difference is that limitations are weaknesses that can impact the study's findings, while delimitations
are the intentional boundaries set by the researcher to define the scope of the research.

Example:

Scope and Delimitation.

This study seeks to explore the relationship between the level of awareness of bullying and the academic
performance of 86 randomly selected Grade 11 students at Marcelo I. Cabrera Vocational High School during the
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academic year 2024-2025. The research will specifically focus on awareness of bullying in three forms: physical,
verbal, and cyberbullying, while excluding other types of bullying or related issues. The study will evaluate how
these levels of awareness correlate with students' academic performance, which will be assessed through their
written test, performance task, and summative test.

J) Definition of Terms. The "Definition of Terms" section in a research paper provides clear explanations of
key concepts and terminology used in the study. It ensures that readers have a common understanding of
the terms, eliminating confusion and promoting effective communication.

This section serves to establish a shared language among readers, providing a reference point that enables them
to comprehend the context and scope of the study. Researchers should identify central terms, understand their
commonly accepted definitions, and craft concise explanations that reflect their significance within the research
context. Proper organization, such as arranging terms alphabetically, and including citations for sourced definitions,
further contributes to the clarity and rigor of this section.

Two types of Definition of Terms

1. Conceptual Definition: This type of definition explains a term in abstract or theoretical terms. It provides a
deeper understanding of the concept by outlining its characteristics and significance within the context of
the study. This term is usually coming from reliable sources.
For example: Academic performance refers to the level of achievement or success that a student
demonstrates in their educational pursuits.
References. Saini, V., Abid, A., Hagras, H., & Beg, M. M. S. (2022). Exploring the determinants of students'
academic performance at university level: The mediating role of internet usage continuance intention.
Education and Information Technologies, 27(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10453-y

2. Operational Definition: This definition links a concept to the concrete world by specifying how it is measured
or observed in the study. It outlines the procedures, instruments, or criteria used to operationalize an
abstract concept.
For instance, if the term is "academic performance," an operational definition could state, "academic
performance is measured by the students' grade point average (GPA) at the end of the academic year."

Guide in Making definition of terms

1. Identify Key Terms: Review your research paper to pinpoint key terms that are essential for understanding
your study. These terms are often specific to your field or topic and may have different meanings in different
contexts.
2. Conduct Research: Look up authoritative sources to find commonly accepted definitions of these terms. This
could include academic journals, textbooks, or reputable online resources.
3. Craft Concise Definitions: Write clear and concise definitions for each key term. Ensure that the definitions
reflect the significance of the terms within the context of your research.
4. Use Your Own Words: Paraphrase the definitions in your own words to maintain academic integrity and
avoid plagiarism. While it's fine to refer to existing definitions, make sure to express them in a way that
aligns with your writing style.
5. Provide Examples or Context: Consider adding examples or context to your definitions to enhance
understanding. This can help illustrate how the terms are applied within your research.
6. Order and Format: Decide on the order for presenting the definitions, such as alphabetical order or by
relevance. Use consistent formatting (e.g., bold or italics) to distinguish defined terms from the rest of the
text.
7. Revise and Refine: Review your definitions for clarity and coherence. Ensure they are aligned with your
research objectives and tailored to your study. Seek feedback from peers or mentors to improve the
definitions.
8. Include Proper Citations: If you reference definitions from external sources, include proper citations to
acknowledge the original authors and maintain academic integrity.
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Example:

Definition of Terms

For a better understanding of this study, the following terms are defined in contextual and operational used
for this research.

Academic Performance. It refers to the level of achievement or success that a student demonstrates in their
educational pursuits (Abid et al., 2022). In this study, it pertains to students' grade point average (GPA) at the end of
the academic year.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDY

Related Literature and Related Studies

Related Literature refers to published works such as books, journals, articles, theses, or theoretical writings that
provide background or conceptual support for a research topic. It is often non-empirical, meaning it does not involve
actual experiments or data collection. Related Literature helps build the theoretical or conceptual framework of a
study. In Chapter 2 of a research paper, this includes definitions and descriptions of the variables and their specific
indicators.
Related Studies, on the other hand, refers to previously conducted research or investigations like theses,
dissertations, journal articles, or research reports that are empirical in nature — they involve data collection,
analysis, and findings. Related Studies are those closely aligned with one’s own study in terms of variables,
population, or methodology, providing a direct reference and comparison for the research.
Difference and Identification Activity (Example Statements):
1. Research works conducted by other researchers related to your topic — Related Studies.
2. Completed research papers, theses, dissertations, and scholarly articles with methodologies and findings —
Related Studies.
3. Books, journals, articles, laws, and expert opinions explaining concepts and theories — Related Literature.
4. Often descriptive and explanatory in structure — Related Literature.
5. Includes research design, respondents, procedures, and findings — Related Studies.

Types of Review of Related Literature:

1. Critical Review: A detailed examination comparing and evaluating different perspectives in the literature. It
requires thorough reading and understanding to assess similarities and differences.
2. Scoping Review: Conducted early in the research process to highlight gaps in the literature. It identifies
unstudied or under-researched areas, setting the stage for the current research.
3. Conceptual Review: Organizes articles by concepts, categories, or themes to provide an overview of the
research field’s current state.
4. State-of-the-Art Review: Focuses on the most recent research, explaining what is currently known and
where disagreements remain. This is done periodically.
For the research work, a Conceptual Review style is recommended, presenting related literature and studies
thematically.

Ethical Standards in Writing Related Literature:

 Researchers must avoid plagiarism, which is using someone else’s exact words or ideas without proper
acknowledgment.
 Plagiarism is an offense punishable by law and academic penalties.
 To avoid plagiarism, always give credit to original sources using proper citations (narrative or parenthetical)
following APA 7th edition.
 Citations and reference lists should be created simultaneously to ensure accuracy.
Nine Types of Plagiarism:
1. Copy-and-Paste Plagiarism: Direct copying without quotation marks or citation.
2. Paraphrasing Plagiarism: Rewriting someone’s ideas without crediting the source.
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 3. Patchwriting: Minimal changes to original text without proper citation.
4. Self-Plagiarism: Reusing one’s previous work without citation.
5. Collusion: Collaborating with others but submitting work as individual effort.
6. Incomplete Citation or Misattribution: Incorrect or missing citation details.
7. Ghostwriting: Someone else writes the work without acknowledgment.
8. Source Fabrication: Inventing or falsifying sources or data.
9. Idea Plagiarism: Using others’ unique ideas without credit, even if rephrased.

Common site to find Review of Related Literature and study

1.Google Scholar: A widely used academic search engine that provides access to scholarly articles, theses,
books, and conference papers across various disciplines.
2.ERIC (Education Resources Information Center): An online digital library providing access to educational
research and information.
3.Springer Link: Provides access to a vast collection of paid research articles and books.
4.BASE (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine): A massive search engine for open electronic scientific sources.

Format references in APA 7th edition

1.Reference List:
•Start on a new page titled "References" (centered, bold).
•Use double-spacing throughout the list.
•Apply a hanging indent for each reference (the first line is flush left, subsequent lines are indented).
2.Order of Entries:
•Alphabetize entries by the last name of the first author.
•For multiple works by the same author, order them chronologically.

Basic Reference Formats

Books:
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the book (Edition). Publisher. DOI or URL
Example:
Smith, J. M. (2020). Understanding psychology (3rd ed.). Academic Press.
Journal Articles:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of the article. Title of the Periodical, volume(issue), page range.
https://doi.org/xxxx
Example:
Brown, L. T., & Green, P. R. (2021). The impact of social media on youth. Journal of Social Psychology, 45(2), 123-145.
https://doi.org/10.1234/jsps.2021.5678
Webpages:
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of the webpage. Site Name. URL
Example:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, March 10). Preventing HPV-associated cancers.
https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/hpv/prevention.htm

Two main types of in-text citations used in APA style

1.Parenthetical Citations: In a parenthetical citation, the author's last name and the publication year are enclosed in
parentheses at the end of the sentence or clause where the source is referenced.
Example: One study found that the most important element in comprehending non-native speech is familiarity with
the topic (Gass & Varonis, 2023).
2.Narrative Citations: In a narrative citation, the author's last name is incorporated into the sentence, and the
publication year is enclosed in parentheses immediately after the author's name.
Example: Gass and Varonis (2023) found that the most important element in comprehending non-native speech is
familiarity with the topic.

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