Introduction

In this paper, we will discuss the aspects and model of Max Planck, which
He was a German physicist. Considered the creator of the 'quantum physics theory' and who received
various various accolades and merits for the way it developed models that are still in use today
used.

In 1900, the German physicist Max Planck (1858-1947), in a paper on radiation

emitted by heated bodies, known asblack body radiation, created the theory
two quanta or quantum theory, establishing a new concept in physics, the
from the quantization of energy.

While classical physics deals with corpuscles with a continuous distribution of energy,
aquantum physicsopens space for the conception of a granular world. In replacement
the continuous view of the nature of matter introduces the idea that not all values of
energy is possible, that is, energy is quantized and varies in amounts
called "packets," what Plank referred to as quantum (hence the term quantum physics).
 Who was Max Planck

Max Planck was born in the city of Kiel, a port on the Baltic Sea in northern Germany.
on April 23, 1858. Son of the jurist and university professor Johann Julius
Wilhelm Planck, a descendant of a traditional family of Germans, in which there were
many judges, scientists, and theologians.

When Max was 9 years old, the family moved to Munich for his father.
studying at the University. In Munich, Max attended the Maximilian Gymnasium, a school
secondary school where he studied with a competent physics teacher. He studied music and
became a good pianist.

In 1874, Max Planck entered the University of Munich, where he began his
studies in physics. In 1877 he went to Berlin, where he studied with great physicists such as,
Hermann Helmholtz and Gustav Kirchhoff.

He earned his doctorate in 1879 with a thesis related to an experiment on diffusion of

hydrogen through heated platinum. They say it was the only experiment he
He carried out. He was a mathematical scientist and not an experimental one.

In 1880, Max Planck returned to the University of Munich, where he was appointed
assistant professor. In 1885 he returned to his hometown, where he taught Physics at
University of Kiel.

In 1886 he married Marie Merck. In 1889, at the age of thirty-one, he was appointed to
the chair of Physics at the University of Berlin. After two years, he was appointed
theoretical physics professor, replacing Professor Gustav Kirchhof.

Thermodynamic theory

Planck was an expert in the theory of Thermodynamics, which is the branch of physics that studies the
relations of heat, temperature, work, and energy. Light and heat are related to each other.
as can be seen when an electric light bulb is turned on. And it is known that the color of the
light serves as the basis for measuring temperatures higher than those recorded by thermometers.

Planck was a specialist in the theory of Thermodynamics, which is the branch of physics that studies the
relations of heat, temperature, work, and energy. Light and heat are related to each other,
as can be seen when an electric bulb is lit. And it is known that the color of
light serves as a basis for measuring temperatures higher than those recorded in thermometers.

The closer the color is to white, the higher the temperature. At low temperatures
the radiation consists of infrared rays, invisible. At 540 degrees it becomes visible
red. Around 1,400 a bright blue appears. The temperature of a filament
the electric lamp is about 2,800 degrees.
The closer the color is to white, the higher the temperature. At low temperatures
the radiation consists of infrared rays, invisible. At 540 degrees it becomes visible the
red. At about 1,400 a bright blue appears. The temperature of a filament
the electric lamp is about 2,800 degrees.

This way of studying and understanding light explained many phenomena, such as the way of
its propagation. However, when he tried to calculate what happens, based on the theories
known discovered that even a tiny piece of heat should produce
a bright light.

However, in the case of objects that are at very high temperatures, they do not reflect.
Some light that falls upon them. Since everything contains some heat, something should be
wrong, because the calculation showed that the human body with a temperature of 37° C should
shine in the dark.

Planck's Quantum Theory

The mechanics quantum(also known how physics quantum, theory

quantum, wave mechanical model and matrix mechanics) is the physical theory that
achieves success in the study of physical systems whose dimensions are close to or below
of the atomic scale, such asmolecules, atoms, electrons, protonsand of othersparticles
subatomicalthough it can also describe macroscopic phenomena in
various cases.2
Quantum mechanics is a fundamental branch ofphysicswith vast application. The theory
quantum provides accurate descriptions for many previously unexplained phenomena
such as theblack body radiation and asstable orbits of the electronDespite
in most cases, Quantum Mechanics is relevant to describe systems
Microscopic, its specific effects are not only noticeable on such a scale.
For example, the explanation of macroscopic phenomena such as thesuper fluency e
asuperconductivityit is only possible if we consider that the behavior
the microscopic nature of matter is quantum. The characteristic quantity of the theory that
determines when it is necessary for the description of a phenomenon, it is the
callPlanck constant, which has a dimension ofangular momentum you
equivalently, fromaction.
Quantum mechanics gets its name because it predicts a well-known phenomenon of
physical: aquantizationIn the case of thelinked states(for example, an electron orbiting
around a positive nucleus) Quantum Mechanics predicts that the energy (of the electron)
It must be quantized. This phenomenon is completely unrelated to what is predicted bytheory
classical.
In physics, a 'system' is a concrete fragment of reality that has been separated.
for study. Depending on the case, the word system refers to aelectronyou
umproton, a smallhydrogen atom or a big atom ofuranium, a
isolated molecule or a set of interacting molecules forming asolidyou
umvaporIn all cases, a system is a fragment of concrete reality to which
one wishes to attract attention.
Depending on the particle, subsequent neutral appearance polarizations can be inverted.
The specification of a physical system does not uniquely determine the values that
experiments provide for their properties (or the probabilities of measuring them
such values, when it comes to probabilistic theories). In addition, physical systems
they are not static, they evolve over time, so the same system, prepared
in the same way, it can lead to different experimental results depending on the
time when the measurement is made (or different histograms, in the case of theories
probabilistic). This idea leads to another key concept: the concept of "state". A
state is a mathematical quantity (which varies according to the theory) that determines
completely the values of the physical properties of the system associated with it in a
given moment in time (or the probabilities of each of its possible values
they will be measured when it comes to a probabilistic theory). In other words, all
The possible information that can be known in a given system constitutes its state.
Each system occupies a state at a moment in time, and the laws of physics must be
able to describe how a given system starts from one state and reaches another.
In other words, the laws of physics must say how the system evolves (from state to
state).
Many variables that remain well defined in theclassical mechanicsare replaced by
probability distributions in quantum mechanics, which is an intrinsically
probabilistic (that is, only probabilities are available not by a simplification or
ignorance, but because this is all that the theory is able to provide)

Max Planck tried to seek an explanation for the special characteristics of light.
emitted by heated bodies (or what physicists call black body radiation).
The explanation came in 1900, when Planck stated that energy would not be continuous,
as it was thought.

Your theory said: 'Radiation is absorbed or emitted by a heated body not under the
wave forms, but through "packets" of energy." These packets of energy
Max Planck named it 'quantum', conveying the idea of a minimum unit.
indivisible, since it would be a defined unit of energy proportional to
frequency of radiation.

Max Planck presented this idea of 'quantum' to the German Academy of Sciences, but the
scientists were not prepared for so much, as wave theory worked in
majority of known cases. Slowly the scientific world began to take
knowledge of the idea of energy particles, that is, of the 'Planck quantum theory'.

In 1913, Einstein, who had done much for the progress of Planck's theory, went to Berlin and
they shared an interest in Mathematics. In 1918, Planck received recognition from the
world in general with the achievement of the "Nobel Prize in Physics".

Quantum theory is also known as quantum mechanics or quantum physics, and

them how focus principal of study o world microscopic.

The principles of energy quantization, proposed by Einstein and Planck, and the
experimental observations of the atomic spectrum of elements showed that the laws of
Newton did not produce correct results when applied to very complex systems.
small, like atoms and molecules.

Planck and Nazism

During the Nazi regime in Germany, his friends Einstein and Schroedinger were
thank you for leaving Germany. Planck refused twice to sign an oath of
loyalty to the Nazi Party. In 1944, during World War II, her son was accused
to conspire against Hitler and ended up being executed. His house and his library were
destroyed by the war bombers.

Max Planck passed away in Göttingen, Germany, on October 4, 1947. In his

honor, the Kaiser Wilhelm Academy of Sciences was named after Max Planck. The
The highest scientific award in Germany became the "Planck Medal."

The wavelength is related to frequency as (assuming propagation of

a wave in a vacuum
The spectral energy can also be expressed as a function of wavelength:
Max Planckproduced this law in 1900 and published it in 1901, in an attempt to improve the
expression proposed byWilliam Wien that adjusted experimental data for
short wavelengths shifted to longer wavelengths. He
established that Planck's Law was applicable to all wavelengths
extraordinarily well. In deducing this law, he considered the possibility of
distribution of electromagnetic energy over the different modes of oscillation of
charge in matter. Planck's Law was born when he assumed that the energy of these
oscillations were limited to integer multiples of the fundamental energy E, proportional to

.
Planck believed that quantization applied only to small oscillations in
walls with cavities (what we now know as atoms), and not assuming the
properties of light propagation in discrete packets of energy. In addition, Planck
did not assign any physical meaning to this assumption, but did not believe it to be
just a mathematical result that enabled an expression for the spectrum
emitted by the black body based on experimental data of the wavelengths.
With this, Planck was able to solve the problem of ultraviolet catastrophe encountered.
byRayleigheJeanswhat made the spectral radiance tend to infinity when the
the wavelength was approaching zero, which experimentally is not
observed. It is important to note that for the visible region the formula of
Planck can be applied by Wien's approximation and in the same way for
higher temperatures and longer wavelengths we can also have the
approximation given by Rayleigh and Jeans.

In 1900, Max Planck made a proposal that he considered desperate, but that
it proved to be revolutionary. He showed that the Rayleigh-Jeans law did not fit the curve
spectral across the entire wavelength range, because Rayleigh and Jeans admitted that
the oscillators radiated any amount of energy. Planck imposed a restriction, this
Yes, the oscillators could only emit energy in certain quantities. More
precisely, in integer quantities of hf, where h has come to be called a constant of
Planck, and f is the frequency of the emitted radiation. This assumption is now known as
quantization of energy. In modern notation
 Conclusion

After extensive research and various approaches, the group came to the conclusion that the
Max Planck was a great driver in Chemistry, using vital ideas and
excellent, however the formulas and model are the basis for various fields such as the
Quantum and other theories that are still the foundation for many scientists today.

Later, these discrete units of energy were called photons. It was through
of these ideas that Einstein was able to explain thephotoelectric effect, whose applications are vast
in modern industry.
 Bibliographic References

I affirm in:Common Authority FileConsultation date: April 9, 2014. Author:

National Library of Germany.
2.↑Jump to:4.0 4.1
I assert in:MacTutor History of Mathematics archiveDate of
consultation: August 22, 2017.
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Affirm in:Encyclopædia Britannica OnlineIdentifier
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Encyclopædia Britannica Online: biography/Max-Planck. Appears as: Max

Planck. Consultation date: October 9, 2017. Language of the work or name: English.
4.↑Jump to: 6.06.1
Statement in:Find a GraveFind a Grave Identifier: 23903480.
Appears as: Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck. Consultation date: October 9.
2017. Llingua de la obra o nome: inglés.