Chapter 3

Division and cooperation of labor

If the element of division and cooperation of labor determines the distribution of activities of
the workers in the process and the forms of their grouping, it is established that it is
it is necessary to enhance and perfect cooperation, which means it is necessary to integrate at the level of
job position, at the level of each of the organizational units

You are integrated and known as a whole as:

• Product: It is the good that is obtained as a consequence of an activity.

• Productivity: It allows measuring a certain period with the relationship between the production obtained.
and the number of the factors used to obtain it.
• Production: It is the process of manufacturing or creating a product through labor.

The possible factors or resources employed can be:

• land and buildings

• materials
• machines installations tools
• labor

Calculation of workstation operators

Element of work: It is the smallest unit of productive work that is separable from the
The nature of other activities is that they can be affected independently.

Operation: It is a set of work elements assigned to workstations.

Workstation: It is an area adjacent to the assembly line where a

given amount of work.

To calculate the number of operations, the following formula is applied:

= ∗

Where
productivity

Hours worked per year

C = Total time for workers or machines or workstation

N=Number of workers or machines or workstations

Exercise 1

A plant wants to produce 80,000 product utilities each year. The factory operates for 11 months a year.
year, the time for the assembly operation is 0.0 18 hours due to the nature of the operation
The obtained information indicates that a 5% rejection can be expected and from this, 10% of
reworking of this operation

Compliance with the standard is 70%, determine the number of jobs for this.
operation.

Solution:
X1
10% of reprocessing

1
5% rejection

80000

1 + 10.05( 0.1)(= 80000

) + 10.05 ( )

1 = 83769.63

ℎ ℎ
Q = 83769.63 0.018 1507.85

ℎ ℎ
= (8 * 24 ∗ 11 ) ∗ 0.7 = 1478.4

ℎ
1507.85
= = 1.02 = 1 push the back
ℎ
1478.4
Exercise 2

A production unit has planned an item in four operations involved in its

production, the estimated sales for the year are 150,000 units, the unit operates
normally 8 hours per day, 26 days a month, closes annually for collective vacations for one month
The following information is known about the four operations necessary for its production.
of the article.

Operation ℎ Team % of items

Time
defective

1 0.023 A 1,2

2 0.014 B 3.7

3 0.017 C 9.0

4 0.009 D 1.8

Information collected from previous years indicates that type A machines are out of
production 11% of the time due to uncontrollable reasons machine B 22% of the time and the
machine C 12% of the time.

The absenteeism rate is 4.3% and the average compliance of the operator in equipment A and C
it is 85% while in B it is 105% and it is also known that the unit includes a program of
MMPP in the second and third shift and that an operator can attend to only one machine but the
Teams A, B, and C are operated by workers of the same occupational category. How many machines?
and how many workers are needed to produce 150,000 units?

A 11% out of service 85% completed. Worker

B 22% out of service 105% comp. Worker

C 12% out of service 85% completion. Worker

Absenteeism rate 4.3%

 Def:1,2 Def:3,7 Def:9% Def: 1.8%

x
OP1 OP2 OP3 OP4

0.023 0.014 0.017 0.009

Mac. A Maq. B Mach. C

Global balance

=
X = 1.2%X + 3.7%X + 9%X + 1.8%X + 150000

= 177936

Operation 1

ℎ ℎ
= 177936 0.023 = 4092.53

ℎ ℎ
= (8 ∗ 26 ∗ 11 ) 0.89 = 2036.32

ℎ
4092.53
= = 2 equipment
ℎ
2036.32

ℎ ℎ
= (8 * 26 ∗ 11 ) ∗ 0.85 ∗( 1 - 0.0431861.17
)

ℎ
4092.53
= = 2.2 the letter = 2 the letter
ℎ
1861.17

Operation2
ℎ ℎ
= 177936 0.014 2491.10

ℎ ℎ
= (8 ∗ 26 ∗ 11 ) 0.78 = 1784.64

ℎ
2491.10
= = 1.39 = 2
ℎ
1784.64

ℎ ℎ
= (8 ∗ 26 ∗ 11 ) * 1.05 * 1( - 0.043= 2299.1
)
 ℎ
2491.1
= = 1.08 = 2
ℎ
2299.1

Operation 3

ℎ ℎ
= 177936 * 0.017 3024.9

ℎ ℎ
= (8 ∗ 26 * 11 ) ∗ 0.88 = 2013.44

ℎ
3024.9
= = 1.5 = 2 equipped
ℎ
2013.44

ℎ ℎ
= (8 ∗ 26 ∗ 11 ) * 0.85 * 1( - 0.043= 1861.17
)

ℎ
3024.9
= = 1.63 = 2
ℎ
1861.17

Summary

Type of machine Machine Worker

A 2 2

B 2 2

C 2 2

Exercise 3

The establishment Tomás Huanca produces a mechanism that consists of 10 elements of which
8 require machining and the rest do not require it because they are pressure cast, so they go to a
galvanic treatment these elements are assembled at the establishment the data is
the following:

• Annual plan 10,000 units

• Defective percentage in machining 5%
• Defective percentage in galvanizing 10%

The factory works an 8-hour shift, 26 days a month, 11 months a year.

Maintenance is performed outside of working hours. The operating times by elements are
3 minutes
minutes.

Determine the number of workers for the operations of galvanizing machining and assembly.

Galvanized Machining
2 1

10% defective 5% defective

3 Assembly

10000 Units
Machining

X1 = 0.05 * X + 10000 = 105.26

ℎ ℎ
Q = 10,526 ∗3 *1 ∗8 = 4210.4

ℎ ℎ
CDE = 8 ∗ 26 ∗ 11 = 2288

ℎ
4210.4
= = 1.84 = 2
ℎ
2288

Galvanized

2 = 0.1 * + 10000 = 111111

ℎ ℎ
= 11111 ∗ 15 ∗1 *2 = 5555.5

ℎ ℎ
=8 * 26 ∗ 11 = 2288
 ℎ
5555.5
= = 2.43 = 2
ℎ
2288

Assembly

ℎ ℎ
= 10000 *2 *1 ∗ 10 = 3333.33

ℎ ℎ
=8 ∗ 26 ∗ 11 = 2288

ℎ
3333.33
= = 1.46 = 2
ℎ
2288

Exercise 4

In a plastics factory, it is required to produce 80,000 monthly units of PVC 2 in the stage
At the end of production, three activities are carried out: assembly, final inspection, and
Packaged, the production of each PVC2 unit takes one minute in the assembly operation and
3 minutes in the packaging operation of the units in boxes, each box has a capacity of 4
units.

Due to the nature of the process, there is information that the product of the final inspection is
5% of defective units will be discarded.

The average productivity of the workday in operations is 70%.

24 working days in the month with an effective shift of 8 hours.

Determine the number of workers' teams in the assembly and packaging operations knowing
that each worker attends to a team.

Assembly
1

1 Inspection

5% are defective

Packed
2

80000
Assembled

= 0.05 * 1 + 80000 = 84210.52

ℎ ℎ
84210.52 ∗1 ∗1 = 1403.5
60 in
ℎ ℎ
C q=8 ∗ 24 = 192

ℎ
1403.5
= 7.3 = 7 equips
ℎ
192

ℎ ℎ
CDE = 8 ∗ 24 ∗ 0.7 = 134.4

ℎ
1403.5
= = 10,4 = 10
ℎ
134.4

Wrapped

ℎ ℎ
= 80000 *3 ∗1 = 4000
60 in
ℎ ℎ
CABCq = 8 ∗ 24 = 192

ℎ
4000
= = 20.83 = 21 units
ℎ
192

ℎ ℎ
=8 ∗ 24 ∗ 0.7 = 134.4

N = 29.76 = 30