LOGARITHMS

The logarithm of a number is the exponent to which another number must be raised.
number called base to obtain a given number.

BASE=ANY NUMBER

logaN= X result

Base any number

Example:
10
Yes 2 =1024

log21024=10

35=243

log3243=5

10 ¿ 10

log1010=1

If 4 0=1

log41=0

1.3979
Yes 10 =25

log1025=1.3979

If b y =n

logb= y
 Yes 5 = √ 5
1/ 2

log525=2

If 52=25

log525=2

−2
Yes 2 =0.25

log20.25=−2

Express the following logarithms in exponential form:

log28=3

23=8
log42=0.5

4 0.5=2
log6216=3

63=¿
logab=m

am =b
log105=0.69

100.69=5

Find the values of the logarithms

log101000=3

log381=4

log5125=3

log264=4

log2512=9
 log3729=6

log101=0− because101=0

log41=0

log100.01=−2

log749=2

log1010000=4

log20.125=−3

log5625=4

log 2 √2=1/2
3
log 2 √5=1/3

log 2 √2=1/2

log927=3/4

log168=3 /4

PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS

The logarithm of the product of equal base is equal to the sum of the
logarithms.

logaM∗N=logaM + logaN

The product of a quotient of logarithms of the same base is

equal to the difference of their logarithms

M
loga=logaM−logaN
N

Exercises

log232=log28+log2 4
 log28∗4=32−log2 8+log24

log28+log24=32

log 3125−log125=log 25

Find the logarithm of:

Note: When it is a multiplication in the logarithm, it is added, and when it is division, it is subtracted.

log (11*13) = log 11 + log 13

log (7*15*19) = log7 + log15 + log19
log (93/17) = log 93 - log 17
300−¿ log5 7 (1)
300
log 5 =log¿
7∗61

log 7+ log561
= log5 300−¿

log 185=5 log18

log (7* 54¿ = log 7 + 4 log 5

log 23 +32∗5=3 l o g 2 + log 3+log 5

82∗122
log 2 4
=log 83∗122−log 52 +64
5 ∗6

= 3 log 8 + 2 log 12 – 2 log 5 – 4 log 6

1
log √ 26= log
2
base 2 of 6

43∗78
log¿
log 1
√543∗78= ¿5

1
= 1/5 log 43 + 5
log 78
 log
√
3 36∗75 1
47
1
= log base 36∗75− log 47
3 2
= 1/3 log 36 + 1/3 log 75 - 1/3 log 47
g
logr−log¿
π

√
log r 1
=logπ+ ¿
8 2

l3 √ a 1
log =3 l o g l + log−2 l o g p −e
t 2 2

Log
√ ( p−v)( p−e) 1
B.C. 2
1
= logp−v+ logp−e−b−logc
2

LOGARITHMIC AND EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS

Laws of Exponents

a0 =1

1
a−=
an

ama=a m+n

a
¿
¿
¿

(a∗b)m=ambm

m m
a = a
()
b bm

EXERCISES

Equation

2x =8
 2x =23
X=3

5 X +1=0.2
1
5 X +1=
5

5 X +1=5−1
X + 1 = -1
X=-1-1
X=-2

3 X32X −3=35

3 X +2X−3=35

33X −3 =35
3X - 3 = 5
3X=5+3
X=8/3

2 1
2−1−x =
32
2 1
2−1−x =
25

2−1−x =2−5

−1−x 2=−5

−x 2=−5+1

−x 2=−4

X= √4
X=2

2x2x+ 1=32

2x2x+ 1=25
x.x+1= 5
2x+1=5
2x=5-1
2x=4
X=4/2
X=2

OTHER MAIN PROPERTIES

logbb=1

logb1=0

logb0= DOES NOT EXIST

logb (−0)= DOES NOT EXIST

EXERCISES ON EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS

2x =8

2x =23

log 2x =log base 23

2 log 2 = 3 log 2

xlog 2
=
3 log 2

x1
=
3 3

X=3
3 ❑ 2

x logx+27xlogX=9XlogX+27
x x x

x 3+27x=9x2 +27

x 3−27x−9x2+27=0
 x
(¿ ¿ 3−3 )−(32x 2−33x)=o
3

2
(x-3) ( x +3x−4 ¿−9x( x−3)=0

2
(x-3) ( x +3x−9− 4 times x¿=0

2
(x-3) ( x −6x+ 9 ¿=0

2
(x-3) (x-3 ¿ =0

3
(x-3 ¿ =0

(x-3)= 0

X=3

2x+1=52 x−1

log 2x+1=log 52 x−1

(X+1) log 2 = (2x-1) log 5

X log2 + 1 log 2 = 2x log 5 - 1 log 5

X log2 - 2x log 5 = – 1 log5 - 1 log 2

x( log2 - 2 log 5) = – log5 - log 2

log2−2 l o g 5
x= -log 5−log2

x = 0.91

1
√ 3x =
9 x+1

1
3 x1 /2=
9 x+1

1
3 x/2 = 2x+2
3
 3 x/2 =3−2 x−2

x
2 = -2x - 2

x = -4x - 4

X + 4x = -4

5x = -4

−4
x=
5

log (4x+5) + log (x-2) = 1

log(4x+5)(x-2)=1
1
(
10=4x+ 5x−2=1 )

4x2−8 x +5x−10=1

10 = 4x2−3x−10=1

4x2−3x−20=0

( 4x8 ) (4x−5)
¿
4

= x-2 (4x-5) = 0

x 1=2

−5
x 2=
4

4 2 x−3=225
2x - 3 log 4 = log 225

2x (log4 - 3log 4) = log 225

2x log 4 = log 225 + 3 log 4

log base 2 of 25+ 3 l o g 4

X= 2 log 4

2.35+ 1.81
X= 1.20

X= 3,45

4 x+1=3 x−1

log 4 x+1=log 3x−1

(x+1)log4=(x-1)log3

Xlog4 + 1log = xlog3 - 1log3

Xlog4 - Xlog3 = -1log3 - 1log4

X(log4-log3) = -log3 - log4

−log3−log 4
X= log 4−log 3

X=4.68

4 3 x =3 x−1

3x log 4 = x - 1 log 3

3x log 4 - x log 3 = log 3

X(3log4 - log3) - log3

−log 3
X= 3 log 4−log 3
 −04,47
X= 1,329

X=-0.35

4 x+2 x+3=48

Xlog4 + (x + 3)log2 = log48

Xlog4 + xlog2 + 3log2 = log48

Xlog4 + Xlog2 = log48 + 3log2

log 48−3 log2

X= log 4−log 2

1,681−3(0.301)
X= 0.602−0.30

0.777
X= 0.902

X= 0,86

2x+3+ 4 x+1−320=0

22 ¿ x+1−320
2 x+3 +¿

2x.2 3 +2 x+3−320=0 u=2 x

8+ f o r y o u 2−320=0

for you
(¿¿2+8 u −320)=0
¿

u2 +2u−80=0

(u+10)(u-8)=0
 u1=−10

u2=8

2x =8

2x =23

X=3

52 x − (6.5)2 x + 5=0

a2−6 a +5=0

(a-5) (a-1)

a1=5

a2=1

5 x =55 x =1

X=1 x=0

SYSTEM OF LOGARITHMIC AND EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS

{ 32 X +Y=37
3 X+2Y−2y=3

2X 1+ Y = 7
X minus 2Y equals (2)

X - 2Y = 1
3-2Y=1
2Y = 2 4X + 2Y = 14
X - 2Y = 1
−2 5X =15
Y= 2
15
X 5

X=3
Y=1

{3 2 X +Y=3 7
3 X +2 Y=3

32X +Y=37

3 ( 3 ) +1
3¿ ¿=37

36+ 1=37

37=3 7

{
22x−3 8
=2
23y+2
3 2−2y=17
 22 x −3=28.2 3y +2

2x - 3 = 8 + 3y + 2

2x - 3 - 8 + 3y + 2 = 0

2x + 3y - 13 = 0

2x - 3y = 13 2x - 3y = 13

3x - 2y = 17 (-3)
2(5)-3y=13

10 - 3y = 13 4x - 6y = 26
- 9x + 6y = 51
3y = 13 - 10

3y=3 5x -25

−25
3 X= 5
Y= 3

X=5
Y=1

{3 2 x+ y =37
3 x−2y =3

32 x+ y =37

3
32+1
( )
=37

36+ 1=37

37=3 7

{
5 x.25 y =57
2 x−1 . 2 1+2=64
5x.5 27=57

2x−1.2 1+ 2=26
X+2y=7
x-1+1+2=6 (2)

{xx+2y=7
+ y=5

x + 2y = 7
x+y=5 (-2)

X+y=5
x + 2y = 7
- 3+y=5 2x - 2y = -10
- X -3 -1
Y=2
X=3

{ x 2− y 2=11
logx−logy=1

()
log=1x
y

x =10
y

X=10y

log x + log x 2x 2=11

y=3
log x - log
y=1 (10x)2− y 2=11
2 log x
=4 100x2− y 2=11
log
4 x=11
x= 2

log 11
x=
x=2 99
x=10 log x
= log 2
()
1
3
x=100
x=
√ 1
9
log x + log y
=3
x = 10
2 + log y = 3
3
Log y = 3-2
Log y = 1
Y=10
 1
x=
3

{ 2 x −5 y =9
x−1
2+5=27
y+1

2x−1 +5 y+ 1=27

2x2−1+5 y52 =27

1
2x. + 5 y5 2=27
2

1(
2x. 2 ) +5 y.5(2)=54
2

2x+10.5y =54

{ 2X+5Y=9
X Y
2 10.5=54

2 X =a 5 Y =b

{a+10b=54
a+b=9

a+b=9
-1 a+10b=54

a+b=9
-a-b = -9
a+5=9
a + 10b = 54
9b = 45
a=9-5 45
B = 9
a=4
b=5
 2x =a 5 y =b

2x =4 5 y =5

2x =22y=1

x=2

{ 2 x +2 y =24
x+1
2=128

2x+ y =128

2x.2 y =24

2x+ y =128

2x.2 y =24

2x =a 2 y =b

{a−b=128
a+b=24

a = 24 - b
a=24-16
a + b = 24 a=8
a = 24 - b
a . b 0 128 a=24-b
(24 b - b2=128 a=24-8
a=16
b2−24b−128=0
(b + 16)(b - 8) = 0
b=-16 a=8
2=16
x 2y = b 2 y =16
2y=8
2x= Y= 2 y =24
4
2
23
Y=4
X=4 Y=3
 3
2x= 2
x=3

2x+3 y =7

2x+1−3 y+1 =−1

2x+1−3 y+1 =−1

2x.2 1 +3 y. 3 1=−1

1
2x . +3 y. 3 1=−1
2

1
2x . y
( 2 ) +3 .3 ( 2 ) =−1
2

2x+6+3y−1

2x+3 y =7

2x+6+3y=1

2x+3 y =7

2x .2−3 y.3=−1

2x =a 3 y =b

A . 2-b . 3 = -1

2a - 3b = -1
a+b=7

a + b = 7 2a - 3b = -1
3a + 3b = 21
4+b=7
b=7-4

b=3
5a =20

20
a= 5
a=4

2x =a

2x =4
X=
24
3 y =b
X=2
3 y =3
Y=1 X-y=4
log2X−log2y =1

x-y=4
x=4+y

log2X−log2y =1

4+ y
x-y=4 log2 =log2
x-4=4 y
4 4+ y
x= 4 =2
y
4 + y = 2y
x=1 4 + y - 2y = 0
2y- y+4=0
Y=-4