MORPHOLOGICAL ADAPTATION

MORPHOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS

They are the changes that organisms present in their external structure and that give them
allow an organism to blend in with the environment, imitate shapes,
colors of the most dangerous animals or have structures that allow for a
better adaptation to the environment.

Some examples of morphological adaptations in animals are:

Camouflage or crisps generally encompasses adaptations of size, shape,
the color, the body patterns and behavior, and it is relatively common in
the animals, but less in the plants.
TYPES OF ADAPTATIONS

To begin discussing adaptation, we must start by defining this concept, it is

That is why we say that adaptation is: it is the process by which the organism
it becomes capable of surviving in certain environmental conditions.

The adaptations of an organism to a specific environment are slow processes and

complexes that result in the formation or development of living beings
suitable organs that allow them to live in that environment.

THERE ARE 3 TYPES OF ADAPTATIONS

Morphologicalor structural
Physiologicalthe functional
Ethologicalor behavior

MORPHOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS

They are the changes that organisms present in their structure.

external and that allow an organism to blend in with it
environment, mimic shapes, colors of animals more
dangerous or have structures that allow for better
adaptation to the environment.

Some examples of morphological adaptations in animals are:

Camouflage:
It is when the shape or color of the organism is similar to the environment where it lives, so
it can easily be confused with the ., or in other words, it is evolutionary adoption by
part of an organism with an appearance similar to its surrounding environment in order to
to go unnoticed by potential predators. Camouflage or crypsis
generally encompasses adaptations of size, shape, color, patterns
of the body and behavior, and it is relatively common in animals, but
less in vegetables.

example:

giant leaf insect

Class: Insects
Order: Phasmida
Family: Phylliidae
Genus/Species: Phyllium giganteum

Description:
It is a great example of the use of camouflage in the world of insects. Its color is
exactly like that of a green leaf, with dry and yellowish edges. Highlighting
The differences in tone on both sides perfectly simulate the front and back of the sheet.
Even on the reverse side, the vascular system is simulated in a more noticeable way.
The female can reach about 12 cm in length and its wings cover the entire length of the body.
The male is smaller and measures about 7-8 cm.
the chameleon: that blends in with rocks watching its prey which are
general mind insects.

the dead leaf butterfly: from Indonesia, lives up to its name, as

It truly looks like a dry leaf.

Mimicry:

In the similarity in appearance that some organisms develop

harmless to resemble others who are dangerous displeases them and so
to frighten away their enemies. Such as:
The coral snake, which is venomous and has bright warning colors, and the
queen mountain snake that is harmless and resembles it.

PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS

These are those in which organisms alter physiology

of their bodies, organs or tissues, that is, they represent a
change in the functioning of the organism to solve something
problems that arise in the environment, some animals
they reduce their physiological activities to a level such that
they seem to be dead, this is the case of the opossums or
of opossums in the presence of their enemies. Some
examples are:

Hibernation:

Lethargic state in which many warm-blooded animals spend the winter, especially
in temperate and arctic regions. It can be said that any mammal that remains
inactive for many weeks with a body temperature lower than normal is in
hibernation, although the physiological changes that occur during lethargy are very
different depending on the different species. An animal that is very adapted and hibernates, like a
The ground squirrel will retreat to its underground shelter in the appropriate season.
BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATIONS

They are those that involve a modification in the

behavior of organisms for different reasons such as
ensure reproduction, search for food, defend themselves from their
predators, periodically changing from one environment to
another, when environmental conditions are unfavorable
to ensure their survival

examples:

migration
Mass displacement of animals, from and toward their natural areas of
reproduction, with a seasonal or periodic nature. Migration generally takes place
produce before and after the breeding season. During this, the animals
migratory ones are subject to seasonal variations in the environment and experience
anatomical and physiological changes. For example, the swallows, the butterfly,
some fish, etc.....
courtship or flirting:

Specific animal behavior that aims to obtain a mate and

to urge her topairingManyspeciesanimals have during the period
decoupling a series of more or less ritualized behaviors.
They often involve the display of physical characteristics, the production
of special sounds or gifts to offer to the candidate.

HABITAT AND ECOLOGICAL NICHE

The morphological, physiological, and adaptations of

behavior of living beings that are those who have
allowed for living beings to survive in the environment
What they inhabit; it is important to define what habitat and niche are.
ecological as it will be seen as the function that the organism
What it has in its habitat determines its ecological niche.

HABITAT

It is the environment that occupies abiological populationIt is the space that meets the conditions
suitable for the species to reside and reproduce, perpetuating its presence. A
habitat is described by the features that define it

Ecological niche

It is a term that describes the relational position of aspeciesor population in a

ecosystemor the specific space it occupies in the ecosystem. In other words, when
when we talk about ecological niche, we refer to the 'role' or the function it performs
a certain individual within a community. It is the habitat shared by several species. By
example, the ecological niche of thesquirrelsit is the one of the animals that inhabit the trees and
they feed on nuts.

The science of plant morphology

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Even the untrained observer can recognize from experience the great
diversity in the shape, height, and habit of plants. The "seagrasses" in the soil
oceanic, the small mosses and the graceful ferns in the forests, the imposing
cone-bearing trees, and the infinitely varied flowering plants of the Orkneys and
the gardens, all are recognized as different types of plants.

A casual inspection of the external appearance of the plant, however, is a method

highly unreliable both for separating them into natural groups and for winning a
appropriate understanding of the nature and relationships between its parts. In stark contrast
with this undisciplined vision of form and structure, the science of plant morphology
tries, through rigorous techniques and careful observations, to insert itself underneath the
superficial aspect of plants, that is, to explore and compare those hidden aspects of
the form, the structure, and the reproduction that constitute the basis for interpretation of
similarities and differences between plants. One of the most beneficial results of the
early morphological studies recognized that there is a number
relatively small organs that make up the plant body. So, the leaf,
the stem and the root were seen as the main type of vegetative organs, being the
size, shape, proportions, and arrangement with respect to the other subject parts
development and the most varied modification. As knowledge about the cycle of
the life of plants increased, the sporangia and gametangia were added to this
short list of main organ categories and the importance of a broad study
Comparison of their similarities, now seen as homologues, was established.

History of the perception of homologies in plants

Introduced by R. Owen in 1843, the term homology is derived from the Greek term homologia.
What does "agreement" mean and is it applied to the bodies and structures that correspond in
plants and animals. The homology of organs is based on their similarities
structural independently of their current function. An example of structures
homologous would be the wings of birds and the front legs of a reptile. On the other hand, the
structures and analogous organs are those that can perform the same function but
are not derived from the same ancestral structure, for example, the wings of a bee and the
wings of a bird. The identification of homologous structures has been the subject of much study.
and continues to provide information.

The essence of the idea of homology was expressed by the great poet and philosopher Johann
Wolfgang von Goethe, to whom we owe the word 'morphology' (literally, the science
in this way). Goethe sought the nature of the morphological relationships between various types.
of leafy appendages in higher plants. In his celebrated essay, Metamorphosis in
Plants, published in 1790, concluded that there is no strict limit between organs such as the
cotyledons, the leaf blades, the bracts, and the organs of a flower: all are expressions
of the same type of organ, that is, of the leaf. Quoting R. H. Eyde (1975: 431): "Goethe
he explained that a term is necessary to cover all the manifestations of the organ
metamorphosed: this is how he adopted the term leaf." He believed that "all the appendages of the plant
They are variants of an ideal appendix that can be intuitively perceived, the primordial leaf,
that in some way contains within itself all its own transformations." Although the theory
Goethe was criticized as an example of idealistic morphology, even metaphysical, he tried
to be an extremely astute point of view and indeed constitutes the theoretical basis of the
current vision that the flower is a determined axis bearing foliar appendages
modified.

With the rapid expansion of botanical knowledge in the 19th century came an emphasis on the
importance of the concept of homology and the need to interpret the homologies of the
the most illuminating form possible. The ideas of Goethe, and the early observations of C. F.
Wolff (1774) about the origin of leaves at the growing apex of the stem, opened the
path to a better understanding of "serial homologies" in plants. Coined
to designate, within the same plant, the homology of the organs in relation to the axis of the
stem, this term is used when the origin method of the successive ones is equivalent.
leaf organs and also their positional relationships with respect to the stem. So, a
scale of a bud, or a floral bract, are considered serially homologous with a
leaf blade because like the last one, they originate as a lateral growth at the apex of
stem. Ontogenetic studies (of development from birth) have shown the
close similarities in the detail of origin and histogenesis (the formation of tissues and their
early relationships among the various types of leaf organs of shoots both
vegetative as well as floral. Moreover, the different types of foliar appendages in the same
Plants are often interconnected by intermediate forms or transitional organs.
which makes the homology more evident.

The serial homology in foliar organs provided one of the first approaches to
that vascular plants consisted of a small series of organs (roots, stems, and leaves)
variously modified. Leaf (left) and succession of floral bracts (right) inHelleborus
stinking.

The concept of general homology in plants, the homologous structures of different plants, is
much more difficult to demonstrate ontogenetically. This is so because, unlike
What happens in higher animals, plants are characterized by a system of
open growth: the plant embryo is not a miniature of the adult, and therefore
the homologies in plants, based on the similarities in position, development, and shape of
two organs in different types of plants can be seriously questioned.

The concept of homologies in plants was placed in an entirely new position.

as a result of the publication in 1859 of the classic by Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species
species. His theory of the role of natural selection in producing adaptive changes
gradual changes in form and organography in plants and animals had a profound effect on the
concepts of homology. The goal of morphology is now clearly seen: it had to
to interpret the form and structure of the organs from a historical point of view, that is
phylogenetic. The similarities or homologies between organs were seen as the result of
a common ancestral "type." So, the enormous tendency towards an interpretation
phylogenetics of the form and structure that appeared during the last part of the century
has continued to this day. The phylogenetic approach to morphology has provided
the basis of a more realistic and natural classification of the plant kingdom.
Although many of the widely recognized similarities in the basic structure of the
organs and tissues of closely related plants clearly seemed to come from
a common ancestor (homogeneous), there are also remarkable structural similarities
between little related species of plants that adapted to the same environment, whose
Morphological correspondence is "homoplastic" and the result of evolutionary convergence.
A possible example of evolutionary convergence in vascular plants is provided by the
succulent habit of the cacti of the New World and the Euphorbiaceae of Africa, another is
provided by the presence of seeds in the extinct "seed ferns" and the modern ones
spermatophytes (conifers, flowering plants and related species).

It must be emphasized, however, that in practice it proved difficult to discern between

homogenetic and homoplastic similarities. It should be noted that the similarities
Structural, whether interpreted as one or the other, are the result of the interaction.
of genetic, physiological, and environmental factors that have operated differently and
different degrees throughout the long evolutionary history of vascular plants. The
Reliable interpretations require consideration of evidence from a wide variety of
sources. Morphological theories increase their reliability when collateral lines of
evidence harmonize with each other. The sources of evidence that should be considered and
evaluated when problems of interpretation of form and structure of plants arise
they would be: the form and structure of the adult (morphology and anatomy), the fossil record, the
ontogeny, physiology and morphogenesis, and genetics.

CELL THEORY
CONCEPT DEFINITION AND CELLULAR.

CYTOLOGY:
It is the science that studies cells in all their aspects (structure, morphology,
physiology and genetics

Cell: It is the structural, morphological, physiological, and genetic unit of all living beings.
Structural: A Cell is the structural unit because one or several cells
they form the structural unit of life
Morphological: Because it gives shape to living beings

Physiological: Because it fulfills all the vital functions of the

living beings

Genetics: Why the Cell has all the Genetic Material for
to originate an individual of the same species.
Robert Hooke observed under the microscope the cells of cork material and named them.
Cells.

Shapes of Cells:
The shape of the Cells is closely related to THE ENVIRONMENT and the FUNCTION
perform

Epidermal cells are flattened cells.

stratified.
Muscle cells "myocytes" are elongated.
allows muscle contraction
Nerve cells, 'neurons', are star-shaped.
The Conduction of the Nerve Impulse.
Blood cells are round to circulate better through the vessels.
blood-related

CLASSES OF CELLS
♦ PROKARYOTIC CELLS: (Pro = Before, Cariotico = Nucleus)
they are Cells without a defined Nucleus, In Prokaryotic Cells The
genetic material is dispersed in the cytoplasm like a
large circular molecule

A large number of prokaryotic cells are

surrounded by cell walls, which lack
cellulose, which makes them different from the walls
cells of higher plants.
On the inside of the cell wall, there is the
plasma membrane or plasmalemma, which can be
Lisa can have invaginations, called
mesosomes, where the reactions take place
energy transformationphotosynthesisybreathing) In
in the cytoplasm, are found theribosomes, where is
it carries out protein synthesis. Likewise, the
cytoplasm of more complex prokaryotic cells
It can also contain vacuoles, vesicles (small
vacuoles) and sugar reserve deposits
complexes or inorganic materials.

EUCARYOTIC CELLS: (Eu = True, Cariotico =

Core
C
 ells with true nuclei where genetic information, DNA
is protected by the nuclear membrane belonging to the cells.
Plant and animal cells which have notable differences
we must understand

Animal and plant organisms have eukaryotic cells, which are

they are notably differentiated by some differences
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ANIMAL CELLS AND
VEGETABLE CELLS

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS

PROKARYOTIC Eukaryotic
True
core
Greek Pro = before, Karion = core
They are more evolved cells.
They are older cells less
evolved The nuclear material is separated.
The nuclear material is not separated by
by a nuclear membrane, nucleus
a membrane. Undefined nucleus defined

Does not have an internal membrane system. It has internal systems of

membranes
Examples of blue-green algae bacteria and
cells like red blood cells Examples of organisms such as animals and the
higher plants and cells like the globules
whites

1.2 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF

Eukaryotic cells
(FOR COMPLEMENTARY INFORMATION YOU CAN CLICK HERE AND YOU WILL FIND A
IMPORTANT WEBSITE WITH CELL INFORMATION,
CHARACTERISTICSUnable to access the provided URL.

Eukaryotic cells have three fundamental parts: plasma membrane, nucleus, and
cytoplasm

Cell wall:
It is characteristic of vegetables rich in Cellulose that maintains the shape and the
resistance of the plants protecting them from mechanical damage

Plasma membrane:
Common organelle in plant and animal cells
Structure: of a double layer of lipids and proteins
Membrane property: Selective permeability

Functions of the plasma membrane

Protect the interior of the cell
Surround and limit the cell

Regulates the chemical composition of the cytoplasm.

It allows the exchange of substances between the cell and the surrounding environment.

CELLULAR EXCHANGE MECHANISMS:

The transport of substances across cell membranes can be passive
the active, whether it is caused by simple molecular movement (energy
kinetics of the particles) or because the organism needs to provide energy
metabolic to carry it out.
The substances that are found outside and inside the cell are forming
a homogeneous mixture called solution
The solution is a homogeneous mixture formed by the solvent and the
solution
Solvent: it is the substance that is present in greater proportion and dissolves.
the other substances. Generally, the solvent is the water where it dissolves.
the other substances
The solute: is the substance of lesser proportion that dissolves.
P
 assive transport:
In passive transport, also known as diffusion, it receives different names depending on the type.
of substance that is transported, if water or solvent is transported this process is called (osmosis) and if it
The transport of the solute in the process is called (dialysis) The passage of substances from a medium of higher
concentration to another of lower concentration through a membrane without energy expenditure are examples
passive transport diffusion, osmosis, and dialysis