BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF VENEZUELA

LIBERTADOR EXPERIMENTAL PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY

MIRANDA PEDAGOGICAL INSTITUTE
JOSE MANUEL SISO MARTINEZ

INTERACTION
ELECTROMAGNETIC

Members

Xiomara Cedeño
Iraima Hernández
Hermelinda Hernández
Yajaira

La Urbina, March 6, 2011

 INTRODUCTION

Through this research work, we will reveal the phenomenon.

of electromagnetism, a phenomenon that was discovered at the end of the
the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th this phenomenon was discovered when

he simultaneously researched the theories of electricity and magnetism.

This work will present its current uses, its definition, and the
task that it has in the world.
 ELECTROMAGNETISM.

The study of magnetism dates back to the observation that 'stones'

What is found in nature (that is, magnetite) attracts iron.
It is possible to establish that all those magnetic phenomena when
two charges are in motion, a force arises between them that
it is called magnetic force.

The science of electricity was born with the observation known by Thales.
from Miletus in the year 600 BC that a piece of rubbed amber attracts
little pieces of straw. When two electric charges meet in
rest, among them there is a force called electrostatic.

These two sciences developed independently of each other.

until 1820, when a scientist named Hans Christian Oersted (1777-
1851) observed a relationship between them, namely, that the electric current
a wire can affect a magnetic needle of a compass.

This science was driven by many researchers.

Soon it was confirmed that all magnetic phenomena were produced

by electric currents, that is to say, it was achieved definitively,
unification of magnetism and electricity, leading to the branch of physics
what is currently known as electromagnetism.

HISTORY OF ELECTROMAGNETISM

A part of the history of electromagnetism is attributed to the Chinese who

It is suggested that electromagnetism was known in the early 2000s.
A.C, another part of the story goes back to the ancient Greeks who
they observed electrical and magnetic phenomena possibly at
principles of the year 700 B.C. To achieve this, they discovered that a piece of

rubbed amber became electrified and was able to attract pieces of straw or
pens. The existence of magnetic force was known by observing that
Pieces of natural rock called magnetite (Fe3 O4) attract iron.
The word electric comes from the Greek term for amber, electron.
the magnetic word comes from the name of a central district to the north of
Greece where Magnesia was discovered.

In 1600, William Gilbert discovers that electrification was not limited

to the ambarsino that this was a general phenomenon. Thus, scientists
they electrified a variety of objects, including chickens and people.
Experiments conducted by Charles Coulomb in 1785 confirmed the law.
inverse of the square for electricity. Until the early 19th century, the
scientists established that electricity and magnetism are, in
effect, phenomena related to 1820 Hans Oersted discovers that a
the compass deflects when placed near a circuit carrying
electric current. In 1831, Michael Faraday, and simultaneously, Joseph
Heary, they demonstrate that when a magnet or magnet (or in such a way

equivalent, when the magnet moves close to a wire), a

electric current is observed in the wire. In 1873, James Clerk
Maxwell uses these observations and other experimental factors as
basis, and formulas of the laws of electromagnetism that are known
currently. (Electromagnetism is the name given to the combination of
the electric and magnetic fields.) Shortly after (around
In 1888, Heinrich Hertz verified Maxwell's predictions by producing
electromagnetic waves in the laboratory. This was followed by
practical developments such as radio and television. The contributions of
Maxwell's contributions to the science of electromagnetism were especially

significant because the laws formulated by him are fundamental for

all forms of electromagnetic phenomena. Their work is
comparable in importance to Newton's discovery with his laws
of movement and the theory of gravitation. After part of history
shows that the ancient Greeks were not unaware of the existence of a
magnetic stone capable of attracting iron, and they had confirmed that this
metal was magnetized if it came into contact with a magnet. Several centuries
Before our era, it seems that the Chinese were already using the compass.
instrument based on the properties of the magnetic needle, which does not
however, it arrived in Europe until the 15th century, when they began to
to be used by navigators in their exploratory journeys. The discovery
basic scientific achievement accomplished by Edison (despite the fact that this

established nearly 1100 patents) improved the development of the systems of

modern communication (radio, telephony, radar, and TV). During the period
Edison was dedicated to preparing electric light, he placed a filament.
metallic in a glass vial and created a vacuum inside it (tube
empty) with a second electrode that was connected to the positive pole of
a battery. He discovered that when he passed a current through the
filament and it heated up and became incandescent, a flow of
electricity (electrons) passed through the empty space in the tube to
positively charged electrode (the plate) and returned to the battery. This
the phenomenon is called the Edison effect, but Edison did not see in his device

practical possibilities and did nothing with it except patent it. Twenty
years later, Fleming used the Edison effect to invent a diode
rectifier, a device to convert alternating current into direct current
Direct. This was essentially Edison's two-element vacuum tube.
A few years later, De Forest added a third electrode (a grid) to the
Edison electrode vacuum tube. This device made it possible
amplify the energies of extremely electromagnetic waves
weak (radio waves) that are emitted by the signals were strengthened and
sent further away, and could then be used.
speakers. This was the true core of communication systems
modern and the vast electronic industry that has developed
during this century.
 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY:

At the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th, research was conducted

simultaneously the theories of electricity and magnetism. In 1819,

The Danish physicist Hans Christian Oersted conducted an important
discovery upon observing that a magnetic needle could be deflected
by an electric current. This discovery, which showed a
connection between electricity and magnetism was developed by the
French scientist André Marie Ampère, who studied the forces between
cables through which electric currents flow, and by the French physicist
Dominique François Arago, who magnetized a piece of iron
placing it near a wire carrying a current. In 1831, the
British scientist Michael Faraday discovered that the movement of a
A magnet near a wire induces a current in it
electric; this effect was opposite to that found by Oersted. Thus, Oersted
demonstrated that an electric current creates a magnetic field, while
that Faraday demonstrated that a magnetic field can be used to
create an electric current. The full unification of the theories of the
electricity and magnetism was due to the British physicist James Clerk
Maxwell, who predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves and identified
light as an electromagnetic phenomenon.

THE OERSTED EXPERIMENT:

In 1982, while working in his laboratory, OERSTED set up a circuit.

electric and I place it near a magnetic needle, with no current
In the circuit (open circuit) the needle was located in the north direction -
The branches of the circuit must be placed parallel to the needle.
It means that it should be oriented in the north-south direction.
By establishing a current in the circuit, OERSTED observed that the needle
the magnetic field was deflected, tending to orient itself in a perpendicular direction

to the conductor AB, when interrupting the flow of current, the needle returned to its
initial position in the North-South direction. These observations made
by OERSTED demonstrated that an electric current could act as
if it were a magnet, causing deviations in a magnetic needle. Thus it
I observe for the first time that there is a close relationship between the

electricity and magnetism: an electric current is capable of producing

magnetic effects.

Realizing the importance of his discovery, OERSTED

I disclose the result of your observations, which immediately attracted the
attention from several scientists of that time. Some of them began
to work on research related to this phenomenon, among the
which highlights the work of AMPERE.

Shortly after, it was found that all magnetic phenomena were produced
by electric currents, that is to say, it was achieved definitively,
unification of magnetism and electricity, originating the branch of physics
what is currently known as electromagnetism.

FARADAY'S LAW:

For some physical laws, it is difficult to find experiments that

drive in a direct and convincing manner to the formulation of the law
Gaus, for example, was slowly emerging as the common factor.
with whose help all electrostatic experiments could
interpret and correlate.

Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, which is one of the

fundamental equations of electromagnetism.
Some of the experiments were conducted by MICHAEL FARADAY
in England in 1813 and by JOSEPH HENRY in the United States
approximately at the same time.

The terminals of a coil are connected to a galvanometer.

It would not normally be expected for this instrument to deviate.
because there is no electromotive force in this circuit but there is
introduce a straight magnet into the coil with its north pole facing it,
an remarkable thing happens while the magnet is moving, the
the galvanometer deviates, revealing that a current is passing through
current through the coil. If the magnet is held fixed with respect to the
the galvanometer does not deflect if the magnet moves away from
the coil the galvanometer deflects but in the opposite direction, which there is
What to say that the current in the coil is in the opposite direction if used
the south pole end of a magnet instead of north ends the
the experiment results are the same but the deviations are exactly at
opposite.

Other experiments show that what matters is the relative motion.

It doesn't matter that the magnet moves towards the coil.
or the coil towards the magnet.

The current that appears in this experiment is called induced current.

and it is said to be produced by an induced electromotive force.
FARADAY was able to deduce from experiments like this the law that gives its

magnitude and direction.

 ALTERNATING CURRENT

One of the most important applications of the phenomena of induction

electromagnetic is the large-scale production of energy
electric carried out through the generators
electromagnetic, based on the induced current originating in a
conductor moving in the magnetic field of an inductor. In this
In this way, mechanical energy is transformed into electrical energy.

An electromagnetic generator produces electrical energy by

transformation of mechanical energy applied to an induced conductor
what moves in the magnetic field of an inductor.

It is about producing a variation in the magnetic flux, which is achieved

moving quickly a conductor in a magnetic field of
way that cuts a number of lines of variable force with the field.

SOLENOIDS

It is a system of circular, isolated, parallel, and equidistant currents.

of each other. The solenoid thus defined materializes through a
series of wire loops rolled in a helical shape on a
cylinder of insulating material. By passing a current through the coils,
an intense magnetic field is established inside the solenoid and
approximately uniform.

To achieve a stronger magnetic field, it is introduced into the

inside the solenoid a core of ferromagnetic material. The solenoid
Thus constituted, it behaves like a magnet showing a polarization
very defined.
Because it is a magnet due to the magnetic field of a current, it is
it is called electromagnet

And it has numerous applications, the most homey of which is to serve.

base for a bell.

Applications of electromagnetism

Maglev trains. These trains do not move in contact.

with the rails, but they are 'floating' a few centimeters above them
due to an electromagnetic repulsion force. This force is
produced by the electric current that flows through some electromagnets
located on the train track, and is able to support the weight of the train
complete and raise it.

Bells. When pressing the switch of a bell, an electric current

it circulates through an electromagnet created by a magnetic field that attracts a

a small hammer strikes a bell interrupting the circuit, which

makes the magnetic field disappear and the bar returns to its
position. This process repeats rapidly and the sound is produced
characteristic of the timbre.

Electric motor. An electric motor is used to convert electricity into

movement. It consists of two basic parts: a rotor and a stator. The rotor
it is the moving part and is made up of several coils. The stator is a magnet
fixed between whose poles the coil is located. Its operation is based on
that when the current passes through the coils, located between the poles of the
a magnet creates a rotational movement that remains constant,
through a switch, generating an alternating current.

Transformer. It is a device that allows increasing or decreasing the

voltage of an alternating current. It is made up of two coils

rolled around a core or iron frame. By the coil called

primary circulates the current whose voltage is to be transformed,

producing a variable magnetic field in the iron core. This

induces an alternating current in the other coil, called secondary, from

where the current comes out transformed. If the number of turns of the

the primary is lower than that of the secondary, the voltage of the current

increases, while if it is higher, the voltage decreases.

 conclusions

In this work, it was possible to observe what the phenomenon means

electromagnetism, its uses, its history and the scientists who have contributed to it

studied for years. And like two phenomena such as electricity and the
magnetism comes together.
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