C602

Dept fe c6, kNST

Intsalucou
M0s slaudue 'u uealid by supuimpet
ard'taohsit
Aayeu conductng, arsulabny, 'ard a
fong matewa A Mos deice sequis
A
Joual duaan
douel daarn formuntegg
Jmmin egon and a ard meul Jas
whuch'couite f dtusion, pdeygilitor
Each
has boti
main Compneit
epuaatod nndakg that ale
capp utan
a sesübane and ckt
estimadng pfman isudl o be
Jnductane cloua
Resisarce estemat'on
onducig
matnial
ungm slab
The sexitara f a
R- )
t Ahickness le
W conductor utdh.
mulkey
Tbu to ottan seitane a
shet esútane Bs with labio o lenh to width
the cadu tot
 luknes t, 4esubut ú kuoun.
Fod metal hauemgdjion. thu desúbuiti
But fos poly and Lonceat'ou
the
mon nea
oanútor æ
A vi chaa MOS
f chaune sewstane
anoxmalz tm
lkm
uejul to
to estimaa teyranee
Ru- k Hw
ke
Lange sooo -30000 olsy
5000
k -omay kake valu wcthin
chaunel devia aud
and cauce
Re
ü ao
metiity Bupealüe
o Re ayo valies awitb
 Kesútano
ale
ued. The
Mauy tmes mon elabate
equise moe
Besikaue of thes shapes
Shapes Aesútana
Caluatton ane wnethod of caluda1 wlih
o kieak the
be caleulale
Setae mA
R= 24
fiy (a) W2
Wi
Rabo Ratis : W
A Rata
W Rat's w
w Rato
W G
 apatna stabie
sepone (gwtelny spead)
Capautara
Mos tyim
agocwas woth
aue that
that ue
capautance
anteeconnecken
deuta and
d a e n c a
MOS von ied
and
pamed by metal, fpolyy a MUs
The tatal load capattance
conetad oo
diarn eguru
C gComecons
ard otheice
dfuion Capaulaira
capaibo
he chaactettu of
Mos
eAamne
Chacactole:
Mos capa bor Mes
Capaulana -voLboge chaea
The gemicarduc r
of
stauctud dapernd on the stabe the
n the volbage
be i :
Bugh may b) dapltoo
a)atumulabron
t t t tt t t t t
1tox
C H A N N e L
DcPL GTIUN A Y ER
 wben Vaco( 0
Am acemulatiou loye ii formed atta
ta nmsrubshata) Tbe negabue choge onawgatalumlalóo
towaady Ane lcon uace wheu
holw
tehaus lcte pasallel
dayu s present Mos tHauctue pae the
plale capauctr Cuate cndutor forn helu n
One
. The hujk Canteuiabtou apaut
seod plali
dnubsdiale Cndeuca) tom Conneclrd to the
guen
Co (esia to
box
Lheu A aea gl gali
diectoe Conutant
sion = am mdeuuta
wheu a tve yolkage ii fomed in
daplakan" Aayes The
domal
fbstaati
tve
undee the gat The
the dinly a vey chasged
cauieu Bimilae eyect
Aegon deplehd Ave voltage a gt
pee nit
bince the magntade
chauge densty,pa
auea
eletonre chage J
&
(onantaton CN),
Ov he
dopding d)
and depth tne Juyate dapletn
 nueaymg gas to snabstdals Voltage alo inueases d
e, dep the cdepletion capautan geun by
Es-deplebn
d- delectu cutant
day dapth
tneae,
deplelon degen il deuease.
A depth fgate lo
substeala
79m substsala
capau(ance em gato to
So30 Zolal be sezaaded
unde depletoou conditiou Co cn
Sewes
Capaubana
OKI'de
berg
eur th Cdep
ca Cdep
Cot Cdep
Cnueased, minnh
As gate volkaye ii the ateatid bousaady
snebshrate)
Cascs Coe or p a t dujaee
ivet the
the guae- This channel Tbu
nvutan yeld
and a ealy am m ude gato
emductrvty Jaye
Aelatuey hugh Co
euny capauäna
ubwch seslie low
Co
Co Cdep dyan'e
 (4)
The dupremi g Capau tane
showm tn
volboge
Lacumlatun
depletam
Linveutn’
Mos Deuia Capaulancw : fuaitee capauln
diagammatic septeauta
bon
A houn belo:
The MO` teaNcstor
halt
chappel Dean
SouLe
Joyeu
Subshal
ale
shown:
com pornent ae
Jn the gog, capaube channel
copautane wAich
Cate to and dain segond
at
Aumped
channel aeapecduly
 oause and dain °lun
de copa ularu
Csb, Cd
Qat to bult capauilanla
teonsitor i
copatansCa g an Mos
The tota gate
gbt ean
an MeS deure
utanos
tehauior
gato Capa scmple mocllu
Ihe tollawcng
explacned in teamu
be
An the
Lcdb
Substsal
Csb
The agzsoxaln
shou
Capaulan
Paeamela oft Linea
x)
Cjd
2A
ton tox
Refeu to the above dgue
accimulalon
When Vko
deue i off
MOS deLia
Hence Cgo= g o
ihee l mo
mo channel.
khe sees
combnabto the
modelled
can be
CCo and Cdep)
Lineae Regoon: Vg -vb 7)Vas
depts Aerauns conebanb
Depletitn Sayea,
gb emains corstant capautares
octe to chnnel capactantas
channel i These
As the sigaticant
now belome
gt' volbage
asedepordant lo isioz
box
Batuatn Reg'on
enVerbed
Hee hannel i to be
cayvam,
pcothed ofA
Zeo naeae
oppeoxunately to tox
3 segon
in the
The
abue
gpabn
 soua ( en metal
catitbubron ds s
n paien) han a Jred pauautve addad t Cg ard gd
asea ard depauabor mut be
Although ione o the gni apawtana
hegtty votag deprdut capautance tor al
te hy doed
hu
Luhe
only vokage
valua d gta volknge Thehiesbod of t iasitor
mot halel oand
aoand
(VE)

Switch thrwf

Co
thu segcoco Sp y
Cox A
cnit
capariance

thio

tox

hinex1 ele thi canes

a
peumit
 ppaoaumated by semply
aat capa it
tatmn above value and onrultplydng

2x

tox lo00 A °

n t taanutor
ú callad
Tbu tl ansútor

arfuton Capa utance he souee

and
gt ditfuscorns fom dh Drffuyen
dlevia
Shalou nt and chael
p
n and ditfuyon

wiseg
Al
aee alo auied a ubslaa te
thet

paitana to and
segs have a capau Sepor

voltaje
BLbsleate bo

eeea
rffuran to subshaf
 SubshalL

(as Bautc mos saudme

Cb) molel
tane

ckeujed ty e peighey
scdewast capacitan can be chaa
Capaur kanca' peu unit dongt
sepielonked by
1btal cd can be (2a2ó)

capacltane
Ge - junct
pephay capaukene
yp
twidth o
extant f cyuio Jegon
 the
contaibulzd y heing
sidewal the channel
The Caga totana
wil be
wcu pue4erna
edu ced by
chanrel
Cantarbutn
depleton segan i Jedu odd the
gelatue

As ditfusion alea becones more cmprtant

ctance
peapheaal capa
1 the
gical drtfuan capa utana. Valucs
ndeuee Coewire) pdeuia Coe wre)
lx16tpF/
lx6t pF/A

tqx62xto t 2x¢)

volbage
f deplebn Jage apend
Benca thicknes
acuos jauncton,
qa ard
both ard P ale

P8)
(v:o)
eAD bia vtj Capa utane
qo pptenhal o.6 V
bult is dopendng n
m
KoxbegCaprutand
It tetweon mdal and Layeu ad the
he snebst& ato Can be ppyo maled ing
mdel. C= Ae wRee
puatd plata t a the
Captut
alea f paeallel plat moetet the dielectc
tngulato thickpes, and
Constart f the inulatng mateial tthe
platr Bat thi appaotma kxoro ijrorw f
freld
tangng felod
lenes extend beayond eolg
The elaCie fied
caputance tekwen uee
taingng
and daun: This inocases oubng capautao atanee

fura Tbis abo en ueawes Ih teu capac a l l e d

ts metl and polysiloeoo
field efec.
 As ee ew &hs ase saled, the width l anc
heushts wises tende ko Beduo es than theiu depaaton
Aneneajes ng e Mets
can be tales snto aCcount
Anothee tator wkich
plate
cwben cngConra£)
pasatlol
e u nob
toe Sonall Rometaca
doe a deaen
odel iu that physcae ohmpe paoduad
atual
be Sane a

dista buhd ule dupnd

a
skqnad alo seofanco an
The dostscbueed

dactons, iee
on many the woe
epeolane

Copautañe ff
and loadeopeae Cawed

paopagncon delay ufng

uite, CRc) in the
for vay long Sesútane -
alnce taanmisIN line
apaThù ine efe
ditcbate
ditxhut the
cloncrete.
Lses beaue
Layentend
to ls
Aago treulasly
seuie
Alorg ue
A
pas sesútano
hu Jayee
Joyer
S e u o a l

en termms
Can be epsaenad
 V.
"Ihe sespose ) node J

-(M-V)
netw eiomes
As mumben se cboru in the
eepresLon edu y
the abre

dv

tane per nit donh

3- ley
apauanid pa unit lengh
veloge almy
The soleben fo pioparkn tA oVe Asngth X

uise shous pigpagabin time

tx. Kx k - Cotant
an

AllEnaruely. di nete ana

xemata uynal calay
appao Anr Rcm Cnt)
2

ho f
ho se chon
thü sedots to,
A on betome lasg. pe Lnit wng
2 (- apauilñe
 will be
Tbe etam shouu hat nl delay
uesy
dominat ed by thu Re y t
to opteng dpead
Siqmal paths inosdeeOne stealegy
a long poyene and inset bju
te'ary
Seuotal
the line
Jechong
wdhin hese diurded

bu of dangh
poly secon

oto two

~4

-15

cwith the
assocrato d

Assumig
that he delay ths bu G
the kotat delay
delay r
tp
2.4 ns t by
1 mm

b.

t aituhin n which buea

4.6ns.
misins which
 Tbus Small, Sgnificant
eey
be ottrind thsouf nppaopsialety fiayt
Can be.
setn
by depend on
the bus Zby seslam f
q tu and capa citanco o
theye tevms depénd
The Anpntance of na load copaakan
'audt pasaoelon drkoe
ay be eleuable to e wwde
so ct the

experie f Capautance
uisç hek it nt
f a log
When Re peoduct
deve
addiny
poscbe wefl
So0Doutble metal dayeu
be auanged s
Con
a d m e l a l

Ctantalum, molybdanum) with

Use sLliud
-4
etare od ogde Cn Pc
sheat
empooment
chl peouwdu
Thee
Ibae appeo
wth c l i e :
ayso w r o
diitsebtad Re
A model o accoun t ç
loacling
loaceng en to.
daiuer and eer e .RL
shoun below
Co
 Rs i the daiee
and
ip capa rtane,TRta thePetoy
mped capailaa
calulaled
f the lne.

atana dego auda C a p a u t a n a s

Capn ke able to
ubmaa
to
dta Umportantdelailed layout paahcdtae to the
b desuyn rod
tabla
Gelos
choie layeu
Comment

nax
min
S 4
polyouec field
Paamela
4x16
melad oneu poj
O6 melal ove diesd

4 mlal ore deu

Cing n drffwen

Cmd (pF/m)

Gjan (pfl u ) -
m channel deuta

p-chamel deute

4
6 6
 )xo346-o034pF-4
Cnt Cmely (3x bo
poly
O044 PE

wise largtb daogudean

Wide
electtcal nde es dejned
Foe analyis,paths Cn which deay
connectad smaU n compaiao wih
4egen & Canbe
wch s1yal peopagatn
smau
mall wae lengt, Rc dela
node and
gat delays fo bieated
toeated cy one ele
ctacal

lmmed. Wisee ae
emple capacbue load deyond that
mod el ed c taal lay age
Bo Somne
elo nax leng
de leve
con be ued ay a coteconoect
vanou!
pathsdos
communicab'b
Tw and dalog
fa thot wile delay c o n d e ' e n

atove equaon,
indo
hubsttat 2
The electaceal sules evernng oterionnect path
below table:
typical proces à shtn in

Max leng
do 000
Mlal
2000A
Si'ide

Pay
Difusten

t chang
chaacteitu
inited by the
ata i
cmos
sped of a dischasge the load ca pausrm
The Iuikhong and yhat
teme taban to chage olp transr thron
in a
boo sesu lt
4: An ilp transi to waeds ditchaago
either chages c tou that dentbe Swithng
We
develap sumple modeu
vertee -VpD
cMOS

Voe

Volb
 Vop
Vint)

ae tom lo J
to
wavg
Rise bne tr:- tone for a value
q07 its staody stals q0 bo
to CUavejmmo to
fall fom
tf:- eme tor a
Fall b'me
staz va lue.
it skeady tome dieena tlw p hansitton
me td: -
Dday
(soys level) and
50 pecant ofp levd.
 fall Tme detemiatbn
blbwog hgue shous tioje ckory f the ntransata
p volbage ViocH) changu fom
opeaabng poont as the
n devia i ub o) anol
Zelo vott bo Voo Inibally showo Thrs s
doad capa eter Gr ts chagod bo Vop.
by Xi on chaa ct erist'c cue. to
uab porat
CVg-Yoo) Othe ilp &cnyertes change move' the Vas
Xy flom thee onwasd, t 2ofe oty oyn
ehaeactey'stc Cuave bowasd porot Xs O the

nsetuad
saals
alaao
X2
stals

insbal eatr pont

VpD

Consst sf a nteivals
0 tf uhich capacrtr oltag
(Vonvt)
o.q VDD bo
t whio opact olbnge
 The cquivalent cbti that kores abore behay

VDD

Pms

Vo
Re

nmsdatuuaten nmanlineas
c&)
figla)
when tmos Cn Sateato,
Vo , Va-Vtn
n_( Vop-Vt) -0
2
to Voo.9 Vop
t ti
Vo- (Voo- Vto)
to tet bo
0AVDD
2 d Vo
Bn (Vop -Vto)
Vpp-Vtn
chengeg he imit
2 Cu (Vyn- o. Vo) to emove -ve s
Bn (Vop- Vbn)
to dugcheg
Segren, dhe tfe
when oedevce is io ineae Segen
teng. Mop-vlo to [Link],
Capautr Volkase yootn
V
poloo-vtn) J(oo- vtn)
 13
L4Vop -2o Vtn
folYop-vbo)
ttme) i
the t m te Cfall

t4 and te
CVto-0VDD
2 C
Vb- Vtn
pr(Vap-Ven)
Vtnzl ,
Vtn 0,2 VDD proas
Assumim,

Rie Time
CMS iurty a gimilau ppai
Due to npey 4 tcme).
to otaio taCse
ed
nmus

Vo

n mas

wneae
Salaaton
Pmos in
VDD
2 C Vso-|Vel
t Pr(Voo-v|)
to 4
dedues
Vtp - 02 Vpo,
 Ios equally ged n and pteonau,

tauiee

hw ty han tta., dus to dgeunt

m deuwtel
hnebilte pand
te and t

sthouy anpe t dth fo p deuce rrt be

Ihà
ndevia
tme af that

delay Time
In Mos ckb, dela a ç dormenated bny
Sr'e and tat hne Delay 4
by tdy

The aveage risug and teling

taansitons iu then)
lay e td + tdr
2
CMos

Stmilas stay load:

and dal timges rf an
Jame rse
To haue agploxt malely
Coverter, we should make.

honnel width of pdev'a

Wm- channel width of ndeia -
This inCvealel anea, and dyramie poue
tiay po
R

tà: Wp-ahn
Phpc hnb:
se 4 : bwe' speod f
pmos - cwvdee to balane
gate load, ul.

R - lehnce dacus a
cnvete
each
Cag- ey
Contibuty Gt CJ Prnos
n m o s

(2+i
S o tolal 3le
than f byrse
tewqaui
3(esl+3 leçe

doube t
duu to
Pmes ’ has P/
Case a:
tinv pai R
heri wdt saSane

2 mne
mes Ye, othu
Ldoute)

Wn

Hee doady
tfal t trise
QRx 2xley
= 2lef t 4ley2

changa n P

with Von 5V, Vtne I) Vtp =-I)

Vinvs 2us V lwp-Wa)
Vinydv V(wp e wn )
Switag peymanu peudo nmes (nval
3Rp
3: hayhwd th a qued
Ro Pros regtane d =p
 eteaminat'n condutor sige
lianupat o
metal ton thad
the
fono psage diaect cuut
AConduti xeutteng yandom
Jts caLLjed mditcaton of m a ly
by a
diecaod one cauyed by chasF
itusion qpea ta a Conuty
Caulet This can eult o deteminab
and subsequent ilue f why
Fatou cntluenceng electaoigiabon at e
+ Cwnent densitH ’ yhugt aueluat the peoew
lampeet
Iempeue nuees

maemat
Hqh denuhy ele dionic unet caues gradual eS
atoms wehin Conclucti Moveweut f
metal
Cau
diplae ustal alms
albwe
f corducts, partiulasly
n deteminng nio stye to egtnti wnt
those Jor Vop ahd Vss ib neccsae
in the Cordutor, lf he cwent
deraty J¢
density eonductoi exceals thseshole elue.
a went ay
dicat
then frel that Conduto atorns begco to
n diieto f Cunent flow. If heu is
arnd maye the
atoms
Constsictuon io the corduetor then condueto
the
nove a gate
the segn
Corytrcaon Thç Sesult n wealenig f Contsicbon
ubich eentualley blows like
ike a fuse
Bo ne shoulo we [Link]/Hm to Imalhm
melal wedt both VbD
DD and Vss leoes
Can
tyut gom dedasmanatn vobop cep
Condu tu due to îR dip dn
Jet mio wdth
chaugg anient Eletomiqakon
cnulased
Bometies supply Londudtu camot be
to desis ed uucth. In suh case, ohea techniques
ex\a pnd
tlow coutd be cansideud

Po wes Connmpbon
Componerty that establsb amsunt
Thee ae
CMOS
aapatid
Theg stabe
ae:

olue to leakage cunmts

dusipabn;-
O due to
dynami cunent
) switehing taanstent
b) and distagm ond capacitarn
chagg
 sbatue Disipatbn
Conside a Complementay aAOs
nddea o
Csso ciatd n deuia i off ochannel dece

biased oN and pdeura o of.

VDD. Vpp

Vine0
Vo= 0

Vss

Vo

N+ Nt pt

pwell
1

nsubstat

ecthe
one,. tl ansútor s off
oFf hen
Alung
these statwBne no Cunaot ws co to gte
de cunat
temioal thee a no patn stat) and
Cstiocy
unent
Begutart
etart qusco
quscent

feree powe
hut s hese. stabir disépa kron
Sore drall

due to eunse bias Aeakage Blodon tegn

ard he bsleale Ihe
desdes
litfi'on
ard he pwell
n tijue.
Can be
be. sep1es ernted a shoun
these pouasi te oiee) aue ordy deatage
As
Cunet crtaibule to, tatrz powe dusvpatiö
cnont i desinibed by dio ole
Yhe loaka
equab : -)
aliao cwent
s = leueye Aatit
diode volbage
Yelectonie chge
K Bollzmanns conutast,.
T temperatuu.
The slat powee disipatin
gupy voltage
deuia loalbage cunent and
Ps es gven a
Tolae stati pouwe
po
2 lealeae unent * suply voltage
Mo: deuias'
 dynamie d sopaton
o to 4 o fem 1to o,
C i g taratin hom eehes a shart
on for
both nard p translstru ae
P
b'me Thç Sesutt in shot ctettit
unert
pulae
Thu cunent i Seguledd o
trom YpD to as
lead.
chage arod drshaige tp capt otoutvue
Vss Yeub
Cn

Von
1he curent pulge trnn
rom ekeh iu dapendsnt
Shrt ceut dissipakror
gte dajo
doad capa ebenca and Can be mdalad
The dyprame disopabin eh
SÜe ad fall boms
dpanii
aai
epebsteor pud The aLug
des thao suuthng
ds equery
waue clp Ven
fang topetsaon
te (Vop-Ve) dt
t [Link])
ument
ranet
ine nmss trastent
cerent
prs
p- dV
t) = Cu
and wt n
for a ilp

Vo
VpD

Cu Vop

Pa
 Voe
Vin

N
Vo

Ps +Pel

eq: Deliunine toue das pabed o ala

lta opead
ung N nvetw
VDD ts Y.
lo Mta and
S

Ps Ny (0-1x16x5)wa ts

N(25x16) watu
 (8)
Chage sha om (tongl wed n

Abru Can be modelad u

Somem volbage on thu bw i sampled

deteamine slato a gren sgial
Thu 3ampemg dampluiyg t

swth
(untadrty wit
and a
g and CA elemert
b)

to guudehg capalans
he
ge associated rth each
be desobed by:
The chag
bo
Swth an
bw
CbVb Switco
Cb
chag s Cs Vs L
bus
Vb- initial volbog
Vs- inital volbag
them
wteh to Connet
When 2 Caautatu
aue oneked
corneked by suitch, cha
Ths ecks voltag Sea
Sedistrbted beo the
n bs: and ead o inconet
leess
Can

The bobal casg gren by

Yesulhant voltoye
i dosed,
ben witco

Ve Bt Cs
chasged),Vsr 0
Vb- Yno (bau tally
Then

To enwe seliable dat arsfe fro Cy bo a,

(bu ap ghsuld domnas
Its necosaey bu enswe
G«cb.
A ueful sle bo

Bialiy Mos Trarut igtat Dimengios

As CMus procases aLe ámpoved ond deie dunenyo
l e sedued, the. CLe te wed uhen

buldrg huf pefmanct citut alo

Kalny Plnaple
First order Mos Staling theory
Ib bued on Const oust tield model ovmueted y
Denasd. deuse
an Mus deute an
4 indi aty the chasacuibxs
auintained and basie opuatonal ehoua
be
pauuud aibcal pauameltu
itevan:
scaled n odelane
aactos
lo Hm eatuy
in
ABhongh git 01deu Jcalarg doeknot gos ope miged
Purmana small dmmengis
deuica fyamana
()

daicaly scaled deuce a obtaened by appyg

a cimenasleu act
al dinenslond
deuie vo lbage
Contenteaton densit'e

The tesetant ejet of uit o4 dal

channel width wy
ngth
H dewie dimeru cors Cehannel ayplred vollayo
i ae vakay
Auncken dapbtu scald by
Oxtde thucknew toncenteaton
dayity N)
con hicbneu d,
and ubslaale
Constnt youa Cunent Ta
and duin to
Vt table
huhdd oltag t dho un an
a o Jahd
aue

P/n shshalo
 Pauaneliu

longth
Width W
deue qat oxida hecbnu tox Ye
pucoubu
tubshata doping Na
elechuc frld anm gaa

Renetant

poua densty
tunant drili
tecnutondutanu qm

aso wald uth pm janctn

Ihe deplabin Jaya can male
h e chamel
SeDdetem how &mall
G thon sm
Bo s-0 diitance should be
abe i able bo
dep labiorn laeu
conto
o enLe that
f the channd.
Owes conduetenle
Bo to Qedue hamel, utdth daglatun Jayoy
sshalo
eued fthat
3hold be be inucased.

aue sCaled
by Yedecen to
demenLony
The deue dede
hanyoy
unent Des iicet denshy
baanútew pe unit
unít area cunent

uhech
Slalw ap by o
a
slalng neasy with
fowee dlenschy
Anothee chaencteite Ps and equnay
dusscpato a1
as the
poweL by
Boto stabt PA d e e a s e

dependert dsstpabzo deuias pe unib

Bcoce no: of
that
Segutant eyect d
area inueaes bay a
Constat.
4emain
dauiay
powe
en owe derihy à
Aemit
An estiation f the selatiorshcp
desved torn thearrodramit
Di Damp t OiaP

lamp- ambient limp. Qia - theumel eotano

pacbage
P-poue dasputon. &e lwatt lich
will Qal e
meas wat of heat eney
ty s'e:
° de wcu This deduw tpesd ctts
in fable
vaiaebn ae
We should ecme thatb
tut ardu appw imab'on grow moe
analyss mod'y sme f the valuw frC aeye s
Slaliog subshate cdopig level by <
mobilih to derease
slugfty So Paopagbon delag
docnet cmpare by detn Yo So powe daspaln
deerease by mre han Vc So powen speeal
Paodut enaun

Limitak f tst ode sa ung: able to scala

cwrag tmpreton { beito V4h Gthreyhold

It gves dimerin
paoataralty to 2uo
theorebrcal
ctral congicleatong
¢ paa
Vtj). Both
doesrot pemit nch behaus'oy in realty fol
tolola
Practeal limitakeny
2xi

for each doping (eevel

it possble tot ebnalt
4
ma
and
channel ensth.
16
 Iotetconnect Jayee sualog
How coteuconn e behaue in
The
He
lntatonmect esis tnee scalang)
*
an cote connet f Salg
R
bl ( W
wcdbh .

S-Aeutuy, t- thi ckney

enceaes sesotanca
by o
dementenu by x,
al
glaled eunes ae more
Thç shows

voltege cp
lene,
Volkage deep along a
lemarn Congtant. But Longe uis
So, vo ltege dea
mean lage absole ceog
hine delay
bdealy, but on
prace
eonstant
4eman "gthu
Aeng1 wsre
not salng
4t degadu dle to
colaonnect te (ome
Summauy: As teayátr get Jmaleu, and D

totleneh Peystne ¢ dlay tnaaae voltage daep and

donsies wowen. These make sgna Paopagtren

paop
powes daluey mone duruet
 icd:
tield u nt a peymae palametw

technalag, chip aa cund Jayout

Yed dajned a ,
cwaye x \ood
totas o cheps

lommon eas ane ued

- JAD
1) edh model, e

A:-chf alsa, dyet derhy

Used d laege chs
2)) Marpby's model

Used
tnacased.

Yield as