Solved Exercises - Logical Equivalences
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ScribdTranslationsSolved Exercises - Logical Equivalences
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ScribdTranslationsSolution manual:
01.The logical formula: A∨ (B∧ C) is equivalent by D.M. to:
a) - A/(B/C) b) - A∧ (B∨C) c) A∧ (-B∧ -C) d) - A ↓
(B↓C)
N.A.
Solution:
a) – A/(B/C)
≡A/[ ( B a n )d] C
≡ ¿ Def
≡ ¿ Def
equiv A or( B and C) Morgan
A o r (B a n d C )≡A/(B/C)
Key: "A"
02. After applying the relevant rules, find by
the equivalence formula for: - (A ↓ - B):
a) B ↓ - A b) - B → A c) - B → - A d) B → A
N.A.
Solution:
( A↓B )≡ [ ( A or B
)]
≡ ( A or B
) Double
A is equivalentDefinition
to B →
≡B→
A Contraposition
( A↓ B)≡ B → A
Key: 'D'
03. The following propositional formula: [(A → B) → C] transforming it only to
Sheffer or Nicod operators, equivalent to:
a) (-A / B)/ -C (A/-B) /-C (A↓-B)/-C
e) (A/-B)↓-C
Solution:
[( A → B ) → C ]
≡( ~A ∨ B) → C
≡∼(~A∨B)∨C
≡∼(A / approximately B)∨C
≡ ( A /~B ) /~ C
[( A → B )→C]≡ ( A /~B ) /~C
Key: "B"
04.The formula: (A∨ - B)∨ ∨ B) is equivalent to:
(A/ - B) / (- A / B)
(A NAND B) / (-A NAND B)
(A / - B) ↓ (- A / B)
(A nor B) nor (not A nor B)
N.A
Solution:
(A/ - B) / (- A / B)
≡[− ( A∧−B )]/[− (− A a n d) ] Def
B /
≡ (− A o r )B
/( A o r −B) Morgan
∧ ( A o r −B
≡−[ (− A o r )B ) ] Def /
∨−( A ∨ −B) Morgan
≡− (− A o r )B
≡ (− A a n d) ∨(−
B A ∧ BIt's
) false
(A NOR B) / (-A NOR B)
≡( A o r −B)/−(− A o r B ) Def ↓
2
) ∧− (− A o r )B
≡−[− ( A o r −B ] Def /
≡ ( A ∨ −B) ∨(−A o r B ) Morgan
(A∨ - B)∨ -A∨ B) ) ∨(−A o r B )
≡ ( A o r −B
Key: "B"
05. The proposition: "If bodies fall upwards, it is obvious that the law of the
Gravity is imperfect.
a) If bodies did not fall upwards as a result of the law of the
gravity would be perfect.
b) It is false that bodies fall upwards and the law of gravity does not
perfect sea.
c) It is objectionable to say that because the law of gravity is perfect, therefore
The bodies do not fall upwards.
d) It is incorrect that objects fall upwards at the same time as the
the law of gravity is not imperfect.
e) Bodies neither fall upwards nor is the law of gravity imperfect.
Solution:
Formalization of the statement:
Silos bodies fall upwards it is obvious that (implying) the law of the
imperfect gravity (denier)
p → −q
Here is missing
d) Formalization:
It is incorrect (negation) that bodies fall upwards.
time that (conjunction) the law of gravity is not imperfect (negator).
−( p ∧ −(−q))
−( p a n d q )
D
