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ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING DRAWING
DRAWING IN ARCHITECTURE
COURSE SYNOPSIS
Hourly volume 30h
A - USES AND OBJECTIVES
definition and realization of the conceptual idea
presentation and validation of the urban, architectural or decoration project
transmission of information and technical details for the execution of the works
B - GRAPHIC CONVENTIONS, RECORDING TECHNIQUES
Neufert, Mittag, graphic representation standards
standards and topographical references for surveys of the existing
C -ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING (sketch, presentation, execution)
conventional norms
regulations, representation and drawing standards (P.A., AMP)
D - NOTIONS OF DESCRIPTIVE GEOMETRY, PERSPECTIVES,
representation techniques
orthogonal projections
drawing of shadows and hidden lines
vanishing point, Notion of dimension 'z', 3D
artistic aspects of an architectural project
E - COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN AND DRAFTING (CAD, DRAFTING)
technical drawing AUTOCAD
architectural drawing ARCHICAD
computer-generated images and animations 3D studio, Sketchup, Photoshop, etc.
INTRODUCTION
The construction of any building goes through several stages, the most important of which are:
the pre-project phase (architectural design); the "execution project" phase
(detailed and exhaustive description of the project).
All plans are drawn in the architecture agencies and engineering offices. They
are then delivered to the companies on the site. The plans, therefore, are messages intended for
to explain to the workers the work to be done.
International conventions have been created for this defining the symbols.
graphics that make up the technical language of drawing and allow all people
engaged in the construction of reading the plans correctly and understanding the project.
It is this process that allows for the realization and transformation of an idea into
construction.
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A- USAGES AND OBJECTIVES
definition and realization of the conceptual idea
Architectural drawing is the only way to expose and present an IDEA.
CONCEPTUAL, born from the imagination of the DESIGNER (architect or engineer), and
intended to be transformed into concrete realization. Diagrams, sketches, colored drawings, or
plans will be the first elements of the architectural project, which will become clearer throughout
numerous stages with increasingly detailed plans.
presentation and validation of the urbanistic, architectural or decoration project
The validation and acceptance by the client is conditional upon their
total and complete understanding of the project, which requires the presentation of drawings of
clear and readable plans, with perspectives and explicit details.
Similarly, the submission of the building permit application file is essential.
before any work begins, must contain graphic documents (drawings)
standardized and complying with all urban planning and architectural rules.
transmission of information and technical details for the execution of the works
Before the start of the work, the complete drawings of the entire project must
to be transmitted to the companies responsible for construction. These are extremely detailed drawings.
precise and detailed, describing and explaining all aspects of the architectural project. During
Throughout the duration of the work, the architect and the engineer, designers of the plans, will provide
detailed drawings intended to enable the exact realization of all components of the project,
the structural work, masonry, carpentry, coverings, etc.
B - GRAPHIC CONVENTIONS,
Survey Techniques
To be able to establish logical, readable architectural drawings,
understandable and usable, it is necessary to apply and adhere to all standards
concerning the design, form, and execution of the project.
These fundamental elements are exhaustively detailed in the work of
the German architect and professor Ernst NEUFERT, which he published for the first time in
1934: "the elements of construction projects" (Dunod.)
Architectural drawings aim to represent in a more or less
detailed all the construction elements making up a project, 'from the foundations
up to the last layer of paint,” according to the definition of Martin MITTAG, author of
the work titled "Practice of Building Construction" (Eyrolles), in which are
listed and represented all execution details (and thus drawing) of the foundations, walls,
roofs, stairs, doors, windows, plumbing, electricity, heating, etc.
International conventions related to 'architectural design' concern:
the different figures and plans
the modes of representation
the dimensions of the drawing support (the formats)
the scales of representation and units of measurement used
the meaning of hatching
the 'written' information on the plan (dimensions, allocation of spaces, legends).
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1. THE TOOLS FOR PRODUCING DRAWING
The plans are executed either on professional drawing boards or on a computer.
with the help of appropriate software.
Drawing board work requires a set of small materials: pencils,
mechanical pencils (from soft to hard), erasers, graduated rulers, T-square, cutter, set square, protractor
compasses, pistols and (smooth) parrots, grids, colored pencils, Chinese ink pens,
etc.
To carry out the execution of plans on a computer, it is necessary to have one or more
appropriate software, a table to digitize, a printer for small formats (A4 and A3) and
a tracer for larger formats.
2. DEFINITIONS
1-Plan: ground projection of a building cut by a horizontal plane at a height
conventional of 1.20 m.
2-Coupe: projection of a building on a vertical secant plane whose location is
Choose the best way to show the essential elements (staircase primarily).
3-Section is the drawing of the parts contained in a section plane to the exclusion of the
works located behind this plan.
4-Facades: overall elevations of the various faces of a building. These facades
can be shaded or tinted.
5-Details: drawings in general at large scale, providing construction details
or a more accurate representation of shapes and profiles.
6-Device blueprint: it is also referred to as layout to define the exact representation
from the arrangement of the elements composing a floor or a wall, whether it is made of stone,
bricks, ceramic tiles, zellige, marble, parquet or paneling, etc.
3. ARRANGEMENT OF VIEWS
For the same building, it is recommended to place all the drawings on the same
"board" provided that it is easily manipulable in terms of bending and easily.
legible. The ideal dimension is 1.50 m x 0.90 m. If all the figures of a project cannot
All being contained in this format, it is preferable to plan for a second 'board'.
rather than enlarging the first one.
On the 'boards', the plans will be placed on the same line as the elevations.
(cuts and facades) on the line below. One must take into account the space of
each figure (drawing) with its dimensions and title, to avoid overlaps
of writing.
The situational plan is positioned under the cartouche, as well as other figures.
potential (aerial view of the site, computer-generated images, captions, etc.).
4. MANDATORY ELEMENTS FOR EACH BOARD
1-the geographical orientation: it will always indicate north.
2- the cartridge that will comply with the following standards and conventions:
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a. Format: the folding is done in the format "21 x 29.73", which is A4 size, and
will allow reading the information without unfolding.
b. Placement: place the label in one of the corners of the sheet in
forecast of folding to A4 format. The angle at the top right is the most
commonly used.
c. The cartridge must contain the information below in the order they
are listed:
City of the project's location
Commune
Place name
Project Title
Land references
exact address
owner
content of the board
scale
date
name and address of the project author
commitments of the architect and the owner
For writing the information on the block, it is advisable to
Differentiate the various indications by diversifying the fonts and their sizes.
5. The SCALES
A scale allows representing the object at a smaller size while respecting the
proportions. A room that is twice as small as a living room will also be so in reality.
on the drawing. A scale of 1/100 means that the drawing is 100 times smaller than in the
reality: 1cm = 100 cm, which means that 1 cm represents 1m.
Scales are only noted with round numbers and multiples of 1, 2, or 5.
like 1000, 2000, 50, 20, 500, 10, 100, etc.
Except in cases of absolutely justified need, it is preferable to limit oneself to only
the scales below:
1- Location Plan: 1/1000, 1/2000, and 1/5000
2- Site Plan: 1/1000, 1/500 or 1/200
3- Level Plan:
a. At the APS stage: 1/200, 1/100 or 1/50.
b. At the APD stage: 1/50
The execution plans will be drawn at 1/50 or 1/20.
1/20, 1/10, 1/2 or 1.
The scale is indicated on the drawing by a coefficient and a ratio (0.02 or 1/50)
One can also define the scale as follows: 2cm per m.
6. QUOTATIONS and LEVELS
They represent the indication of the dimensions of the works indicated on certain
drawings (the plans and the sections).
The geometric representation of an object or structure must, for execution,
include the indication of the actual value (lengths and angles) of all the elements of the
representation (plan). Although this representation is always made at a given scale,
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the performer should never need to take from an element of this representation, a
scale length, which can lead to calculation errors, and in any case would involve
always an element of uncertainty.
These actual dimensions, conventionally noted, in relation to the elements of the drawing.
which correspond to those of the object or the work, are the "codes".
A side drawing allows you to know, at a glance, the precise actual size.
of the represented work and its different elements.
A quote (or pricing) consists of 3 essential and inseparable elements:
The dimension line: we never dimension directly on a line of the drawing. Therefore, we must
always draw the corresponding dimension line for the part of the drawing you want to measure. The
the distance between the drawing and the dimension line is variable, it depends on the layout of the
drawing and the choice of the designer. It is generally straight, sometimes curved, always
parallel to the element in the drawing next to it.
The attachment lines: there are always two, at the ends of the dimension line, to define it.
the limits. The attachment lines can be marked by an arrow. In this case, the same
Arrows of the same sizes will be used on all drawings.
The dimension figures: they are placed in the middle of the dimension line, as far as
possible. The writing of the numbers is always parallel to the reference line, even if it is
inclined and regardless of this inclination. The distance between the numbers and their dimension line
it must be as small as possible, while remaining readable and avoiding overlaps.
General remarks:
If a part of the plan must receive several different dimension lines, place
the one of the small slopes closest to the drawing, and the other lines afterwards, in such a way
hierarchical.
-avoid placing the writing of a mark on an axis line, as well as the
superpositions of attachment lines.
The elevation levels are indicated on the plans and on the sections. They are
affected with a + sign above level 0 and a - sign below this level.
7. HATCHES AND TINTS
The hatching and shading, shown on the plans or sections, are indications
conventional symbols whose meaning must be clarified by a caption (written explanation).
The hatches on the plans can indicate the nature of the materials.
used (to differentiate them), or on the delimitation of specific spaces. The hatching on
The elevations are used for plotting the cast shadows.
8. MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
Three methods of graphic survey are generally distinguished: manual survey, the survey
instrumental or topographic and the survey by photogrammetry.
The manual leveling consists of taking direct measurements using instruments.
classic measurement: decameter, water level, alignment stakes, plumb lines, compass, etc.
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The topographic survey uses optical measurement instruments: theodolite, tachymeter.
goniometer, etc.
The topographic survey can be considered as a verification supplement to the survey.
manual. Sometimes, its use becomes essential to reach inaccessible points. It is
a precision report, especially in the case of integrating the construction into the network
urban.
The survey by photogrammetry uses photography and computer programs.
proposed by digital technology.
These three methods must inevitably result in the establishment of a document.
graphic, which is the restored plan.
First, it will be necessary to synthesize the information gathered by one of the three methods described,
and then establish sketches of the plans of all levels, sections, and elevations of the
construction, on which the dimensions and measurements will be recorded, using a
scale suitable for the size of the building.
Other elements can contribute to the understanding of the report, these are the
descriptive indications, the comments or remarks taken on the construction site, called
construction minutes.
It is necessary to indicate on the drawing board the North, the scale of the drawings, the location,
the date of the report, and the name of the author.
This phase can be carried out directly on a paper medium or using the
IT support.
C - The ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING
All drawings must comply with the conventional standards mentioned in the chapter.
previous.
They must also comply with regulations, representation standards, and drawing.
Terminology of Drawings
The terminology of architectural drawings is defined by the French standard NF P 02-001.
Preliminary drawings
1-The Sketch: a drawing made freehand, intended to materialize an idea or to render
account, summarily, of a given space, or of a precise detail of the construction.
2-The Sketch: a drawing that is a bit more elaborate than a rough sketch, still freehand, intended for
the search for the main lines of architectural party while respecting them quite faithfully
proportions.
3-The Study: drawing executed at an appropriate scale to refine the sketch.
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The Diagram: drawing, to scale or not, intended to highlight connections,
operations, circulation or access, on site, or outside.
Conventional drawings
5-The Preliminary Project: the drawings it contains are executed for the first time using
of instruments, based on the latest study. These drawings are as follows:
• A deployment plan indicating the footprint of the building(s) to be constructed.
in relation to public land, as well as any potential land holdings
public facilities planned by urban planning regulations.
• Architectural plans at the appropriate scales (site, mass, different
levels, assemblies, sections, facades), and any other drawing or document that
the architect deems it useful to attach to the file.
The Site Plan situates the construction in relation to its
immediate environment, a street, a neighborhood, a city; it is carried out at
the scale 1/500 or 1/1000.
The Site Plan, overall plan, drawn to a scale that takes into account
account of the size of the land, intended to locate the buildings in relation to each other
to others and to the boundaries of the land.
6-The Detailed Preliminary Project: this phase is dedicated to the development of choices
detailed architectural and technical specifications, as well as the definition of the nature and
quality of materials to use. In addition to written documents (descriptions, estimates,
etc.) it contains the following drawings:
- Site plan on background of side plan, with location of all buildings, roads,
pedestrian paths, various developments at 1/500thor at 1/200th.
Plan of the buildings with threshold edge placement at 1/200thor at 1/100th.
Plans, sections, and facades of the different components of the project to scale
appropriate, including terrace and roofing plans. The repetitive areas
its features will be detailed at larger scales.
Plans of secondary lots at appropriate scales, showing the identification.
nomenclature and details of the carpentry, the placement of the light fixtures
sockets, panels, riser columns, technical ducts, positioning plan
definitive of sanitary devices and complementary installations, plan of
layout of coverings.
Plans of installations and various diagrams established by specialized engineers.
7-The Execution Project: its objective is to determine in detail, in the form
written and graphic, the architectural and technical provisions necessary for
the execution of the project's works. These are the Execution Plans that are handed over to the
companies.
This set of drawings includes:
the A.P.D. plans, with the postponement of elements of the load-bearing structure, being
understood that these structural elements have previously been the subject of studies and
plans developed by specialized engineers,
the specific detail plans,
the second work plans with details at 1/50èmeor 1/20th, completing
those of the A.P.D., in order to allow companies a good understanding of
project and its execution,
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the plans on which the connections of the project's structures will be reported
to the various existing external networks (road, water, electricity, sewage, telephone,
fire, etc...) provided that these connections have been made beforehand
the object of studies and plans developed by specialized engineers,
the postponement of the installations or reservations of all special equipment
potential as defined with the specialized engineer who prepares them in advance
studied and developed (home automation systems, air conditioning, heating,
special lighting, etc.
8-Perspectives are drawings depicting all or part of a building. They are
established according to geometric, axonometric, or conic rules. They
represent an additional piece of information about the project, generally presented on
large format rigid supports, or in digital form, in images or in video
of animation.
2. THE PLANS
Plans are "top view".
There are different levels at different heights:
1- Master Plan: the height is that necessary for the view of an entire city,
or of an entire region. The scale is on the order of 1/50,000. This plan indicates the
major urban orientations of a city or a region, it defines the areas
of urbanization, indicates the routes of circulation (road, rail), and establishes
the establishment of structuring facilities (ports, airports, stadiums, natural parks and
green belts). The Master Plan is accompanied by a justification report.
2-Development plan: established at a scale of 1/5000 or 1/2000, it imposes, by means of
regulatory, the allocation of areas of a municipality or a neighborhood, between zones
activities, residential areas, local facilities, development roads and
green spaces. The development plan is completed and explained by a regulation
urban planning defining heights, setbacks, servitudes, etc.
3- Site plan, intended to indicate the exact position of the project in relation to its
direct environment, access roads, neighbors, adjoining properties, etc. It is generally legible.
at a scale of 1/5000, 1/2000
4- Site plan, drawn to a scale of 1/1000 or 1/500, depending on the size of the one or more
considered lands, indicates the positioning of buildings on their land support,
viewed from above.
5- The floor plans: these are the plans of each floor of the building, in the basement or
on the surface. Since it is a matter of observing the inside of the building, it has been agreed that the
horizontal section line that will reveal the elements of the concerned floor will be at
a height of 1.20 m relative to the relevant level. This will allow to make
appear
a. The exterior walls and interior partitions
b. The doors and windows
c. Fixed elements (sanitary fixtures, kitchen equipment, and cabinets)
The floor plans (or levels) are drawn to a scale of 1/100 at the Front level.
Summary Project, at this stage of the study, the details of the carpentry of doors and windows as well
that fixed elements may not be indicated, the essential being the positioning of the
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external walls and interior partitions (divisions), with their dimensions (sizes) and their
surfaces, as well as the stairs, the elevator, and any ducts.
For the design of the staircase, the cut will be made at the level of the 7th step, corresponding
at a height of 1.20m. All the steps located above this level will be represented
in dotted lines. It is always necessary to indicate the direction of ascent using an arrowed line.
At the detailed preliminary project stage and the execution plans, the scale will be 1/50 and
All the details will be visible.
3. THE CUPS
It involves 'cutting' the building in the vertical direction, following a straight or broken line.
from the foundation base to the top of the roof.
Vertical cuts are made in places that provide the maximum of
information (stairwell, floor offsets, level differences,...etc.), in addition
windows and doors, in order to be able to quote them.
In a section, the doors must be drawn in the closed position, do not present the
sanitary appliances, do not pass the cut through elements such as conduits,
posts...etc.), locate on the plans the trace of the cutting plane and the direction of observation.
When certain parts of a building are not clearly defined by a single
cuts, we resort to one or more partial cuts, made on a larger scale than
that of the cuts (1/20, 1/10, 1/2).
4. THE FACADES
This concerns the exterior elevations of the different faces of the building or buildings, which
indicating the composition and location of the openings, the treatment of hollow volumes and
prominent, and any element arising from the architecture of the project.
The facades are never dimensioned, and can be presented with or without the cast shadows.
regulations, standards of representation and drawing (P.A., AMP)
D - NOTIONS OF DESCRIPTIVE GEOMETRY,
PERSPECTIVES,
representation techniques
The representation of three-dimensional views is always based on rules.
geometric. Indeed, these rules are those of nature, where proportions, notions of
projection or symmetry, are as immutable as the visual abilities and particularities of
the human being. These are the elements that are faithfully represented, in different ways.
orthogonal projections
Landmarks are located by their coordinates in an orthogonal coordinate system.
formed by three axes (Ox), (Oy), (Oz).
In this mode of representation (parallel perspective), the axes (Ox) and (Oz) are
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represented as perpendicular and have no reduction coefficient (coefficient = 1).
The axis (Oy) is represented inclined, at an angle called 'fleeing angle' generally 30 or
45° relative to the horizontal axis (Ox). For complex objects, the Oy axis can
possibly undergo a reduction coefficient (or leakage coefficient) generally of 0.7.
drawing of shadows and hidden lines
For shadow drawing, the same rules of perspective should be applied. Hold
account, beforehand, for the orientation (direction) of the light. The rays of light from
sunlight should be considered as parallel lines. On the other hand, for a light source
artificial (lamp for example), the rays are diffused in all directions, so no
parallels. This aspect strongly influences the layout of the shadows.
The sun's rays and their direction are represented by a line with an arrow;
the lines pass through the characteristic and prominent corners of the building's volume.
Shadows converge at the same vanishing points as those of the volume.
The rays of the sun being parallel, we will draw as many vanishing lines as there are points.
particulars: corners of openings, top of the door, etc. Vertical reminder lines
then allow these openings to be located on the horizontal plan (by applying the coefficient
of a reduction of 0.8). Thanks to the vanishing points, the final shapes of the shadow will be defined.
vanishing point, Notion of the dimension 'z', 3D
artistic aspects of an architectural project
THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF PERSPECTIVES:
Three main types of perspectives are commonly used. Namely:
1- The cavalier perspective
2- The axonometric perspective
3- The conical perspective
The cavalier perspective is a tool that allows you to represent on a sheet of paper
(in two dimensions) objects that exist in volume (three dimensions). This
representation has novanishing point the size of objects does not decrease when they
are moving away. It is a particular form ofaxonomic perspectiveorthogonal.
This perspective does not claim to give the illusion of what can be seen, but
simply provide information about the notion of depth.
Easy to achieve, it's a naive perspective that does not reflect a 'vision in
space." Often used in freehand drawings, it can produce ambiguity of
representation: an object distant from another may seem to be rather above or below.
This representation was initially used for the design of fortifications.
militaries. The 'rider' (or 'cavaletto') is a promontory of earth (or a stool at
four feet) located behind the fortifications and allowed for a view over the line of
defensive works, and thus to see the attackers' works 4 and thus anticipate their
offensive plans. The cavalier perspective was therefore the view one had from the top of the cavalier
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(The English sometimes use the term 'high viewpoint', in French 'point de vue de
high). Some also argue that it is the view that the rider has from the top of his horse.
Axonometric perspective is an orthogonal projection of the object onto a plane.
vertical, oblique in relation to its main face. The parallel lines remain represented by
parallels and distances are not reduced by distance.
Axonometry is:
isometric if all angles are equal. In this case, the three angles of the edges
are equal and worth 120°. The angle of the vanishing lines is 30" with respect to the horizontal.
The reduction coefficient applies to the escape routes and has a value of 0.82. But for
more speed, for simple works, we use a coefficient equal to 1, so not
of reduction. This perspective is drawn only with the 30° square; for
this reason, it is very used; moreover, it is very pleasant to the eye.
Dimetric: if only two angles are equal. It is used for representation.
of a volume whose upper face is to be highlighted.
There is also the 'corrected' dimetric perspective whose angles are: 105° and 150°.
The reduction coefficients are 0.96 on the height and 0.73 on the length and width.
Trimetric: This perspective is long to draw because the three angles are different.
But its aspect is very interesting in the case of a volume with a square base. The edges
the verticals are then very offset from each other and not overlapped
as in isometric or dimetric perspective.
The reduction coefficients are 0.92 for height, 0.86 for length, and 0.65 for
the width.
This type of perspective is very complicated and has very precise drawing rules.
It essentially applies to the realistic representation of architectural facades.
In any case, one should always seek the perspective that provides the maximum of
information about the volume. If some faces are partially or completely hidden.
We will then create a second perspective, viewed from behind. Nevertheless, the perspectives
Axonometric designs are increasingly accompanied by an aesthetic search: this is what 'design' is.
which allows bringing beauty to functional objects: 'joining the beautiful and the useful'.
The conic (or linear) perspectives are the most used by artists, because
they are close to the images formed on the retina of the eye, as long as the angle of vision does not
does not exceed 30 degrees (beyond that, it is necessary to use spherical curvilinear perspective which allows
a field of view of up to 180 degrees in all directions.
Conical perspectives are made to be shown to the public, while the
axonometric perspectives are "tools" that serve as intermediaries between designers in the
design offices and companies on construction sites or manufacturers in workshops.
There are several types of perspectives:
one-point perspective
two-point perspective
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three-point perspective
Two parallel lines always have the same distance between them by definition.
from the observer's point of view, this distance decreases, inversely proportional to the distance,
until the two lines become indistinguishable. Their representation ultimately ends up
to converge at a point, which is called the vanishing point.
It is not necessary for the parallel segments to continue until they merge.
nor that the point of convergence is in the table, so that we can use this property for
construct the geometric envelope of the subject. The drawing contains two types of points, those
which represent a point of the subject, and the construction points, including the vanishing points.
All parallel lines converge to a single unique vanishing point, which is
thus characteristic of a direction in space. Because they seem to 'flee' towards their
vanishing point, the lines represented on the canvas are sometimes referred to as receding lines.
The "main point" of perspective is the vanishing point determined by the
direction perpendicular to the plane of the board.
Each direction in space is associated with a vanishing point.
There is a very particular vanishing point that is located in the direction and at the
height of the gaze. It is sometimes called the main vanishing point or the center of the
perspective. It is the point used in constructions known as one-point perspective.
Structures called with two vanishing points refer to the notion of vanishing line.
Non-escaping lines (known as frontal) are those that are perpendicular to the
direction of the main vanishing point. They maintain their parallelism in the drawing to the
difference from all the other lines. In other words, for two parallel lines in the
parallel realities in conical perspective view, it is necessary and sufficient that their direction
be perpendicular to the line of sight.
The height of the viewpoint, defined by a horizon line, as well as the distance to
the object are also decisive for the effect of perspective. All vanishing points
those located below the horizon line will 'flee' from bottom to top, and vice versa for those
located above this line.
E - CONCEPTION
AND COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN (CAD, DAO)
technical drawing AUTOCAD
AutoCAD is a software used for drawing various objects and
also architectural plans. It consists of the use of 'lines' that do not represent
nothing more than what we wish for them to represent. This software offers a possibility of
3D drawing using the "extrude" functions (Z axis) and "hide" (removal of lines)
hidden).
Autocad is currently used by engineers and various companies.
construction. It is, in Morocco, the most widely shared software among the different stakeholders in
a construction project. The architectural plans must always be able to be transmitted to
DWG format which is the format of Autocad.
One can therefore consider that this software is preferred for technical drawing.
architectural drawing ARCHICAD
As its name indicates, this software is dedicated to architectural drawing. It allows you to
to manage and configure all elements of an architectural project, walls, slabs, columns,
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beams, as well as the libraries grouping many structural and equipment objects
or furniture. The use of this software is extremely simple thanks to a
clear and structured presentation of available tools.
Archicad has a very advanced palette for 3D views and allows for rendering.
realistic photo
synthetic images and animations 3D studio, Sketchup, Photoshop, etc.
Many software programs allow the development of sufficiently synthetic images.
specific to be integrated into real photos of a site. The synthetic images can
concerns both, and with as much detail and precision, both the interior and
the exterior of a building.
Video animations are also developed using this kind of software.
All manufacturers of this software offer specific and effective training for
moment of its acquisition and even afterwards, during training or presentation seminars
new versions.
Documentation :
