Horticulture Questionnaire
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ScribdTranslationsHorticulture Questionnaire
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ScribdTranslationsHORTICULTURE QUESTIONNAIRE
Nicolás Morales
2021-01-19
What is Horticulture?
It is the technique of cultivating plants that are developed in gardens. The term
it etymologically comes from the Latin words hortus (vegetable garden) and colere
(cultivation). Basically, it is the planting of plants in a garden, the same ones that can
be: vegetables, fruit trees, ornamental or medicinal plants.
2. What area does Horticulture encompass?
Phytotechnology
What is olericulture?
Olericulture is a branch of horticulture that studies all aspects
related to the planting and cultivation of vegetables (herbaceous species),
legumes and vegetables, whose harvests are brought to the market as a product
fresh and also deals with the cultivation of medicinal and ornamental plants.
Oleus=plants for cooking
Colere = to cultivate
4. Vegetable growing is divided into extensive, intensive, family, and forced.
define each of the terms
Extensive: It refers to the production of vegetables in large volumes, obtained from
considerable surfaces whose destination is mainly the large centers of
consumption and distribution and the export markets.
The extensive production system is characterized by large areas of
land planted with a single crop and where machinery is used extensively
specialized for the management or harvest of the crop in question, therefore another
A characteristic of this production system is the high utilization of machinery and the
reduction of labor. It is common to find onion harvesters,
carrots, and in other cases even tomatoes, whose use is more for the
canned food industry
Intensive: It is the one carried out on small surfaces using several
vegetables, keeping the land occupied all year through rotations
appropriate vegetables, whose sale is mainly intended for local markets.
The intensive production system, in open fields, as its name suggests, makes
a better use or dosing of the factors of production, especially of the
controllables, such as fertilization, pesticides, and sometimes irrigation water
They are small area plantings in which we find a variety.
of vegetables mainly intended for the family consumption of those who grow them.
This type of planting can be seen with small farmers and their entire family.
the area allocated for this activity remains occupied as much as possible
through rotations with crops of their preference. This activity does not give rise to a
economic exchange due to the self-sufficiency nature of production
assume.
Forced: Exploitation of vegetables that is practiced under cover, in structures
specialized such as low and high tunnels (micro and macro tunnels) and greenhouses.
They are operations that require large initial investments and technical personnel.
very specialized and are carried out in order to obtain out-of-season products
or even all year round and with that, be able to access better prices. However, if you
consider the market to which vegetable products are destined, there are
differences in the type of exploitation of these crops.
5. What are the characteristics of a vegetable?
They have short vegetative periods (85-100 days)
They are small.
They have high cellulose content and low lignin content.
Son from quality
6. What is a garden?
Small irrigated land intended for vegetable cultivation.
legumes and fruit trees.
7. Describe the Centers of Origin of Vegetables
Chinese Center: Soybean, radish, Chinese cabbage, scallion, and cucumber
Indo-Malay Center: Eggplant, mung bean and cucumber
Indo-Afghanistan Central Asia: Onion, carrot, pea, garlic, fava bean,
spinach, mustard, mung bean.
Near East: Lupin Lentil
Mediterranean Center: Celery, asparagus, beet, turnip, and cabbage
Abissinia Center; Ocra. Watercress and cowpea.
Central Mexico-Central America: Paprika-chili, alcayota, pumpkin, tomato, cucumber
sweet, cassava, potato, sweet potato, and corn
8. What is a Botanical variety?
It is a botanical population within the same cultivated species that is different.
in one or more characteristics.
9. What agronomic characteristics do the families present?
Genetic similarity
Group of genres
Similar physiological responses
Management, pests and diseases
10. What is a cultivar?
It refers to agronomic characteristics, not botanical ones, for example,
to carry out the necessary agricultural work on the land to plant crops in it
seeds or to care for what has been planted and obtain fruit from it.
11.Describe the classification of vegetables according to their life cycle.
Annual: when its cycle lasts less than a year. That is, the plant
it completes its vegetative and reproductive cycle in the same year of planting.
For example: Swiss chard, eggplant, bell pepper, tomato, lettuce, cauliflower, spinach,
sweet corn
●Biennials: when their cycle lasts more than one year and less than two. That is,
the plant develops its vegetative system in its first year and in a second
year produces its reproductive system. For example: garlic, onion, beetroot,
parsley, carrot.
Perennials: They develop their vegetative and reproductive system in the same year.
but because they have underground reserve organs, although their
air system decays, the plant regrows in successive years. For
potato, asparagus.
●Perennials: Plants whose vegetative and reproductive systems remain alive
for years, unless extreme temperatures or diseases eliminate them.
For example: the artichoke.
12. Describe the classification of vegetables according to their part.
edible
Flower vegetable: Notably, these are those whose part
edible grows from a stem or thin trunk in the form of
(similar) to a flower, the most well-known is the artichoke, cauliflower
Fruit vegetable
● Leafy and stem vegetables: These correspond to the vegetables that
they stand out on the surface in the complete form of stems,
branches or their leaves, the most known of all are the Swiss chard and
the spinach.
Fruiting vegetables: Should not be confused with the subspecies of
foods considered fruits, but rather the term is used
to refer to those vegetables that can be
consumed in their entirety, with the proper exception of the seeds
internals of them such as the pepper, tomato, pickle.
Root vegetable: They are those that constitute the root of the plant.
plants, in effect, must be extracted from the ground for their
total consumption. It should be considered that once they have germinated,
they must be extracted immediately, otherwise they may
start to ripen or become very soft, the most common of
Everything is constituted by the carrot.
13. Describe the classification of vegetables according to their tolerance to
sales.
High (12 to 20 mS). Tolerant
● Media (4 to 10 mS). Moderately sensitive
Low (1 to 4 mS). Sensible
14. Describe the classification of vegetables according to their tolerance to pH.
Allows selecting the most suitable ones for a condition in each group.
I usually adjust or amend the pH condition to make it suitable for the species.
allows selecting in each group those most suitable for a condition of
I usually alter or amend the pH condition to make it suitable for the species.
Slightly tolerant to acidity: pH 6.8 - 6.0
Moderately tolerant to acidity: pH 6.8 - 5.5
Highly tolerant to acidity: pH 6.8 - 5.0
15. Describe the continuous production of vegetables
Market
Seedling Production
Production of plants in lands o greenhouses
16. Describe the botanical characteristics of the beet.
Beetroot is a biennial herbaceous plant, although for the
the consumption of its fleshy root is cultivated annually.
The edible part is a stem (swollen hypocotyl) and the bulb is
purple.
The reddish or purple color characteristic of most varieties
the cultivated ones are due to the pigment betanin or betacyanin
It is composed of clear (Xylem) and dark concentric rings.
(Phloem).
It has a deep root system that can reach 1.80-2 m.
The floral stem of the beet reaches up to 1.20 m.
The leaves seem to form a tuft or rosette on the stem. The
the leaf is oval and of a deep green to purple color, depending on the
cultivated variety. The petiole is long, red, purple or
yellowish
The flowers appear on the branching of the floral stem.
hermaphrodites and sessile. Several flowers group together forming a
glomerulus, that is to say a semi-woody structure that is known as
seed
The true seeds are inside the glomerulus, which
It generally contains two to six very small seeds.
17. What type of climate favors the cultivation of beets?
Prefers mild, humid climates, although it is relatively easy
Adaptation, the optimal germination temperature, is 25°C.
18. Describe in which soils beetroot is sown.
Beets require loamy soils with good structure that allow for
development of the root. However, it grows well in sandy soils
like in clay soils.
The crop is favored with a pH close to neutrality (6.5-7.5), if
Well, with basic pH (8.0-8.5), high yields are achieved.
Tolerates salinity (10 to 12 mS.cm-1).
19. What are the recommended sowing densities for
beetroot?
According to Valdez A 1994, there is between 10 kg-ha planted in a single row and 15 kg-
have a double row.
20. Describe how beet is transplanted.
Seeds can be planted using seedbeds at the beginning of winter.
to transplant the seedlings when the leaves are 7 to 8 cm.
When removing the seedlings, it should be done carefully to avoid damaging the plant.
When the plants are 8 centimeters tall, the weakest plants should be removed.
weak.
It is important to remove invasive plants from the growing area.
beets, as they compete for resources and nutrients.
Roots should be kept out of direct sunlight, as they can
harden. It is possible to cover those exposed roots with soil or straw.
The root of the beetroot oleracea is harvested 90 days after sowing.
when it measures between 3 to 7 centimeters in diameter.
The harvest should not be done late, as the roots may remain
fibrous.
21.Describe the botanical characteristics of the carrot.
The internal and external color of the roots is due to the amount of pigments.
called carotenoids
Pubescent green leaves
They are bipartite or tripartite of serrated or lobed segments.
Flowers are subglobose, white, and pentamerous, the inflorescence is a
umbrella
Hirsute and branched floral stem that can reach more than 0.5 to 1m in height.
The flowers have protandry, meaning that the male flower matures before.
the feminine
● Diacene fruit, the seeds are brown, elliptical and small.
3mm
22. What type of climate favors the cultivation of carrots?
The optimal temperature for germination (20-25°C) and for development of the
carrot is found between 16 and 21 ºC, with the minimum temperature for
guarantee a good production of 9 ºC, on the contrary, high temperatures of
more than 28 ºC, cause an acceleration in the development processes of the
carrot
23.Describe in which soils carrots are planted.
Regarding soil types, carrots require soils that support
salinity, with sandy texture being the most suitable, must be rich in organic matter.
The ideal pH should be in the range of 5.5 to 6.8
24. What are the most recommended planting densities for
Carrot?
The seeding density ranges from 3 to 4.5 kg/ha
25. Describe in what soils tomatoes are planted.
Regarding soil types, tomato requires well-drained and deep soils.
with textures being loamy, sandy-loamy, sandy-silty, and silty being the most
suitable. The ideal pH should be slightly acidic, in the range of 6.2 to 6.8.
26. Describe the cultural practices of the carrot.
Soil preparation
The land preparation usually consists of deep work (subsoiling or
plowing), followed by a more superficial work of grading or cultivation. The bed of
sowing is prepared with a work of rotary tiller and an adapted finisher
depending on whether the crop is carried out in flat land, furrows, or plateaus. They usually tend to
use 1.5 m plateaus and four planting bands.
Sculpted
It is carried out practically throughout the year. If the sowing is done by broadcasting, it
about 80 g of seed will be used per area, leaving the final distance between
plants of 15 x 20 cm, which suggests that if they remain at shorter distances
thinning of plants will have to be carried out. The seed must remain at a
depth of about 5 mm.
Normally, planting is done with a pneumatic seed drill and bare seed or
calibrated in bands, at a dose that ranges between 1.8-2.3 million seeds per
hectare.
Irrigation.
It is quite demanding in irrigation during summer cultivation and especially when it
it is about dry soils.
Weeds.
Carrots are one of the vegetables most sensitive to competition with weeds.
herbs, therefore, protection during the early phases is essential.
27. Consult the varieties of carrots that are cultivated in Ecuador.
In the country, some varieties of the type are grown: Chantenay and Chantenay Red.
Cored. Within this type of carrot, it is also available in the national market.
offer of hybrids such as Cupar, Cascade, and Carson.
28. Describe the botanical characteristics of the tomato.
It is an annual or perennial herbaceous plant.
The stem is upright and cylindrical in the young plant; as it grows, the
the stem falls and becomes angular.
It features villi in most of its organs and glands that
a green aromatic substance is secreted.
It can grow up to 2.50 m, branches abundantly and has
axillary buds.
The fruit is a red berry low in casein, whose size is variable.
from 3 cm in diameter to 16 cm.
The leaves are compound, they are inserted on the various nodes in a shape
alternates. The limbo is divided into seven, nine, and even eleven
leaflets. The upper side is green and the underside is grayish.
It presents inflorescences that can be of four types: simple raceme, cyme
unipara, bipara and multipara; being able to have up to 50 flowers per
bunch.
29. What type of climate can tomatoes be grown in?
The altomatele likes warm climates; it dies with frost (temperatures below 0º)
C). The optimal temperatures for their growth are around 25º C.
the day and between 15 and 18º C at night.
30. Describe how to transplant a carrot.
Water the seedbed and then carefully extract the seedlings from the soil.
Hold the stem and pull gently.
Take a pencil or similar tool
Select the area where the carrot seedling will be placed
Place the seedling's roots in the hole, push the soil around it.
stem with the hand
Finally water the area where the carrots were transplanted.
31. What are the most recommended planting densities for
Tomato?
If it is done randomly or in rows, 5-6g/m2 is used, which gives a planting density.
from 750 to 1000 plants per m2. When done by transplanting, 25,000 plants per
hectare.
32.Describe how to transplant the tomato.
It is carried out approximately between twenty-five and thirty days after sowing,
according to the quality and vigor of the plant,
The seedlings should be transported from the nursery to the field during the cool hours of
in the morning or after three in the afternoon and must be placed in a site
shading, to prevent the drying out and dehydration of the seedlings.
In the field, once the ridges are prepared, holes are made with the help of a
small, ensuring that they remain in a straight line and that they are of the same size
slightly greater than the volume occupied by the container that holds the plant that
It will be transplanted. If the soil is very dry, add soil to 2 cm or 3 cm.
from the base of the seedling, which facilitates root growth.
33. Describe the cultural tasks of the Tomato
● Planting framework. The planting framework is established based on the
floor door.
● Training pruning. It is an essential practice in the case of varieties.
of indeterminate growth, as these plants can continue
growing in an upward manner, unlike the varieties with
determined growth. It takes place 15-20 days after transplanting when
the first lateral shoots appear. Senescent stems and leaves are removed,
thus improving the aeration of the neck of the plant and facilitating the execution
of the aporcado. Likewise, the number of stems (stalks) to leave is determined.
per plant. Pruning to 1-2 stems is common.
Aporcado and re-hindered
Aporcado: The aporcado consists of covering the lower part of the plant with
soil after the training pruning. The objective pursued with this practice
that the root system has a larger explorative surface and
consequently, its development is greater.
● Rehollowing: Rehollowing is a variant of the mounding. It is carried out
folding the plant, after being lightly scratched, until it enters
contact with the ground. It is then lightly covered, leaving the bud exposed
terminal and a couple of leaves
● Tutoring. It is an essential practice to keep the plant upright.
and prevent the leaves, and especially the fruits, from touching the ground. In this way,
the overall aeration of the plant is improved and the utilization is enhanced
from radiation and the execution of cultural work.
● Pruning. It involves the removal of axillary shoots to improve the
development of the main stem. It should be done as frequently as possible
to avoid the loss of photosynthetically active biomass and the realization of
wounds. The cuts must be clean to avoid the possible appearance of
diseases.
● Defoliated. It is advisable to remove the senescent leaves to facilitate the
aeration and improving the color of the fruits and sick leaves to eliminate
thus the source of inoculum.
● Topping of inflorescences and thinning of fruits. Both the topping of
inflorescences such as fruit thinning gained importance with the
introduction of cluster tomatoes, it is advisable that the clusters have
a maximum of 6-7 fruits/branch. With these practices, the fruits are achieved.
of the branch be homogeneous and have a larger caliber, and in general be of
more quality.
● Topping of plants. Topping consists of the removal of the shoot.
apical. This practice is carried out in varieties with growth
indeterminate, as they continuously emit floral clusters, being the
farmer who makes the decision to end the crop. When the plant starts to sprout,
It is pursued that the last fruits have a quantity of assimilates.
mayor.
