MEASURING GOVERNANCE

Developing Governance Framework

Abstract
The term ‘Good Governance’ is part of the popular discourse nowadays used
by national, international and government organizations to set benchmarks for
their performances. Programmes like ‘Ease of doing business’, ‘Make in India’
are a few examples where the Indian government has gone out widely and used
the term ‘good governance’ to implement them.
However, the existing literature on ‘what exactly good governance is?’ is insuf-
ficient. Moreover, there is no widely accepted tool for assessing the governance
of a country. The proposed study will try to conceptualize the idea of good gov-
ernance and assess the performance of the government in a country through
‘Governance Indicators..

Mirza Aqdas Beg

MPG17019

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 I

I. Introduction to signify the rule of law in a system. However,

there is a subtle difference between the two.
Governance refers to the way a society sets and
There has always been an ever-increasing effort manages the rules that guide policy-making and
towards improving governance systems of policy implementation 1 . It is primarily concerned
countries to perform better governance. With such with creating a long-term vision for the state. It
efforts, there are no established criteria to inform defines the objectives that a country, for instance,
the government of measuring their improvements. will plan to achieve. Thus, governance is focused
This makes lawmakers vulnerable to allocating on the process that is more concerned with
resources away from the areas that need attention. achieving long-term outcomes rather than framing
Thus, there is a need for an assessment tool which rules and regulations. On the other hand,
will prevent such losses and make governance ‘Governments are specialized institutions that
efficient. contribute to governance’ (Riley, 2003). It is the
concern with institutions that are responsible for
achieving these long-term visions. It decides rules
The existing tools such as Per-capita GDP or indices and regulations and emphasizes more upon
like HDI are good at analysing the economic and allocating resources and producing outputs that
social performance of the government, but they are in alignment with the vision set through
are insufficient to assess the diverse role in governance.
governing across all sectors of human and
economic development. There is a need for a more
comprehensive measuring index to assess the According to the World Bank, governance can be
governance of a country. The independent study defined as the process through which:
aims to better conceptualize the governance and
• Authorities are selected, monitored and
identify empirical indicators which can be easily
replaced
observed. This will create a basic framework to
assess the overall performance of a government, • The capacity of the government to
identify the challenges clearly and help to address effectively manage its resources and
them. The proposed tool will focus on assessing the implement sound policies
governance on the basis of performance of various
institutions in delivering public goods, maintaining • Respect of citizens and the state for the
law and order and promoting economic institutions that govern economic and
development among other criteria. social interaction.

II. What is Governance? Governance is not only limited to democratic

countries. Issues such as education, healthcare,
and public safety are shared by all governments,
To conceptualize governance, we first need to irrespective of democratic or authoritarian. The
identify the difference between government and above definition doesn’t address governance in a
governance. They are often used interchangeably non-democratic state. To encapsulate all form of

1
Public Policy Indicator: A literature Review, UN, 2007

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government, we need to further understand the ‘Social governance provides a moral foundation,
fundamental component of governance. while economic governance provides a material
foundation, and political governance guarantees
the order and the cohesion of a society (Nzongola-
III. Component of Governance Ntalaja 2003). These three functions are common
to all the government irrespective of whether the
state is an authoritative or a democratic regime.
According to the World Bank, governance can be State plays a major role in providing favourable
broadly defined into three components: conditions for other players, i.e., private
organizations and civil societies, to function. Thus,
‘public governance is the core function in
governance’ (Fukuyama, 2003).
• Political or Public Governance: The process
through society manages its affairs. It
includes “activities that are undertaken
with public funds, whether within or IV. Good Governance
outside of core government, and whether
those funds represent a direct transfer or
are provided in the form of an implicit According to the World Bank, Good Governance is
guarantee” (Manning, Kraan 2006). Public the condition when a State efficiently provides
Governance is primarily concerned with public goods of necessary quality to its citizens.
the traditions and institutions by which Hence good governance concerned with not only
authority in a country is exercised for the quantity but also the quality of the goods and
political good2. services provided to the citizens. ‘The policies that
supply public goods are guided by principles such
as human rights, democratization and democracy,
transparency, participation, and decentralized
• Economic Governance: It is concerned with
power-sharing, sound public administration,
policies, the processes or organizational
accountability, rule of law, effectiveness, equity,
mechanisms that are necessary to produce
and strategic vision’ (Cheema, 2005).
and distribute services and goods. It
focuses on policies that promote private
organizations to produce and distributes
good and services in the country. The Human Development Report issued in 2002
insists on “good” governance as a democratic
exigency, in order to “[rid] societies of corruption,
[give] people the rights, the means, and the
• Social Governance: It is concerned with the
capacity to participate in the decisions that affect
values and beliefs that are necessary for
their lives and to hold their governments
social behaviours to happen and for public
accountable for what they do” (Nzongola-Ntalaja
decisions to be taken. It focuses on the
2002).
interaction of civil societies, including
citizens and non-profit organizations with
the state and the society.
To further conceptualize, World Bank classified
These three components work together to provide good governance into three component:
the basic foundation of governance in a country.

2
It includes Human security, Rule of law, Political and Support for civil society, Regulating the sharing of the
civil freedom, Medical and health care, Schools and environmental commons to name a few
education, Communication network, Money and
banking system, Fiscal and institutional context,
2

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 • Efficiency: It is defined as the Traditionally Per Capita income is used to assess
government’s ability to establish the performance of the country. There is a high
predictability in the institutional and policy correlation between per capita income and quality
environment. of governance3. According to the United Nations,
there are three possible reasons for it:

1. Better Governance exerts a powerful effect on

• Transparency & Accountability: income.
a. Transparency: It is defined as the 2. Improvement in governance is the result of a
availability and clarity of information higher income.
provided to the general public about
government activity. Governments must 3. There are other factors as well that interplay for
not only provide information, but also the outcome.
ensure that as many citizens as possible
have access to this information with the
goal of increasing citizen participation. In cases where the phenomenon is not visible, the
UN argues that it can be due to the influence of
b. Accountability: It rests on the elites on the government that shape laws and
establishment of criteria for evaluating the policies that benefits only them. Thus, the rich
performance of public sector institutions. benefits from poor governance and will resist all
This includes economic and financial the possibilities for it to get improved. United
accountability brought about by efficiency Nations believes good governance to be an
in resource use, expenditure control, and essential component of governance. They argue
internal and external audits It improves the that “good” governance establishes a framework
legitimacy of the government. for fighting poverty, inequality, and many of
humanities’ other shortcomings. Thus, they
incorporated the idea into good governance into
• Participation: Participation is an essential the development of Millennial Development Goals
element for an engaged civil society. The as well.
public sector can promote participation by
enacting legislation that strengthens the
freedom and plurality of media, In 2017, Qatar with $65696.39 has the world’s
establishing an independent electoral highest per capita income. However, in the same
management body, and encouraging year, Qatar ranked 123 4 out of 180 countries,
public input into decision making on ‘alleged as a supporter of terrorism, isolated from
government plans and budgeting. Gulf state and participated in serious human rights
For better governance, these three criteria should violation, infringing their right to free expression,
encompass all the three components of the separating families, interrupting medical care and
governance, i.e., political, economic and social education’ 5 . Qatar is not an isolated example.
governance. Countries like India, China, Russia, and other Gulf
nations also lack serious governance in terms of
human rights violation, freedom of expression,
maintaining law and order and freedom of the
V. Need for Governance Indicators

3 5
Public Policy Indicator: A literature Review, UN, 2007 Human Rights Watch, Aug 24, 2017
4
RSF, 2017

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press. Despite having the high per capita GDP,
countries face serious challenges in terms of
governance. Thus, despite being important, per • Monitoring: The tool will help institutions
capita income does not reflect the complete such as the United Nations and other non-
picture of the governance of a country. There is a governmental organizations to monitor
need for a more comprehensive tool that can the social and economic conditions of a
encapsulate all aspects of governance (political, country. They will get better insights into
economic and social) in all countries irrespective of the market, human rights and law and
whether it is democratic or authoritative. order of a country.

V. Uses of Governance Indicators • Private Organizations: The tool will give

private organizations insights into the
stability of a country’s market and politics
Governance Indicators gives an insight into the and help them to make better-informed
living conditions, standards, economy and stability decisions about investing in foreign
of a country to name a few. The scope of uses for countries.
these indicators are infinite, however, I have
pointed out five important uses:
• Research: The tool will enable think tanks
and scholars to get a better insight into the
• Governments: The tool can give governance and enable them to impact
institutions insights into challenges that government and its policies even further.
need to be addressed and will help them
to identify areas of resource scarcity or
abundance. These insights will help the A country’s well-being cannot be reduced only to
government to use their limited resources GDP and productivity because its enterprises and
efficiently and design policies that will its people must cope with political, social and
improve the life of the citizens. cultural dimensions (Public Policy Indicator: A
literature Review, UN, 2007). Thus, there is a need
for a comprehensive index to measure governance
and provide credible insights about a country’s
• Donors: The tool will help donor groups
political, economic, and societal stability. It will not
such as the World Bank or IMF to get a
only enable the state to improve itself by
better understanding of the country’s
identifying its weaknesses but also help them to
economic, social and political discourse.
learn from other countries that have better
This will enable them to make better-
governance systems in the world.
informed decisions about their
investments.

II
4

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VI. Types of Data comprehensive enough to include both subjective
and well as objective datasets. The biases in the
data can be overcome by ensuring a high
The data can be divided into two categories, i.e., correlation among all the sources.
objective and subjective. Objective data are based
upon quantifiable measures such as the total
number of the violent incidents in a year. These VII. Criteria for Datasets
data are desirable since they are easily measurable
and are based upon facts rather than mere
opinions. However, ‘a major drawback of objective To assess the governance of a country, the
data is that it is often of poor quality or not always datasets should be comprehensive enough to
available, especially in the case of some developing encapsulate all the aspects (i.e., political, economic
countries’ (Public Policy Indicator: A literature and social governance). Apart from that, the
Review, UN, 2007). For instance, in the case of datasets gather should be accurate enough to
sexual violence, the majority of incidents are not reflect the phenomenon clearly. OECD has given
officially reported in India. eight criteria 8 that a dataset should fulfil.
According to OECD, the dataset should be:

The lack of objective data has pushed many

agencies to gather data through structured • Relevant: It should satisfy the demands
interviews and other modes of subjective datasets6. and needs of the user
These datasets are highly based upon the opinion
of the individual and his perception. These datasets • Accurate: It should adequately measure
are highly valuable in gathering data where the concepts and characteristics that it is
objective data is either impossible to gather or are supposed to measure
not reliable enough. However, ‘comparability of
• Credible: The data collected should be
subjective data is a major concern as some
replicable. ‘institutions in charge of
concepts relating to governance may not be
collecting the data play a crucial role in
accurately translated due to local cultures and
guarantying their quality, as integrity, trust,
traditions’ (Public Policy Indicator: A literature
and non-biased approach are the
Review, UN, 2007).
necessary qualities such organizations
should have’ (OECD, 2005)

However, contrary to the widely held belief, • Timely and Punctual: The datasets should
Kaufmann et al, found that the standard deviation be frequently available
of the measurement of error in objective indicators
are much higher than that of subjective data7. Thus,
the data to assess governance should be

6
Most of the already existing governance indicators rely heavily on subjective datasets. These includes Polls, Surveys,
Expert opinions, etc. Experts includes civil society members, government officers, scholars and sometimes
entrepreneurs.
7
Kaufmann, Kraay, Mastruzzi, 2003; Governance Matters III
8
OECD, 2005

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 • Interpretable: The datasets should clearly identified four criteria that the datasets should
define variables, definitions, and fulfil. According to the UN, the dataset should be:
limitations

• Coherent: The datasets should be ‘logically

• Generated through a transparent process:
connected and mutually consistent within
The indicators should be replicable and
a dataset,
well documented. The datasets should
• across datasets, over time and across come from sources that are politically
countries’ (OECD, 2005) acceptable.

• Accessible: The source of the data is • Available across many countries over time:
identified and easily accessible. ‘Broad country coverage is necessary for
testing relationships between indicators
• Cost effective: The collection of the and valued outcomes’ (Knack, Kugler and,
dataset should be cost-effective9 Manning, 2012).

• High quality and accurate: The indicators

The United Nations has worked upon their ‘First should measure consistently across
Generation Governance Indicators’ that has countries and values.
resulted in the successful launch of Millennial • Specific: ‘Indicators should measure either
Development Goals in 2015. However, they have a particular set of governance institutions
faced major issues related to political acceptability. or a defined output; and should not be
Apart from that, the indicators used in MDGs also unduly affected by forces exogenous to
lacked specificity. Thus, ‘the first generation of the aspect of government it is trying to
governance indicators has helped to draw capture’ (Knack, Kugler and Manning,
attention to the right issues but the proliferation of 2012).
first-generation governance indicators has not
been accompanied by an improved insight into
practical reforms nor provided any greater traction
While working upon the indicators, these criteria
on reform targets’ (Knack, Kugler, and Manning,
should be kept in mind to make the assessment
2012). To overcome these issues, for ‘Second
more rigorous, accurate and politically acceptable
Generation Governance Indicators’, they have
across the countries.

9
It is considered as a complimentary characteristics by OECD

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 III

VIII. Goal of Governance Indicator military means to hold on to them. The

curbing of inequalities is not only a moral
duty or an act of compassion. It is also a
In its proposal paper Alliance for a Responsible, duty of justice and a condition for long-
plural and United World conceptualised three term peace. Finding ways to ensure the
guidelines that needs to be adopted10. These are liberty of all and the respect for everyone’s
sustainable development, curbing inequalities and humanity is the second objective of global
peace. governance.

1. Establishing the conditions of Sustainable 3. Establishing a lasting peace while

Development: respecting diversity

The history and destiny of humankind are Ecological and cultural diversity aren’t only
more important than the immediate unavoidable realities of today’s world but
interests of a person, of people or of all also a major source of wealth for
humankind. The first duty of governance is humankind. Peace requires acknowledging
to preserve the long term. The current that we belong to the same family,
mode of development has created searching for the common good while
fundamental disequilibrium between remaining conscious of the fact that
humankind and the biosphere. This humankind, from the smallest
imbalance has put the lives of our children communities to the entire human family, is
and grandchildren at risk. Hence, the first united. At each level of governance, it is
common objective is to transform current necessary to guarantee more unity as well
models of development and make them as more diversity. It is our ability not to
compatible in the long-term with the oppose unity and diversity, but rather to
limited resources of the biosphere. consider them as being two faces of the
Material development should be same coin that constitutes, from the
secondary to human development. management of a neighbourhood or a
village to global management, the art of
governance. It is this art that global
2. Curbing inequalities11 governance must practice at the global
level and at other levels.

Sustainable development can’t be arrived

at by allotting the planet’s limited IX. Existing Governance Indicators
resources to a small minority that has the
economic means to acquire them and the

10
Remodelling Global Governance to meet the challenges of the 21st Century;
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Based upon the guidelines, Forum for a new World refugees, the internally displaced and
Governance (FnWG) have selected five specific stateless people. Detailed information on
domains that should make it possible to develop country of asylum, place of origin, gender,
the WGI 12 . They have further divided these age, location and legal status of refugees is
domains into 13 sub-indicators and 37 indexes. available.

The indicators used follow the criteria of dataset • Displaced Person: The data for internal
laid by both OECD and United Nations. Moreover, displacement is drawn from dataset of
bulk of the dataset used in for the indexes are itself Internal Displacement Monitoring
developed by them. Thus, I have used the Centre 16 . IDMC provides verified,
indicators developed by FnWG to further my consolidated and multi-sourced estimates
analysis13. of the number of people internally
displaced or at risk of becoming displaced
by conflict, violence, disasters and
Description and database used for the indicators development projects across the world.

• Conflict: The data is drawn from Political • Political Climate: The data used is that
Risk Services’ International Country Risk produced by the Political Terror Scale 17
Guide (PRS) 14 . PRS’ CountryData offers program, which has been measuring and
political, economic, financial, and social assessing the levels of political violence
data for over 140 countries, in most cases annually since 1980. The Political Terror
back to 1984. CountryData Online is also Scale is a yearly measure of terror inflicted
the only source for current and historical upon a population. The scale is based on
risk ratings for both the International the assessment of violence along three
Country Risk Guide and Political Risk dimensions: scope, intensity, and range.
Services rating systems. Scope is the type of violence carried out by
the state, Intensity refers to the frequency
at which the state employs a given type of
• Asylum: UNHCR 15 database is used to violence, and Range is the portion of the
extract data for asylum. UNHCR was population targeted for abuse.
launched in 1950 and works in 138
countries. Its Statistics Database provides
data, reports and other information • Homicides / 100,000 inhabitants: The
essential for field operations. It also carries dataset used is produced by United
statistical reports on people of concern – Nations Surveys on Crime Trends and the
refugees, asylum seekers, returned

12
World Governance Index; Renaud FRANÇOIS; http://www.world-governance.org
13
I have further changed few indicators based upon availability of data and relevance.
14
https://www.prsgroup.com
15
https://www.unhcr.org/
16
http://www.internal-displacement.org
17
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 Operation of Criminal Justice Systems 18 . • strength of investor protection
This dataset is collected on annual basis.
The major goal of the United Nations • risk of expropriation
Surveys on Crime Trends and the
• quality of land administration
Operations of Criminal Justice Systems is
to collect data on the incidence of
reported crime and the operations of
• Independence: Dataset of Civil Liberty
criminal justice systems with a view to
Index by Freedom House is used for this
improving the analysis and dissemination
indicator. The Civil Liberties index from the
of that information globally. The survey
Freedom House evaluate the following:
results provide an overview of trends and
freedom of expression and belief,
interrelationships between various parts
associational and organizational rights,
of the criminal justice system to promote
rule of law, and personal autonomy and
informed decision-making in
individual rights. The rating ranges from 1
administration, nationally and
(strong liberties) to 7 (no liberties)20.
internationally.

• Protection of Property Rights: Economic • Effectiveness: to measure the

Freedom Index19 is used to extract data for effectiveness of Legal system, ratio of
property rights. The purpose of this index remand prisoners to convicted prisoners is
is to assess a country's degree of used. The data is published by World
commitment to the protection of private Prison Brief 21 , Centre for Prison Studies
property and the way in which the and provides a good overview of this data.
authorities apply this right. The Index of It accounts for 223 jurisdictions which are
Economic Freedom is an annual index and arranged in ‘highest to lowest’ country lists,
ranking created in 1995 by The Heritage enabling country-by-country and regional
Foundation and The Wall Street Journal to comparisons to be made of prison
measure the degree of economic freedom population rates and totals, occupancy
in the world's nations. rates, and proportions of pre-trial/remand
prisoners, female prisoners and foreign
prisoners.
Indicators: Degree of a country's legal
protection of private property rights and
degree of enforcement of those laws. It is • Settlement of Contractual Disputes: The
divided into the following sub-factors: data for ‘Enforcing Contracts’ used in
World Bank's Doing Business report 22 is
• physical property rights used. The Ease of Doing Business index is
an index created by Simeon Djankov at the
• intellectual property rights
World Bank Group since 2003. It is aimed

18
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of-Criminal-Justice-Systems.html
19
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Economic_Freedom
20
https://freedomhouse.org/
21
http://www.prisonstudies.org/
22
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 to measure the costs to firms of business are of use to scholars engaging in analyses
regulations in 190 countries. The study of the correlates, determinants and
presents every year a detailed analysis of consequences of government respect for
costs, requirements and procedures a internationally recognized human rights.
specific type of private firm is subject in all
countries, and then, creates rankings for
every country. • Physical Integrity Rights: The dataset used
is again from Cingranelli-Richard (CIRI)
Human Rights Dataset.
• Corruption Perceptions Index: The dataset
of the Corruption Perceptions Index 23
produced by Transparency International is • Freedom of Press: The data is drawn from
used. It is calculated from a dozen surveys the NGO RSF's 2008 Annual Report:
conducted by nine institutions (World Freedom of the Press Worldwide 26 . The
Bank, Economist Intelligence Unit, index is the result of a survey for more
Freedom House, Nations in Transit, than fifty criteria throughout the year by a
International Institute for Management large number of journalists' associations
Development, Merchant International and organizations partnered.
Group, Political and Economic Risk
Consultancy, United Nations Economic
Commission for Africa, World Economic
• Political Participation: The data is drawn
Forum, and the World Markets Research
from Economic Intelligence Unit’s
Center) 24 . It reveals that the continued
Democracy Index 27 . The EIU Democracy
failure of most countries to significantly
Index provides a snapshot of the state of
control corruption is contributing to a
world democracy for 165 independent
crisis in democracy around the world.
states and two territories. The Democracy
While there are exceptions, the data
Index is based on five categories:
shows that despite some progress, most
countries are failing to make serious • electoral process and pluralism;
inroads against corruption.
• civil liberties;

• the functioning of government;

• Respect of Civil Rights: The dataset used is
drawn from Cingranelli-Richard (CIRI) • political participation; and
Human Rights Dataset25. It annually rates
• political culture
the level of government respect for a
variety of internationally recognized Based on their scores on 60 indicators
human rights. The final CIRI data set within these categories, each country is
contains quantitative indicators of 15 then itself classified as one of four types of
human rights for 195 countries. These data

23
https://www.transparency.org/cpi2018
24
World Governance Index; Renaud FRANÇOIS; http://www.world-governance.org
25
http://ciri.binghamton.edu/index.asp
26
http://www.rsf.org/index.php?page=rubrique&id_rubrique=2
27
https://www.eiu.com/topic/democracy-index

10

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 regime: full democracy; flawed democracy; of the IPU, and 12 regional parliamentary
hybrid regime; and authoritarian regime. assemblies are associate members. The
IPU has permanent observer status at the
UN General Assembly.
• Electoral Process and Pluralism: The
dataset used is drawn from Economic
Intelligence Unit’s Democracy Index. • GDP at PPP per Capita: IMF's 2008 World
Economic Outlook database30 is used. The
World Economic Outlook (WEO) database
• Political Culture: The dataset used is drawn contains selected macroeconomic data
from Economic Intelligence Unit’s series from the statistical appendix of the
Democracy Index. World Economic Outlook report, which
presents the IMF staff's analysis and
projections of economic developments at
the global level, in major country groups
• Women’s Political Right: The dataset used
and in many individual countries. It focuses
is drawn from Cingranelli-Richard (CIRI)
on major economic policy issues as well as
Human Rights Dataset28. It annually rates
on the analysis of economic developments
the level of government respect for a
and prospects. It is usually prepared twice
variety of internationally recognized
a year, as documentation for meetings of
human rights. The final CIRI data set
the International Monetary and Financial
contains quantitative indicators of 15
Committee, and forms the main
human rights for 195 countries. These data
instrument of the IMF's global surveillance
are of use to scholars engaging in analyses
activities.
of the correlates, determinants and
consequences of government respect for
internationally recognized human rights.
• GDP Growth Rate: The data is drawn from
IMF's 2008 World Economic Outlook
database.
• Women’s Economic Rights: The data is
again drawn from Cingranelli-Richard (CIRI)
Human Rights Dataset.
• Unemployment Rate: The database is
drawn from World Bank’s International
31
Labour Organisation dataset
• Female Parliamentary Representation: The
Unemployment rate can be defined by
dataset from Inter-Parliamentary Union
either the national definition, the ILO
Website29 is used. The Inter-Parliamentary
harmonized definition, or the OECD
Union is a global inter-parliamentary
harmonized definition. The OECD
institution established in 1889. It was the
harmonized unemployment rate gives the
first permanent forum for political
number of unemployed persons as a
multilateral negotiations. The national
percentage of the labor force (the total
parliaments of 178 countries are members

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29
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 number of people employed plus all the income, while everyone else has
unemployed). [OECD Main Economic zero income).
Indicators, OECD, monthly] As defined by
the International Labour Organization,
unemployed workers are those who are • Basic Capabilities: Social Watch’s Basic
currently not working but are willing and Capability Index 34 is used. The
able to work for pay, currently available to international network Social Watch
work, and have actively searched for work. designed the Basic Capabilities Index (BCI)
as an alternative way to monitor the
situation of poverty in the world. The BCI
• Starting a Business: World Bank’s Ease of does not only look at monetary poverty
Doing Business Report 32 is used to draw but measures instead a person’s
the dataset. The Ease of Doing Business capabilities of accessing a series of services
index is an index created by Simeon that are of crucial importance in
Djankov at the World Bank Group since development goals. The BCI gives thus a
2003. It is aimed to measure the costs to complementary view to poverty
firms of business regulations in 190 monitoring measured by the number of
countries. The study presents every year a people living below the one dollar a day
detailed analysis of costs, requirements line. The BCI was calculated for 162
and procedures a specific type of private countries for 2009, 163 for 2000 and 163
firm is subject in all countries, and then, for 1990.
creates rankings for every country.
This index is made up of basic indicators
(education, infant health and maternal
health) for which data is available in almost
• Poverty/Inequality: The data for Gini all the countries of the world, which makes
Coefficient is drawn from UNDP, Human it possible to follow closely how much
Development Report33 The Gini coefficient countries are meeting the minimum social
is a measure of statistical dispersion most needs of their citizens. The results of the
prominently used as a measure of Social Watch survey are presented on a
inequality of income distribution or scale of 0 (worst score) to 100 (best
inequality of wealth distribution. It is score)35.
defined as a ratio with values between 0
and 1: A low Gini coefficient indicates
more equal income or wealth distribution,
• Total Ecological Footprint (Production &
while a high Gini coefficient indicates more
Consumption) & Biocapacity: The Living
unequal distribution. 0 corresponds to
Planet Report 36 is published every two
perfect equality (everyone having exactly
years by the World Wide Fund for Nature
the same income) and 1 corresponds to
since 1998. It is based on the Living Planet
perfect inequality (where one person has
Index and ecological footprint calculations.
The Ecological Footprint index measures

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33
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34
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 the necessary per capita surface area The EPI reveals a tension between two
(terrestrial, marine, and freshwater) to fundamental dimensions of sustainable
meet humankind's needs and to eliminate development:
waste. The other index, the Biocapacity
1. environmental health, which rises with
index, measures the per capita surface
economic growth and prosperity, and
area (in terms of agriculture, breeding,
forest, and fish resources) available to 2. ecosystem vitality, which comes under
meet humankind's needs. The positive or strain from industrialization and
negative difference between biocapacity urbanization.
and ecological footprint is the basis for the
index. Good governance emerges as the critical
factor required to balance these distinct
dimensions of sustainability.
• Environmental Performance: The data is
drawn from Environmental Performance
Index by Yale University 37 . The 2018 • Human Development Index: The Human
Environmental Performance Index (EPI) Development Index 39 (HDI) is a summary
ranks 180 countries on 24 performance measure of average achievement in key
indicators across ten issue categories dimensions of human development: a long
covering environmental health and and healthy life, being knowledgeable and
ecosystem vitality. These metrics provide a have a decent standard of living. The HDI is
gauge at a national scale of how close the geometric mean of normalized indices
countries are to established for each of the three dimensions.
environmental policy goals. The EPI thus
offers a scorecard that highlights leaders
and laggards in environmental • Happiness Index: The data is drawn from
performance, gives insight on best World Happiness Report available at
practices, and provides guidance for National Economic Foundation40. The first
countries that aspire to be leaders in World Happiness Report was published in
sustainability. April, 2012, in support of the UN High Level
Meeting on happiness and well-being.

• Environmental Health: The data was

suspended in 2015 and merged in • Well-Being: The data is drawn from Happy
Environmental Performance Index. Planet Index 41 . The index for personal
subjective well-being is the result of a
combination of economic well-being,
• Ecosystem Vitality: The data is again drawn environmental well-being, and social
from Environmental Performance Index38. wellbeing 42 . The Happy Planet Index

37
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38
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39
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40
https://worldhappiness.report/ed/2017/
41
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 measures what matters: sustainable The Satisfaction with Life Scale represents
wellbeing for all. It tells us how well the overall satisfaction level as one
nations are doing at achieving long, happy, number. Whilst collecting data on
sustainable lives. subjective well-being is not an exact
science, the measures used are very
reliable in predicting health and welfare
• Satisfaction with Life Index: The data is outcomes.
drawn from Satisfaction with Life Scale43.

IV

IX. Components of Good Governance

The variables selected for the Governance Framework explains all the components of the good governance
(i.e., efficiency, transparency, participation, and participation)44. Thus, the final framework will assess
governance of the countries on the same criteria.

X. Rescale Data

The data collected from the different sources ranged from ratings, indexes to percentage. These raw data are
further rescaled in the scale of 1-10. The rescaled data will be comparable to each other for further analysis.
The missing data is replaced by the mean of the indicator

x − lowestvalue
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑎 = 10 { }
lowestvalue − highestvalue

XI. Data Analysis

Once the data is comparable, I have created a correlation matrix to understand the relationship amongst all
the variables. The variables where correlation is 0.70 and above are dropped. However, to maintain the
quality of the information, I have further done Principle Component Analysis. Variables that were explaining
least information were dropped to ensure that quality of information of the database.

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44
Appendix 3

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 F IGURE 1. CORRELATION MATRIX

Eigenvalues
Dim 1 Dim 2 Dim 3 Dim 4 Dim 5
Variance 12.193 3.08 2.604 2.107 1.651
% of var. 34.837 8.801 7.44 6.021 4.718
Cumulative % of var. 34.837 43.638 51.079 57.079 57.1

F IGURE 2. P RINCIPLE COMPONENT ANALYSIS

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 Variables Contribution
Asylum -0.728703031
Conflict -0.606849254
Political Terror Scale -0.496963354
GDP Growth Rate -0.153503638
Electoral Process and Pluralism 0.047699667
Internal Displacement 0.065802
Female Parliamentary Representation 0.174482761
Gini Coefficient 0.204453212
Political Participation 0.213903401 Dropped Variables
Physical Integrity Rights 0.216411746
Freedom of Press 0.219395207
Homicides 0.274377368
GDP at PPP per Capita 0.275326431
Political Culture 0.289465072
Independence 0.311711403
Unemployment Rate 0.314371593
Remand Detained Prisoners 0.371205764
Ecosystem Vitality 0.471024481
Starting a Business 0.584888938
Enforcing Contracts 0.664870296
Satisfaction with Life Index 0.732375336
Property Rights 0.824367245
Environmental Performance 0.831497708
Total Biocapacity 0.862666398
Corruption Perception 0.880440403
Environmental Health 0.890585948
Well Being 0.916906563
Human Development Index 1.010579781
Happiness Index 1.017472664
Total Ecological Footprint-Production 1.042958714
Basic Capabilities Index 1.217306082
Total Ecological Footprint-Consumption 1.294116827
Respect for Civil Rights 1.535538133
Women’s Political Rights 1.548510804
Women’s Economic Rights 1.598418902

XII. Result

After reducing all the variables, I have further classified them into the three domains of the governance (i.e.,
Political, Economic and Social). The final index comprises of 3 components, 5 indicators and 22 indexes. The
mean score of all the countries will be calculated and grouped together into three, i.e., red, yellow and green
to indicate the level of governance.

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 T ABLE 1. NEW G OVERNANCE I NDEX

Governance Indicators
Components Appendix Indicators
Asylum
Peace & Security Internal Displacement
Homicides
Remand Detained Prisoners
Rule of Law Enforcing Contracts
Political Corruption Perception
Freedom of Press
Political Participation
Human Rights/Par-
Political Culture
ticipation
Women’s Economic Rights
Female Parliamentary Representation
Unemployment Rate
GDP at PPP per Capita
Economic
GDP Growth Rate
Starting a Business
Sustainable Devel-
Gini Coefficient
opment
Basic Capabilities Index
Total Ecological Footprint- Consumption
Social Total Biocapacity
Ecosystem Vitality
Human Develop- Happiness Index
ment Satisfaction with Life Index

Based upon the framework, I have calculated the Governance Scores for 189 countries and ranked them
accordingly45.

45
Appendix 4

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Appendix 1: World Governance Indicator46

T ABLE 2. WORLD GOVERNANCE I NDEX

Indicator Sub-indicator Index

Conflicts

National Security Refugees / Asylum Seekers

Displaced Persons

Peace / Security Political Climate

Degree of Trust
Public Security
Violent Crime

Homicides / 100,000 inhabitants

Ratification of International Treaties

Body of Laws
Protection of Property Rights

Independence
Rule of Law
Legal System Effectiveness

Settlement of Contractual Disputes

Corruption Corruption Perceptions Index

Respect of Civil Rights

Respect of Physical Integrity Rights

Civil and Political Rights
Freedom of the Press

Violence against the Press

Human Rights / Participation
Participation in Political Life

Participation Electoral Process and Pluralism

Political Culture

Women's Political Rights

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 Women's Social Rights
Discrimination / Gender
Women's Economic Rights
Inequalities
Female Parliamentary Rate

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita

GDP Growth Rate

Economic Sector
Inflation Rate

Ease in starting a business

Poverty Rate / Inequalities (Gini

Coefficient)
Sustainable Development
Social Dimension Unemployment Rate

Ratification of International Labor Law

Treaties

Ecological Footprint / Biocapacity

Environmental Dimension Environmental Sustainability

Environmental Performance Index

Development Human Development

Human Development Subjective Well-being

Well-being / Happiness
Happiness

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Appendix 2: Contribution of Individual Variables

T ABLE 3. CONTRIBUTION OF INDIVIDUAL VARIABLES

Variables Contribution
Asylum -0.728703031
Conflict -0.606849254
Political Terror Scale -0.496963354
GDP Growth Rate -0.153503638
Electoral Process and Pluralism 0.047699667
Internal Displacement 0.065802
Female Parliamentary Representation 0.174482761
Gini Coefficient 0.204453212
Political Participation 0.213903401
Physical Integrity Rights 0.216411746
Freedom of Press 0.219395207
Homicides 0.274377368
GDP at PPP per Capita 0.275326431
Political Culture 0.289465072
Independence 0.311711403
Unemployment Rate 0.314371593
Remand Detained Prisoners 0.371205764
Ecosystem Vitality 0.471024481
Starting a Business 0.584888938
Enforcing Contracts 0.664870296
Satisfaction with Life Index 0.732375336
Property Rights 0.824367245
Environmental Performance 0.831497708
Total Biocapacity 0.862666398
Corruption Perception 0.880440403
Environmental Health 0.890585948
Well Being 0.916906563
Human Development Index 1.010579781
Happiness Index 1.017472664
Total Ecological Footprint-Production 1.042958714
Basic Capabilities Index 1.217306082
Total Ecological Footprint-Consumption 1.294116827
Respect for Civil Rights 1.535538133
Women’s Political Rights 1.548510804
Women’s Economic Rights 1.598418902

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Appendix 3: Variables explaining Components of Governance

Indicators Efficiency Transparency Accountability Participation

Conflict Yes Yes

Asylum Yes

Internal Displacement Yes

Political Climate Yes Yes

Homicides per 100,000

Yes Yes
habitats

Property Rights Yes Yes Yes

Independence Yes Yes Yes

Remand/Detained
Yes Yes
Prisoners

Enforcing Contracts Yes Yes

Corruption Perception Yes Yes

Respect for Civil Rights Yes Yes Yes

Physical Integrity
Yes Yes Yes
Rights

Freedom of Press Yes Yes Yes Yes

Political Participation Yes Yes Yes Yes

Electoral Process and

Yes Yes Yes
Pluralism

Political Culture Yes Yes Yes

Women’s Political
Yes Yes Yes
Rights

Women’s Economic
Yes Yes Yes
Rights

Female Parliamentary
Yes Yes
Representation

GDP at PPP per Capita Yes Yes Yes

GDP Growth Rate Yes Yes

Unemployement Rate Yes Yes Yes

Inflation Rate Yes Yes

Starting a Business Yes Yes Yes

Gini Coefficient Yes Yes Yes

Basic Capabilities Index Yes Yes

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Appendix 4: Governance Index

T ABLE 4. WORLD R ANKING

Political Economic
Rank Country Governance Score Social Index
Index Index
1 Norway 1.8476144 0.43898 3.239557 3.265788
2 New Zealand 2.0111033 0.854568 2.340952 3.640032
3 Denmark 2.0542053 0.794437 3.859186 3.002424
4 Finland 2.0950801 0.957344 3.443561 3.112391
5 Luxembourg 2.1561522 1.248598 3.318974 2.917839
6 Australia 2.1928829 1.134347 2.940372 3.42916
7 Iceland 2.258901 0.905851 3.868401 3.465408
8 Sweden 2.2600081 1.035747 4.239165 3.052901
9 Netherlands 2.4516121 1.321796 3.850282 3.427797
10 Austria 2.4736917 1.197014 4.561437 3.286903
11 Ireland 2.5392751 1.540428 3.471373 3.576264
12 Switzerland 2.5573535 1.141633 5.444602 3.132202
13 Canada 2.6153779 1.853194 3.557857 3.274536
14 United Kingdom 2.6418757 1.220161 4.597135 3.758708
15 United States 2.6498564 1.450952 4.166903 3.666966
16 Korea, Rep. 2.7164598 1.849465 2.407785 4.255267
17 Belgium 2.7442635 1.929652 3.842052 3.397059
18 Germany 2.8170028 1.250378 5.812774 3.566972
19 France 2.8627789 1.738852 4.449828 3.722064
20 Slovenia 3.0064279 2.546523 2.689482 3.910248
21 Malta 3.0085696 1.938196 4.560675 3.803667
22 Italy 3.0174478 2.109626 3.851827 3.967237
23 Spain 3.0945753 1.831742 5.001662 3.989264
24 Estonia 3.1191062 1.875027 4.692708 4.174887
25 Portugal 3.1222833 1.906631 4.022906 4.517953
26 Mauritius 3.1678253 2.347602 2.690855 4.729302
27 Japan 3.1828856 2.55988 3.19677 4.15396
28 Taiwan, China 3.202848 2.131364 4.440606 4.179317
29 Uruguay 3.2249548 2.386171 3.377559 4.455841
30 Israel 3.227709 2.419624 4.028328 4.04006
31 Singapore 3.2621758 2.531468 3.951093 4.016764
32 Poland 3.3677355 2.802534 3.59887 4.123832
33 Lithuania 3.3802588 2.165073 5.099022 4.307686
34 Czech Republic 3.4343736 2.434975 5.770957 3.669667
35 Hong Kong SAR, China 3.4553247 2.515655 3.805034 4.732115
36 Latvia 3.4561185 2.460663 4.701467 4.308778
37 Grenada 3.4667199 2.408383 3.598717 5.054394
38 Mongolia 3.5065617 3.059815 4.297086 3.756864
39 Costa Rica 3.5166501 2.013657 6.297983 4.289164
40 Chile 3.5382428 2.614344 4.191501 4.616794
41 United Arab Emirates 3.5690865 3.362883 3.934033 3.68458
42 Serbia 3.5714543 2.73049 4.258736 4.500237
43 Bulgaria 3.6265622 2.671014 4.080764 4.868594

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44 Malaysia 3.6434061 3.224919 3.493495 4.386692
45 Tonga 3.6934991 3.391866 2.959252 4.587063
46 Moldova 3.6984333 3.170647 2.715915 5.089251
47 Argentina 3.7089151 2.863736 4.726054 4.455832
48 Romania 3.7094274 3.039924 4.520467 4.298054
49 Slovak Republic 3.7127101 2.566852 6.484253 3.929605
50 Samoa 3.7294782 2.90842 3.877975 4.934858
51 Greece 3.7648027 3.058703 4.629929 4.38003
52 Belarus 3.7965211 3.392582 3.270596 4.731811
53 Liechtenstein 3.8357015 2.793721 4.932036 4.846623
54 Kosovo 3.8450464 3.20952 3.80838 4.864683
55 Trinidad and Tobago 3.8539153 3.437096 4.557837 4.106677
56 Bahamas, The 3.8556029 2.991115 5.339694 4.366033
57 Croatia 3.8562677 2.721715 6.076758 4.370284
58 Thailand 3.8603207 3.817249 2.788101 4.540701
59 Qatar 3.8678882 4.095073 4.626352 3.077475
60 Hungary 3.8699239 3.113423 5.231957 4.280406
61 Barbados 3.8755139 3.025801 4.359544 4.934189
62 St. Lucia 3.8902045 2.950179 4.734308 4.885042
63 Cuba 3.9011596 3.09906 4.594278 4.765534
64 Brunei Darussalam 3.9076455 3.203039 4.935023 4.427812
65 Peru 3.9143646 3.243169 4.231924 4.787638
66 Montenegro 3.9261477 3.13692 5.008909 4.547642
67 Antigua and Barbuda 3.9383793 2.900061 5.531909 4.659433
68 Seychelles 3.9395665 3.200112 4.633288 4.705154
69 Panama 3.9777027 3.388034 4.505707 4.602608
70 Russian Federation 3.9804732 4.014769 2.897863 4.545214
71 Bhutan 3.9821201 3.092687 5.426971 4.554172
72 Macedonia, FYR 3.9863114 2.897908 5.216295 4.993812
73 Morocco 4.0046512 3.536795 3.329348 5.125742
74 Guyana 4.0067574 3.6573 5.106411 3.927531
75 China 4.0291559 3.451028 4.648024 4.584004
St. Vincent and the
76 Grenadines 4.0460991 3.175435 5.774378 4.426698
77 Kazakhstan 4.0693439 3.609467 4.949175 4.289247
78 Jamaica 4.0763201 3.832071 3.166611 4.979975
79 Marshall Islands 4.0927476 3.012818 5.743272 4.846623
80 Ghana 4.1126636 3.351301 3.896061 5.432863
81 Tunisia 4.113066 2.953429 5.877508 4.9271
82 Fiji 4.1148257 3.023073 6.028845 4.736712
83 St. Kitts and Nevis 4.1172552 3.074189 6.121501 4.611076
84 Bolivia 4.1278642 3.421976 4.79673 4.854909
85 Kyrgyz Republic 4.1498974 3.968068 3.782584 4.645523
86 Dominica 4.1503537 2.973158 6.565837 4.619957
87 Uzbekistan 4.1609118 4.311763 2.62557 4.801199
88 Nicaragua 4.1623541 3.459179 4.41024 5.125694
89 Tuvalu 4.1678464 3.563121 4.628069 4.855145
90 Cabo Verde 4.1731296 2.642585 6.525479 5.234071
91 Turkey 4.1891024 3.555543 4.220173 5.166941
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 92 Albania 4.1958996 3.437891 5.173965 4.828161
93 Bahrain 4.2056575 4.760157 3.032192 4.004853
94 Azerbaijan 4.2453974 4.112547 3.882624 4.661461
95 Indonesia 4.256967 3.720154 4.336443 5.055116
96 Cyprus 4.2725895 3.875745 5.3104 4.303168
97 Rwanda 4.3212524 2.966961 4.613157 6.282622
98 Sao Tome and Principe 4.3242475 3.42915 6.136332 4.695353
99 Timor-Leste 4.3516646 3.453871 5.679817 5.003539
100 Sri Lanka 4.3571546 4.214697 3.57687 5.026894
101 Kuwait 4.3628054 4.264257 5.344717 3.956576
102 Botswana 4.3661168 3.160766 5.43349 5.650311
103 Suriname 4.3829202 4.459334 5.414391 3.673429
104 Armenia 4.3867643 3.564569 5.360442 5.122398
105 Brazil 4.4024849 3.570629 6.326911 4.610015
106 Belize 4.4339512 3.623097 6.357096 4.609211
107 Oman 4.4367458 4.165613 4.921972 4.58554
108 Vietnam 4.4376355 3.715722 5.415101 5.013519
109 Algeria 4.4378492 3.877067 5.152872 4.910494
110 Dominican Republic 4.4395101 3.821046 5.493542 4.809078
111 Vanuatu 4.4997788 3.70377 6.234262 4.759517
112 Ecuador 4.5163361 3.472525 6.229325 5.177759
113 Niger 4.5369986 4.220432 2.430463 6.238194
114 Nepal 4.5373553 3.823376 4.727554 5.550638
115 Liberia 4.539087 4.0137 3.81949 5.775893
116 Paraguay 4.5405857 4.001525 5.674892 4.739506
117 Côte d'Ivoire 4.54751 3.906313 4.233485 5.734548
118 Ethiopia 4.5651365 3.900897 4.225876 5.802804
119 Jordan 4.5791319 4.272717 4.573728 5.063729
120 Namibia 4.5814804 2.684833 8.673458 5.223654
121 India 4.602286 4.075131 4.248514 5.632829
122 Solomon Islands 4.6085915 3.889076 6.073261 4.902304
123 Senegal 4.6254827 3.796142 5.121651 5.645208
124 Tajikistan 4.6283035 4.173385 5.536386 4.824271
125 Maldives 4.6330725 4.361503 4.965024 4.870138
126 Sierra Leone 4.6362952 4.267389 3.495536 5.867867
127 El Salvador 4.6395749 4.386954 4.899919 4.887783
128 Malawi 4.6507266 3.83726 4.557043 5.982565
129 Turkmenistan 4.6550671 4.45396 5.071704 4.733015
130 Kiribati 4.6616233 3.905213 6.945225 4.545353
131 Kenya 4.6931444 3.893711 5.033469 5.754925
132 Tanzania 4.6950735 3.705205 5.766376 5.638409
133 Saudi Arabia 4.7401482 4.419464 6.506454 4.234762
134 Mauritania 4.7749788 3.976109 5.28702 5.737752
135 Lebanon 4.7809733 4.353012 5.876545 4.827443
136 Benin 4.7937464 4.134795 4.320351 6.099754
137 Madagascar 4.7992669 3.775469 5.27177 6.13809
138 South Africa 4.8070834 3.217271 7.753749 5.621551
139 Mexico 4.8100866 4.78731 5.198285 4.624051

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140 Zambia 4.8127557 4.223031 4.499428 5.91851
141 Laos 4.8219746 4.562472 4.744554 5.274005
142 Korea, Dem. Rep. 4.8545828 4.9386 4.692235 4.815326
143 Burkina Faso 4.856815 3.986762 5.190383 6.033431
144 Uganda 4.8841726 3.799669 6.077663 5.906398
145 Bosnia and Herzegovina 4.9037736 3.546888 7.969338 5.284272
146 Iran, Islamic Rep. 4.9076153 4.784374 5.058455 5.015087
147 Egypt, Arab Rep. 4.9294102 4.897421 4.719734 5.099495
148 Cameroon 4.950472 4.660551 4.047406 5.9221
149 Togo 4.9979774 4.329206 5.00114 6.047096
150 Djibouti 4.9999449 4.177502 5.843093 5.810557
151 Bangladesh 5.0125919 4.572972 5.141498 5.629763
152 Gabon 5.026062 4.75049 6.011098 4.896225
153 Mozambique 5.0519232 3.898545 6.729706 5.905642
154 Venezuela, RB 5.0743839 4.753485 6.668919 4.667492
155 Cambodia 5.0774318 4.559048 5.400691 5.707315
156 Burundi 5.0880244 4.715153 2.979603 6.878778
157 Myanmar 5.096587 4.531205 5.934366 5.506314
158 Libya 5.1589931 5.43705 4.475929 5.112369
159 Angola 5.1686766 4.386836 5.61264 6.14359
160 Papua New Guinea 5.1888148 4.611711 6.275364 5.474807
161 Guinea 5.2371622 4.752174 5.469721 5.866396
162 Equatorial Guinea 5.2406473 4.461547 7.67907 5.071564
163 Pakistan 5.2702292 4.806152 6.014177 5.574381
164 Zimbabwe 5.2842628 4.220108 6.666587 6.166607
165 Mali 5.3189385 4.714091 6.129803 5.806063
166 Lesotho 5.3262615 3.445977 8.556075 6.435387
167 Comoros 5.3301657 4.655982 6.698047 5.607951
168 Syrian Arab Republic 5.3646763 5.393264 5.212675 5.406611
169 Gambia, The 5.3732169 4.504115 6.932335 5.848024
170 Iraq 5.3878668 4.74122 7.240597 5.345323
171 Eritrea 5.4268641 4.470015 7.141711 5.950572
172 Congo, Rep. 5.5533447 5.459165 5.85051 5.531532
173 Afghanistan 5.6220176 5.647095 5.472112 5.668271
174 Yemen, Rep. 5.6643627 5.523426 6.183513 5.589178
175 Haiti 5.6777318 4.621222 7.374751 6.368236
176 Congo, Dem. Rep. 5.7217614 5.897963 3.964244 6.449168
177 Sudan 5.7415966 5.068098 7.255244 5.935009
178 Central African Republic 5.9730928 5.947341 4.858254 6.65061
179 Georgia 6.013893 7.270109 3.670335 5.379014
180 Chad 6.0340954 5.309857 7.520707 6.322691
181 Guinea-Bissau 6.0429401 6.001676 6.228302 6.001863
182 Ukraine 7.7965826 10.735 4.170711 5.250994
183 Guatemala 17.568575 29.94002 5.501765 5.023051
184 Somalia 17.902554 30.07565 6.041847 5.550956
185 Philippines 21.342857 37.8903 4.494695 4.967245
186 Nigeria 24.657558 43.69772 5.93082 5.438299
187 Honduras 191.20597 377.0845 5.538264 5.206966

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 188 Colombia 399.92583 795.1524 4.835702 4.621274

Governance not at Risk

Governance at Risk
Governance Crisis

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