CLASS 12 COMPUTER SCIENCE NOTES
UNIT 2 - Networking
1. Introduction to Communication
- Telecommunication: Communicating over a distance. ("Tele" = distance)
- Communication: Exchange of ideas, views, information.
- Data Communication: Communication involving computers for sending & receiving data.
- History:
Old methods: Carrier pigeons (slow)
Revolution: Telegraph & Telephone
1980s: Microcomputers + telephone lines -> foundation of the Internet.
2. Basic Elements of a Communication System
1. Sender (Source) - Generates and sends the message.
2. Receiver (Sink) - Receives the message.
3. Message (Data) - Information to be communicated.
4. Medium - Physical path (cables, wireless) between sender and receiver.
5. Protocol - Rules for data exchange.
3. Modes of Communication
- Simplex: One-way only. Example: Radio, TV.
- Half-Duplex: Two-way, but not at the same time. Example: Walkie-talkie.
- Full-Duplex: Two-way, simultaneously. Example: Telephone.
4. Computer Networks
Definition: Interconnection of computers for sharing resources (hardware, software, data).
Advantages:
Hardware sharing (printers, scanners)
Software/data sharing
Centralized management
Fast communication
Backup & recovery
Flexible access
Collaboration (workgroup computing)
Disadvantages:
Virus/malware spread
Security risks
Dependency on central components
High initial setup cost
Requires skilled technicians
5. Types of Networks
A) By Geographical Area
LAN - Small area, high speed, high security.
MAN - City-wide, connects multiple LANs.
WAN - Large area, internet.
B) By Architecture
Peer-to-Peer - Equal status, no server.
Client-Server - Central server controls clients.
6. Transmission Media
A) Guided (Wired): Twisted Pair, Coaxial, Fiber optic.
B) Unguided (Wireless): Microwave, Satellite, Radio wave, Infrared.
7. Network Topology
Bus - Single cable backbone.
Ring - Circular, one direction.
Star - Central hub/switch.
Mesh - Fully interconnected.
Tree - Combination of star & bus.
8. Transmission Impairments
Jitter, Echo/Singing, Crosstalk, Distortion, Noise, Bandwidth Limit.
9. Network Protocols
Core: TCP/IP, UDP.
Application Layer: HTTP/HTTPS, SMTP, POP3, IMAP, FTP.
10. Networking Devices
Core: NIC, Modem.
LAN: Hub, Switch, Bridge.
WAN: Router, Gateway.
Extender: Repeater.
Wireless: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth.
11. Fundamental Concepts
IP Address, MAC Address, Intranet, Extranet, Internet.
12. OSI Model
Layer 7 - Application
Layer 6 - Presentation
Layer 5 - Session
Layer 4 - Transport
Layer 3 - Network
Layer 2 - Data Link
Layer 1 - Physical
