10. Plot various graphs using graphics in R(Histogram, Bar plots).
Histogram
Histogram is a graphical representation used to create a graph with bars representing the
frequency of grouped data in vector. Histogram is same as bar chart but only difference
between them is histogram represents frequency of grouped data rather than data itself.
Syntax: hist(x, col, border, main, xlab, ylab)
where:
x is data vector
col specifies the color of the bars to be filled
border specifies the color of border of bars
main specifies the title name of histogram
xlab specifies the x-axis label
ylab specifies the y-axis label
Example:
x <- c(21, 23, 56, 90, 20, 7, 94, 12,57, 76, 69, 45, 34, 32, 49, 55, 57)
hist(x, main = "Histogram of Vector x",xlab = "Values",col.lab = "darkgreen",
col.main = "red",col=”purple”,border=”yellow”)
The ‘breaks’ argument essentially alters the width of the histogram bars. It is seen that as
we increase the value of the break, the bars grow thinner.
Example:
hist(mtcars$mpg, col = "green")
hist(mtcars$mpg, col = "green", breaks = 25)
hist(mtcars$mpg, col = "green", breaks = 50)
Barplots
A bar chart uses rectangular bars to visualize data. Bar charts can be displayed horizontally or
vertically. The height or length of the bars are proportional to the values they represent.
Example:
x <- c("A", "B", "C", "D")
y <- c(2, 4, 6, 8)
barplot(y, names.arg = x)
The x variable represents values in the x-axis (A,B,C,D)
The y variable represents values in the y-axis (2,4,6,8)
Then we use the barplot() function to create a bar chart of the values
names.arg defines the names of each observation in the x-axis
Bar Color
Use the col parameter to change the color of the bars:
barplot(y, names.arg = x, col = "red")
Density / Bar Texture
To change the bar texture, use the density parameter:
barplot(y, names.arg = x, density = 200)
Bar Width
Use the width parameter to change the width of the bars:
barplot(y, names.arg = x, width = c(1,2,3,4))
Horizontal Bars
If you want the bars to be displayed horizontally instead of vertically, use horiz=TRUE
barplot(y, names.arg = x, horiz = TRUE)
Bar Plot Example
marks<- c(7, 15, 23, 12)
sub<-c("EM1","EM2","PPS","ED")
# plotting vector
barplot(marks,names.arg=sub, xlab = "subject",
ylab = "marks", col = "pink",
col.axis = "red",
col.lab = "green")
Example:
barplot(table(mtcars$carb), col="pink")
