Chemical Reactions & Equations

(2025)
1. Electrolysis of water is a decomposition reaction. The mass ratio (MH : MO ) of
hydrogen and oxygen gases liberated at the electrodes during electrolysis of water
is: (1 Mark) (2025)
(A) 8 : 1
(B) 2 : 1
(C) 1 : 2
(D) 1 : 8
Two statements are given — one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other
labelled as Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the
codes (A), (B), (C) and (D) as given below.
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).
(C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(D) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
2. Assertion (A) : Decomposition reactions are generally endothermic reactions.
Reason (R) : Decomposition of organic matter into compost is an exothermic
process. (1 Mark) (2025)
3. A student performs the following experiment in his school laboratory.

List two observations to justify that in this experiment a chemical change has taken
place. (2 Mark) (2025)
 Answers

1. D. /1: 8
2. (B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).
3. • Evolution of gas
• Change / Rise in temperature
(2024)

1. When 2 mL of sodium hydroxide solution is added to few pieces of

granulated zinc in a test tube and then warmed, the reaction that occurs can
be written in the form of a balanced chemical equation as : (2024)

Answer. (b) / 2 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 + 𝑍𝑛 → 𝑁𝑎2𝑍𝑛𝑂2 + 𝐻2

2. Select from the following a decomposition reaction in which source of
energy for decomposition is light: (2024)

Answer. (c) / ⎯⎯→ 2 2 AgBr 2 Ag + Br2

3.

(2024)
The reaction given above is a redox reaction because in this case :
(a) MnO2 is oxidised and HCl is reduced.
(b) HCl is oxidised.
(c) MnO2 is reduced.
(d) MnO2 is reduced and HCl is oxidised.
Answer. (d) / MnO2 is reduced and HCl is oxidised
4. Assertion (A): Hydrogen gas is not evolved when zinc reacts with nitric acid.
Reason (R): Nitric acid oxidises the hydrogen gas produced to water and itself
gets reduced. (2024)
Answer. (a) /Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the
correct explanation of Assertion (A).
5. Name the type of chemical reaction in which calcium oxide reacts with
water. Justify your answer by giving balanced chemical equation for the
chemical reaction. (2024)
Answer. Combination reaction – Single product is formed (or any other)

6. Write one chemical equation each for the chemical reaction in which the
following have taken place : (2024)
(i) Change in colour
(ii) Change in temperature
(iii) Formation of precipitate
Mention colour change/temperature change (rise/fall)/compound
precipitated along with equation.
Answer. (i) Change in colour: The solution will become green in colour.

(or any other reaction which shows change in colour)

(ii) Change in temperature: The temperature will increase.
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + Heat
(or any other reaction which shows change in temperature)
(iii) Formation of precipitate: Yellow precipitate of PbI2 is formed.
Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2 KI(aq) → PbI2(s) + 2 KNO3(aq) Yellow
(or any other reaction which shows formation of precipitate)
1.1 Chemical Equations
MCQ
1. Sodium reacts with water to form sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. The
balanced equation which represents the above reaction is

2. It is important to balance the chemical equations to satisfy the law of

conservation of mass. Which of the following statements of the law is
incorrect?
(a) The total mass of the elements present in the reactants is equal to the total
mass of the elements present in the products.
(b) The number of atoms of each element remains the same, before and after a
chemical reaction.
(c) The chemical composition of the reactants is the same before and after the
reaction.
(d) Mass can neither be created nor can it be destroyed in a chemical reaction.
(Term 1, 2021-22)
3. In which of the following, the identity of initial substance remains
unchanged?
(a) Curdling of milk
(b) Formation of crystals by process of crystallisation
(c) Fermentation of grapes
(d) Digestion of food (2020)
4. Identify 'x, 'y' and 'z' in the following reaction: 2KCIO32KC+026)
(a) x=gas: y = reaction condition; z = gas
(b) x=solid; y = liquid; z = gas
(c) x = number of moles of KCIO3: y = reaction condition; z = number of
molecules of oxygen
(d) x = physical state of KCIO, and KCI; y = reaction condition, z=physical
state of O₂ (2020)
5. Assertion (A): Following is a balanced chemical equation for the action of
steam on iron: 3Fe+ 4H2O-Fe3O4+4H2
Reason (R): The law of conservation of mass holds good for a chemical
equation.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of the
assertion (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
the assertion (A).
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true. (2020)
VSA (1 mark)
6. What is a balanced chemical equation? (2021 C)
7. Translate the following statement into a balanced chemical equation:
"Barium chloride reacts with aluminium sulphate to give aluminium chloride
and barium sulphate." (2019)
SAI (2 marks)
8. Give the chemical name of the reactants as well as the products of the
following chemical equation: HNO3 + Ca(OH)2 Ca(NO3)2 + H2O (2021 C)
SA II (3 marks)
9. Explain the significance of photosynthesis. Write the balanced chemical
equation involved in the process. (Board Term I, 2017) U
10. Write balanced chemical equations for the following chemical reactions:
(a) Hydrogen+Chlorine→→→ Hydrogen chloride (NCERT Intext)
(b) Lead + Copper chloride →→ Lead chloride +Copper (Board Term 1, 2014)
(c) Zinc oxide + Carbon→ Zinc+Carbon monoxide
1.2 Types of Chemical Reactions
MCQ
11. When aqueous solutions of potassium iodide and lead nitrate are mixed,
an insoluble substance separates out. The chemical equation for the reaction
involved is
12. A metal ribbon 'X' burns in oxygen with a dazzling white flame forming a
white ash 'Y. The correct description of X, Y and the type of reaction is
(a) X Ca; Y=CaO;
Type of reaction = Decomposition
(b) X-Mg: Y=MgO;
Type of reaction = Combination
(c) X-Al; Y Al2O3:
Type of reaction = Thermal decomposition
(d) X=Zn; Y=ZnO;
Type of reaction = Endothermic (2023)
13. The balanced chemical equation showing reaction between quick lime and
water is
(a) 2CaO+H₂O→2CaOH+H₂+ Heat
(b) CaO+H2O→Ca(OH)2 + H2 + Heat
(c) CaO+H₂O→→ Ca(OH)2 + Heat
(d) 2CaO+ 3H2O→2Ca(OH)3+0₂+ Heat (2023)
14. Study the following chemical reaction:
2Na(s)+2H2O→2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
The reducing agent in this reaction is
(a) Na (b) H₂O (c) NaOH (d) H₂ (2023)
15. Assertion (A): In the following reaction
ZnO+C-Zn + CO
ZnO undergoes reduction.
Reason (R): Carbon is a reducing agent that reduces ZnO to Zn.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of the Assertion (A)
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of the Assertion (A)
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is False.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true. (2023)
16. Assertion (A): Reaction of quick lime with water is an exothermic reaction.
Reason (R): Quicklime reacts vigorously with water releasing a large amount
of heat.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of the Assertion (A)
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of the Assertion (A)
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is False.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true. (2023)
17. A student took sodium sulphate solution in a test tube and added barium
chloride solution to it. He observed that an insoluble substance has formed.
The colour and molecular formula of the insoluble substance is (Term 1, 2021
22)
(a) grey, Ba₂SO
(b) yellow, Ba(SO4)2
(c) white, BaSO4
(d) pink, BaSO4
18. C6H12O6(og)+602(g)→6CO2(g)+6H₂O(I) The above reaction is a/an
(a) displacement reaction
(b) endothermic reaction
(c) exothermic reaction
(d) neutralisation reaction. (Term 1, 2021-22)
19. Which of the following statement about the reaction given below are
correct?
MnO2+4HCI→ MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2
(i) HCI is oxidized to Cl₂-
(ii) MnO2 is reduced to MnCl2.
(iii) MnClacts as an oxidizing agent.
(iv) HCI acts as an oxidizing agent.
(a) (ii), (iii) and (iv)
(c) (i) and (ii) only
(b) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(d) (iii) and (iv) only (Term I, 2021-22)
20. Which one of the following reactions is catogorised as thermal
decomposition reaction?

21. Assertion (A): Burning of natural gas is an

endothermic process.
Reason (R): Methane gas combines with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide
and water.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true. (Term I, 2021-22)
22. Consider the following processes
I. Dilution of sulphuric acid
II. Sublimation of dry ice
III. Condensation of water vapours
IV. Dissolution of ammonium chloride in water
The endothermic process(es) is/are
(a) I and III
(b) II only
(c) Ill only
(d) II and IV (Term 1, 2021-22)
23. When lead nitrate powder is heated in boiling tube, we observe
(a) brown fumes of nitrogen dioxide
(b) brown fumes of lead oxide
(c) yellow fumes of nitrogen dioxide
(d) brown fumes of nitric oxide. (Term 1, 2021-22)
24. Assertion (A): Silver salts are used in black and white photography.
Reason (R): Silver salts do not decompose in the presence of light.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true. (Term I, 2021-22)
25. Calcium oxide reacts vigorously with water to produce slaked lime.
CaO(s) + H₂O(I)→ Ca(OH)2(aq)
This reaction can be classified as
(A) combination reaction
(B) exothermic reaction
(C) endothermic reaction
(D) oxidation reaction.
Which of the following is a correct option?
(a) (A) and (C)
(b) (C) and (D)
(c) (A). (C) and (D)
(d) (A) and (B) (2020) U
26. When hydrogen sulphide gas is passed through a blue solution of copper
sulphate, a black precipitate of copper sulphide is obtained and the sulphuric
acid so formed remains in the solution. The reaction is an example of a
(a) combination reaction
(b) displacement reaction
(c) decomposition reaction
(d) double displacement reaction. (2020)
27. In a double displacement reaction such as the reaction between sodium
sulphate solution and barium chloride solution:
(A) exchange of atoms takes place
(B) exchange of ions takes place
(C) a precipitate is produced
(D) an insoluble salt is produced The correct option is
(a) (B) and (D)
(b) (A) and (C)
(c) only (B)
(d) (B). (C) and (D) (2020)

28.
The above reaction is an example of
(a) displacement reaction
(b) addition reaction
(c) substitution reaction
(d) double displacement reaction. (2020 C)
VSA (1 mark)
29. Name the type of chemical reaction which takes
place when quicklime is added to water.(2021 C)
SAI (2 marks)
30. What is observed after about 1 hour of adding the strips of copper and
aluminium separately to ferrous sulphate solution filled in two beakers?
Name the reaction if any change in colour is noticed. Also, write chemical
equation for the reaction. (2019)
31. A student wants to study a decomposition reaction by taking ferrous
sulphate crystals. Write two precautions he must observe while performing
the experiment. (2019)
33. A student mixes sodium sulphate powder in barium chloride powder.
What change would the student observe on mixing the two powders? Justify
your answer and explain how he can obtain the desired change. (2019)
34. Study the following equation of a chemical reaction:
H₂+ Cl2 → 2HCI
(i) Identify the type of reaction.
(ii) Write a balanced chemical equation of another example of this type of
reaction. (Board Term I, 2015)
35. State the type of chemical reactions, represented by the following
equations:

SA II (3 marks)
36. (i) While electrolysing water before passing the current some drops of an
acid are added. Why? Name the gases liberated at cathode and anode. Write
the relationship between the volume of gas collected at anode and the volume
of gas collected at cathode.
(ii) What is observed when silver chloride is exposed to sunlight? Give the
type of reaction involved. (2023)
37. (a) Define a double displacement reaction.
(b) Write the chemical equation of a double displacement reaction which is
also a
(i) Neutralisation reaction and (ii) Precipitation reaction. Give justification for
your answer. (2023)
38. Mention with reason the colour changes observed when:
(i) silver chloride is exposed to sunlight.
(ii) copper powder is strongly heated in the presence of oxygen.
(iii) a piece of zinc is dropped in copper sulphate solution. (2020)
39. A shining metal 'M', on burning gives a dazzling white flame and changes
to a white powder 'N'.
(a) Identify 'M' and 'N.
(b) Represent the above reaction in the form of a balanced chemical equation.
(c) Does 'M' undergo oxidation or reduction in this reaction? Justify. (2020)
40. In the electrolysis of water
(a) Name the gases liberated at anode and cathode.
(b) Why is it that the volume of gas collected on one electrode is two times
that on the other electrode?
(c) What would happen if dil. H2SO4 is not added to water? (2020)
41. 1 g of copper powder was taken in a China dish and heated. What change
takes place on heating? When hydrogen gas is passed over this heated
substance, a visible change is seen in it. Give the chemical equations of
reactions, the name and the colour of the products formed in each case.
(2020)
42. A compound 'A' is used in the manufacture of cement. When dissolved in
water, it evolves a large amount of heat and forms compound 'B'.
(i) Identify A and B.
(ii) Write chemical equation for the reaction of A with water.
(iii) List two types of reaction in which this reaction may be classified. (2020)
43. Identify the type of each of the following reactions. Also write balanced
chemical equation for each reaction.
(i) A reaction in which the reaction mixture becomes warm.
(ii) A reaction in which an insoluble substance is formed. (2020)
44. Lead nitrate solution is added to a test tube containing potassium iodide
solution.
(a) Write the name and colour of the compound precipitated.
(b) Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction involved.
(c) Name the type of this reaction justifying your answer. (2020)
45. 2 g of silver chloride is taken in a China dish and the China dish is placed in
sunlight for sometime. What will be your observation in this case? Write the
chemical reaction involved in the form of a balanced chemical equation.
Identify the type of chemical reaction. (Delhi 2019)
46. Identify the type of reactions taking place in each of the following cases
and write the balanced chemical equation for the reactions.
(a) Zinc reacts with silver nitrate to produce zinc nitrate and silver.
(b) Potassium iodide reacts with lead nitrate to produce potassium nitrate and
lead iodide. (Delhi 2019)
47. When potassium iodide solution is added to a solution of lead (II) nitrate
in a test tube, a precipitate is formed.
(a) What is the colour of this precipitate ? Name the compound precipitated.
(b) Write the balanced chemical equation for this reaction.
(c) List two types of reactions in which this reaction can be placed. (2019)
48. 2 g of ferrous sulphate crystals are heated in a dry boiling tube.
(a) List any two observations.
(b) Name the type of chemical reaction taking place.
(c) Write balanced chemical equation for the reaction and name the products
formed. (Al 2019, Board Term I, 2017, 2016)
49. You might have noted that when copper powder is heated in a China dish,
the reddish brown surface of copper powder becomes coated with a black
substance.
(a) Why has this black substance formed?
(b) What is the black substance?
(c) Write the chemical equation of the reaction that takes place.
(d) How can the black coating on the surface be turned reddish brown? (AI
2019)
50. Decomposition reactions require energy either in the form of heat or light
or electricity for breaking down the reactants. Write one equation each for
decomposition reactions where energy is supplied in the form of heat, light
and electricity. (2018)
51. Take 3 g of barium hydroxide in a test tube, now add about 2 g of
ammonium chloride and mix the contents with the help of a glass rod. Now
touch the test tube from outside.
(i) What do you feel on touching the test tube?
(ii) State the inference about the type of reaction occurred.
(iii) Write the balanced chemical equation of the reaction involved.
52. (a) A solution of potassium chloride when mixed with silver nitrate
solution, an insoluble white substance is formed. Write the chemical reaction
involved and also mention the type of the chemical reaction. (NCERT
Exemplar)
(b) Ferrous sulphate when heated, decomposes with the evolution of a gas
having a characteristic odour of burning sulphur. Write the chemical reaction
involved and identify the type of reaction. (Board Term 1, 2016)
53.

54.
LA (5 marks)
55. (a) Can a displacement reaction be a redox reaction? Explain with the help
of an example.
(b) Write the type of chemical reaction in the following:
(i) Reaction between an acid and a base
(ii) Rusting of iron. (Board Term I, 2017)
1.3 Have You Observed the Effects of Oxidation Reactions in Everyday
Life?
MCQ
56. Copper utensils slowly lose their shiny brown surface and gain a green
coat on prolonged exposure to atmospheric air. This is due to the formation of
a coating of
(a) copper sulphate
(b) copper carbonate
(c) cupric oxide
(d) cuprous oxide. (2020 C)
SA II (3 marks)
57. What happens when food materials containing fats and oils are left for a
long time? List two observable changes and suggest three ways by which this
phenomenon can be prevented. (2020)
58. (a) In the following reaction:

Identify the oxidant and reductant.

(b) Give reasons:
(i) Antioxidants are added to foods containing fats and oils.
(ii) White silver chloride turns grey in sunlight. (2019 C)
59. (i) Why is respiration considered as an exothermic reaction? (NCERT)
(ii) Write chemical name and the formula of the brown gas produced during
thermal decomposition of lead nitrate.
(iii) Why do chips manufactures flush bags of chips with gas such as nitrogen?
(Board Term I, 2015)
 CBSE Sample Questions
1.1 Chemical Equations
MCQ
1. Which of the following correctly represents a balanced chemical equation?

2. Why is it important to balance a skeletal chemical equation?

(a) To verify law of conservation of energy.
(b) To verify the law of constant proportion.
(c) To verify the law of conservation of mass.
(d) To verify the law of conservation of momentum. (Term I, 2021-22)
1.2 Types of Chemical Reactions
MCQ
3. In the redox reaction
4.

Which of the following is the correct observation of the reaction shown in the
above set up?
(a) Brown powder of Magnesium oxide is formed.
(b) Colourless gas which turns lime water milky is evolved.
(c) Magnesium ribbon burns with brilliant white light.
(d) Reddish brown gas with a smell of burning Sulphur has evolved.
(2022-23)
5. Assertion (A): Silver bromide decomposition is used in black and white
photography. Reason (R): Light provides energy for this exothermic reaction.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true. (2022-23)
6. Reema took 5 mL of lead nitrate solution in a beaker and added
approximately 4 mL of potassium iodide solution to it. What would she
observe?
(a) The solution turned red.
(b) Yellow precipitate was formed.
(c) White precipitate was formed.
(d) The reaction mixture became hot. (Term I, 2021-22)
7. In the reaction of iron with copper sulphate solution:
8. The chemical reaction between copper and oxygen can be categorized as
(a) displacement reaction
(b) decomposition reaction
(c) combination reaction
(d) double displacement reaction. (Term I, 2021-22)
9.

Identify the correct option from the given table which represents the type of
reactions occurring in step 1 and step 2.

10. Assertion (A): Decomposition of vegetable matter into compost is an

endothermic reaction.
Reason (R): Decomposition reaction involves breakdown of a single reactant
into simpler products.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true. (Term 1, 2021-22)
11. Assertion (A): After white washing the walls, a shiny white finish on walls
is obtained after two to three days.
Reason (R): Calcium oxide reacts with carbon dioxide to form calcium
hydrogen carbonate which gives shiny white finish.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is correct explanation of the assertion.
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
(c) A is true, but R is false.
(d) A is false, but R is true. (2020-21)
VSA (1 mark)
12. List any two observations when ferrous sulphate is heated in a dry test
tube. (2020-21)
13. Identify the products formed when 1 mL of dil. hydrochloric acid is added
to 1 g of sodium metal. (2020-21)
SA II (3 marks)
14.

Identify the types of reaction mentioned above in (i) and (ii). Give one
example for each type in the form of a balanced chemical equation. (2022-23)
15. (a) Which of the following reactions is/are an endothermic reaction(s)
where decomposition also happens?
• Respiration
• Heating of lead nitrate
• Decomposition of organic matter
• Electrolysis of acidified water
(b) Silver chloride when kept in the open turns grey. Illustrate this with a
balanced chemical equation. (2020-21)
 SOLUTIONS
Previous Years' CBSE Board Questions

1.

2. (c): A balanced equation follows law of conservation of mass that means the
total mass of reactants is equal to the total mass of products but the chemical
composition of reactants does not remain same before and after the reaction.
3. (b): Formation of crystals is a physical change while others are chemical
change.

4.
5. (a): A balanced chemical equation must obey the law of conservation of
mass.
6. The equation which contains an equal number of atoms of each element on
both sides of the arrow is called a balanced chemical equation.
7.

8. Reactants:- Nitric acid, calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) Products:- Calcium

nitrate, water
9. Photosynthesis means synthesis with the help of light. It is the process that
gives life to all living beings. Photosynthesis is a process by which plants
utilize carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight to produce
glucose and oxygen.
10.

11.

12. (b): Magnesium metal, Mg (X) burns in oxygen with a dazzling white flame
forming a white ash, MgO (Y).
2Mg + O22MgO
This is a type of combination reaction.
13. (c): Quick lime reacts vigorously with water to produce calcium hydroxide
(slaked lime) and release a large amount of heat (exothermic reaction).

14.

Here, Na is oxidised to NaOH and H2O is reduced to H₂. Na acts as a reducing

agent and H2O acts as an oxidising agent.
15. (a): The reaction in which oxygen is added or hydrogen is removed or loss
of electrons takes place is called an oxidation reaction. In the reaction,

(i) Carbon is getting oxidised to carbon monoxide.

(ii) Zinc oxide is getting reduced to zinc. Carbon is a reducing agent that
reduces ZnO to Zn.
16. (a): Reaction of quick lime (CaO) with water is an exothermic reaction
because CaO reacts vigorously with water releasing a large amount of heat.

17. (c): The reaction between sodium sulphate and barium chloride is an
example of double displacement reaction or precipitation reaction in which
white ppt. of BaSO is obtained.

18. (c): In the process of respiration, glucose combines with oxygen in cells of
our body and provides energy. Thus, respiration is an exothermic process.

19.

As hydrogen is removed from HCI to give Cl₂, HCI is being oxidised whereas
oxygen is removed from MnO2 to give MnCl2, hence MnO2 is reduced. Here
MnO2 acts as an oxidising agent and HCI acts as a reducing agent.
20.

21.
22. (d): During sublimation of dry ice, heat is absorbed, so, it is an
endothermic process. Dissolution of NH4Cl in water is also an endothermic
process.
23. (a): When lead nitrate is heated in a boiling tube, brown fumes of nitrogen
dioxide are found to evolve and a yellow residue of lead oxide is left behind in
the test tube.

24. (c): Silver salts are used in black and white photography and they
decompose in presence of sunlight.

25. (d): The reaction between CaO and H2O to form Ca(OH2 is an exothermic
and combination reaction.
26.

It is a double displacement reaction as in this reaction CuSO4 and H2S are

reacting by exchange of Cu2+ and H+ ions to form two new compounds i.e.,
CuS and H2SO4.
27. (d): In this reaction, exchange of Na+ and Ba2+ ions takes place forming
BaSO4 which is a white precipitate i.e., an insoluble salt.

28. (c): It is a type of substitution reaction.

29. The reaction between CaO and H2O to form Ca(OH)2 is an exothermic and
combination reaction.
30. Copper is less reactive than Fe, hence copper cannot replace iron from
ferrous sulphate solution, so no colour change is observed. Aluminium is more
reactive than Fe, hence displace iron from ferrous sulphate solution.
31. (i) Test tube should be dried properly.
(ii) Hold the test tube in a test tube holder.

33. When student mixes Na2SO4 powder in BaCl2 powder, no changes will
observed. Student need to prepare aqueous solution of Na2SO4 and BaCl2
separately in two different test tubes and then on mixing these two solutions,
double displacement (precipitation) reaction takes place.

35. (a) Displacement reaction.

(b) Combination reaction.
(c) Double displacement reaction.
(d) Displacement reaction or redox reaction.
36. (i) While electrolysing water before passing the current some drops of an
acid are added because acid dissociates into ions completely and during
electrolysis of water, the number of ions increases causing the solution to
become more conducting. This allows the current to pass through the solution
easily. In electrolysis of water (acidified), the gases that are evolved at anode
and cathode are oxygen and hydrogen respectively. Hydrogen ions gain
electrons from cathode and form hydrogen gas, oxygen ions give electrons to
anode and form oxygen gas. The decomposition reaction of water is as follows:

From the above balanced chemical equation, it can be concluded that the
volume of hydrogen (obtained at cathode) is twice the volume of oxygen
(obtained at anode).
(ii) When silver chloride is exposed to sunlight, white silver chloride turns
grey. This is due to the decomposition of silver chloride into silver and
chlorine by the light.

It is decomposition reaction.
37. (a) The chemical reaction in which two reactants exchange ions to form
two new compounds is called a double displacement reaction.
(b) (i) When an aqueous solution of an acid reacts with a base (alkali) by
exchanging their ions/radicals to form salt and water as the only products, the
reaction which takes place is called neutralisation reaction.

(ii) When the aqueous solutions of two ionic compounds react by exchanging
their ions/radicals, to form two or more new compounds such that one of the
products formed is an insoluble salt, and hence forms precipitate, the double
displacement reaction is said to be precipitation reaction. When lead nitrate
solution is mixed with potassium iodide solution, a yellow precipitate is
formed. This reaction is a precipitation reaction and can be expressed as
follows:
38.

AgCl decomposes on absorbing light energy.

Copper metal undergoes oxidation.

Zn displaces Cu from CuSO4 solution. Colour changes from blue to colourless.

39.

(c) 'M' undergoes oxidation in this reaction because Mg gain oxygen to form
MgO.
40. (a) At anode: Oxygen gas is liberated. At cathode: Hydrogen gas is
liberated.
(b) In the test tube covering the cathode, the amount of gas collected is double
than that of the gas collected in the test tube covering the anode due to
stochiometry.

41. When copper powder is heated in a China dish, the reddish brown surface
of copper powder becomes coated with a black substance which is copper
oxide.
When hydrogen gas is passed over CuO, the black coating on the surface
turned reddish brown due to the formation of Cu.

42. (i) A is calcium oxide, CaO which is used in the manufacturing of cement. B
is calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2.

43. (i) Exothermic reactions are those reactions in which heat energy is
evolved. This makes the reaction mixture warm. For example: combustion
reactions are exothermic reactions.

44. (a) When lead nitrate is added to potassium iodide then yellow precipitate
of lead iodide is formed along with potassium nitrate.
(b) Balanced chemical reaction is as follows:

(c) This type of reaction is called precipitation reaction in which one of the
products formed is an insoluble substance or this is also called double
displacement reaction.
45. When silver chloride is exposed to sunlight, it decomposes to form Ag and
Cl₂ gas. The balanced chemical equation is written as:

This is an example of photodecomposition reaction.

46.
(b) When lead nitrate is added to potassium iodide then yellow precipitate of
lead iodide is formed along with potassium nitrate.

This type of reaction is called precipitation reaction.

47. (a) Pbl₂ is precipitated and the colour of this precipitate is yellow.

(c) (i) Double displacement reaction

(ii) Precipitation reaction
48. (a) Ferrous sulphate crystals (FeSO4.7H2O) lose water when heated and
the colour of the crystals changes. It then decomposes to ferric oxide (Fe2O3),
sulphur dioxide (SO2) and sulphur trioxide (SO3) with a smell of burning
sulphur.
(b) This is a thermal decomposition reaction.

49. (a) The black substance is formed because copper combines with oxygen.
(b) The black substance is copper oxide (CuO).

(d) The black coating on the surface can be turned reddish brown by passing
hydrogen gas over the hot copper oxide.

50. Decomposition reaction involving absorption of heat:

Decomposition reaction involving absorption of light:

Decomposition reaction involving absorption of electrical energy:

51. (i) When barium hydroxide is added into ammonium chloride, the bottom
of test tube is found to be cooler.
(ii) It is an endothermic reaction. Endothermic reactions involve the formation
of chemical bonds through the absorption of heat from the surroundings,
thereby creating a cooling effect.

52.

It is a double displacement reaction.

(b) Ferrous sulphate crystals (FeSO4.7H2O) lose water when heated and the
colour of the crystals changes. It then decomposes to ferric oxide (Fe2O3),
sulphur dioxide (SO2) and sulphur trioxide (SO3) with a smell of burning
sulphur.
This is a thermal decomposition reaction.

53. (i) Combination reaction.

(ii) Precipitation reaction or double displacement reaction.
(iii) Thermal decomposition reaction.
54. Those reactions in which addition of hydrogen to a substance or removal
of oxygen from a substance take place are called reduction reactions.

Fe2O3 is getting reduced to Fe and Al is getting oxidised to Al2O3-

PbO is reduced to Pb and C is oxidised to CO2.

55.

Here, carbon is oxidised to CO and ZnO is reduced to Zn. Thus, the above
reaction is a displacement reaction as well as redox reaction.
(b) (i) Neutralisation reaction
(ii) Oxidation reaction.
56.

57. Food materials containing fats and oils change their taste and smell due to
a process called rancidity. Rancidity is a process in which air reacts with fats
and oils which changes the smell and taste of food. Methods of prevention:
Vacuum packing, refrigeration of food materials, placing of food materials
away from direct sunlight.
59.

(b) (i) Slow oxidation of oils and fats present in food materials resulting in
compounds with unpleasant smell is known as rancidity. Antioxidants are
added to foods containing fats and oils to prevent the oxidation of fats and oils
and thus increase the shelf life of food.

It undergoes photochemical decomposition reaction. Silver chloride turns grey

in sunlight to form silver metal.
59. (i) The glucose produced in our body during digestion combines with
oxygen in the cells of our body and provides energy. The special name of this
reaction is respiration. Thus respiration is an exothermic process because
energy is produced during this process.

Brown gas evolved is nitrogen dioxide (NO2).

(iii) Chips manufacturers usually flush bags of chips with gas such as nitrogen
because atmospheric oxygen can react with chips which may cause change in
colour, change in taste. So to cut the contact between air and the chips,
nitrogen gas is used which prevents the chips from getting oxidised.
CBSE Sample Questions
1.

2. (c): The chemical equation in which the number of atoms of each element
on both the sides are equal is called the balanced chemical equation. A
chemical equation should be balanced because the total mass of elements
present in the product of a chemical reaction has to be equal to the total mass
of elements present in the reactants, i.e., the law of conservation of mass must
hold good for the reaction. (0.80)
3. (b): MnO2 is reduced to MnCl2 as the oxidation state of Mn reduces from +4
to +2 while HCI is oxidized to Cl₂ as the oxidation state of Cl2 changes from -1
to 0. (1)
4. (c): Magnesium ribbon burns with brilliant white light. (1)
5.

This reaction is used in black and white photography. This is an endothermic

reaction as it requires energy in the form of light.
6. (b): Yellow precipitate is formed. (1)

7. (a): Here Fe is oxidized and acts as a reducing agent. (0.80)

8. (c): Combination reaction.

9.

10. (d): Decomposition of vegetable matter into compost is an exothermic

reaction. (0.80)
11. (c): Assertion is true, but reason is false.

Calcium hydroxide reacts with carbon dioxide in air to form calcium carbonate
which gives shiny white finish. (1)
12.

(i) Green coloured ferrous sulphate decomposes to reddish brown ferric

oxide.
(ii) Colourless gas with choking smell is evolved. (1)
13.

Sodium chloride and hydrogen gas are formed. (1)

14. (i) Displacement Reaction

(Any one of the reaction or other displacement reaction.)

(ii) Double displacement Reaction
Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
(Any one of the reaction or other double displacement reaction.) (1.5)
15. (a) Heating of lead nitrate and electrolysis of acidified water involves
decomposition process and these are endothermic reactions as heat is
absorbed in these reactions.

Silver chloride turns grey in sunlight to form silver metal.