Digital Systems II
Assignment 2 Analog to Digital
Notes:
• Assignment Due: Monday, April 04
• Value is 100 Points
1. (10 points) What does an A/D converter do? Explain with the appropriate figure.
• Analog signal is input to the sample and hold circuit.
• Sample and hold is a resistor capacitor charging circuit.
• The input voltage charges up capacitor through resistor.
• Once the capacitor is charged, the analog value is transferred to the ADC block where it is
converted into binary words.
2. (20 points) Explain quantization and encoding with examples.
Quantizing:
• Breaking down analog value is a set of finite states
• Quantization depends on ADC bit size
• The bit can be different lengths of: 2, 4, 8, 10, or 16 bits.
• The more bits the binary number has, the higher the resolution of the ADC.
For example: Suppose that the voltage that supplied to the A/D converter varies from 0 to 5
volt, and the A/D converter converts the input voltage to a binary number of two-bits.
• With two bits, there are 22 = 4 different options:
• That is, analog voltage changes from 0 to 5 volt can be represented with four 2-
bit numbers, or more precisely four levels.
Encoding:
• Assigning a digital word or number to each state and matching it to the input
signal
• For example: Determine the binary value representation of an analog input voltage of 3.78 V
using an 8-Bit ADC and a +5V reference.
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Digital Systems II
Assignment 2 Analog to Digital
𝐵𝑖𝑡𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 × 𝑉𝑖𝑛 28 ×3.78
• 𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 = 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛
= 5
= 193.5 ≅ 194
• Convert 194 to an 8-bit binary number
• 194 = 11000010
• The process of assigning an analog value to a binary word is called encoding
3. (30 points) For a reference voltage of +Vref = +5V and -Vref = 0V, determine he step size for
a) 3-bit ADC
b) 8-bit ADC
c) 16-bit ADC
• For 3-bit ADC the step size is:
𝑺𝒑𝒂𝒏 +𝑽𝑹𝒆𝒇 − (−𝑽𝑹𝒆𝒇 )
• 𝑹𝑨𝑫𝑪 = 𝟐𝒏
= 𝟐𝒏
+𝟓𝑽 − (𝟎)
• 𝑹𝑨𝑫𝑪 = 𝟐𝟑
= 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟓𝑽
• For 8-bit ADC the step size is:
𝑺𝒑𝒂𝒏 +𝑽𝑹𝒆𝒇 − (−𝑽𝑹𝒆𝒇 )
• 𝑹𝑨𝑫𝑪 = 𝟐𝒏
= 𝟐𝒏
+𝟓𝑽 − (𝟎)
• 𝑹𝑨𝑫𝑪 = = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟓𝟑 𝒎𝑽
𝟐𝟖
• For 16-bit ADC the step size is:
𝑺𝒑𝒂𝒏 +𝑽𝑹𝒆𝒇 − (−𝑽𝑹𝒆𝒇 )
• 𝑹𝑨𝑫𝑪 = 𝟐𝒏
= 𝟐𝒏
+𝟓𝑽 − (𝟎)
• 𝑹𝑨𝑫𝑪 = 𝟐𝟏𝟔
= 𝟕𝟔. 𝟐𝟗 𝒖𝑽
4. (10 points) If your data acquisition system uses one analog to digital converter for all analog
inputs, what sampling rate must the data acquisition system be capable of to sample three
temperature channels and two pressure channels at 200 samples per second per channel?
SOLUTION:
• 5 channels x 200 samples per second = 1000 samples per second
• The data acquisition system must be able to sample at a rate of 1000 samples per
second (or higher)
5. (30 points) Assume Vin = 4 Volts, +VRef = 5V, -VRef = 0V. Show the successive approximation
process.
Answer:
• Resolution or Step size:
𝑺𝒑𝒂𝒏 𝟓𝑽 −𝟎 𝟓𝑽
• 𝑹𝑨𝑫𝑪 = 𝟐𝒏 = 𝟐𝟖 = 𝟐𝟓𝟔 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟓𝟑𝒎𝑽
• Encoded Decimal equivalent of 4 Volts is:
𝐵𝑖𝑡𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 × 𝑉𝑖𝑛 28 ×4
• 𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 = 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛
= 5
= 𝟐𝟎𝟒. 𝟖 ≅ 𝟐𝟎𝟓 = 11001101
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Digital Systems II
Assignment 2 Analog to Digital
• The Steps of Successive approximation to prove that the ADC value 205 represents 4V are:
• To convert the output of the DAC to voltage:
𝑺𝑨𝑹 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝟐𝟎𝟓
• 𝑽𝑫𝑨𝑪 = 𝟐𝒏
× 𝑽𝑹𝒆𝒇 = 𝟐𝟖
× 𝟓𝑽 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝑽
Vin > VDAC (4V >= 2.5V) so output latch = 10000000.
• SAR sends 11000000 = 192 to D/A (VDAC = 3.75V), comparator says
• Vin > VDAC (4V >= 3.75V) so output latch = 11000000
• SAR sends 11100000 = 224 to D/A (VDAC = 4.37V), comparator says
• Vin < VDAC (4V < 4.37V) so SAR changes back to 11000000
• SAR sends 11010000 = 208 to D/A (VDAC = 4.06V), comparator says
• Vin < VDAC (4V < 4.o6V) so SAR changes back to 11000000
• SAR sends 11001000 = 200 to D/A (VDAC = 3.91V), comparator says
• Vin > VDAC (4V >= 3.91V) so output latch = 11001000
• SAR sends 11001100 = 204 to D/A (VDAC = 3.98V), comparator says
• Vin > VDAC (4V >= 3.98V) so output latch = 11001100
• SAR sends 11001110 = 206 to D/A (VDAC = 4.02V), comparator says
• Vin < VDAC (4V < 4.02V) so SAR changes back to 11001100
• SAR sends 11001101 = 205 to D/A (VDAC = 4.00V), comparator says
• Vin >= VDAC (4V >= 4V) so output latch = 11001101
• All 8 bits are sent to the D/A, therefore, the output latch has its final result = 205 decimal or
11001101 binary
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