1. What is POM in Selenium, and why do we use it?
Answer:
Page Object Model (POM) is a design pattern that creates an object repository for
web elements. It improves code maintainability and reusability.
Code Snippet:
public class LoginPage {
WebDriver driver;
@FindBy(id = "username") WebElement username;
@FindBy(id = "password") WebElement password;
@FindBy(id = "loginBtn") WebElement loginBtn;
public LoginPage(WebDriver driver) {
this.driver = driver;
PageFactory.initElements(driver, this);
}
public void login(String user, String pass) {
username.sendKeys(user);
password.sendKeys(pass);
loginBtn.click();
}
}
2. Difference between POM and Page Factory?
Answer:
POM: Manual initialization of WebElements.
Page Factory: Uses @FindBy and PageFactory.initElements for lazy element loading.
Code Snippet (Without PageFactory):
WebElement username = driver.findElement(By.id("username"));
Code Snippet (With PageFactory):
@FindBy(id = "username") WebElement username;
3. How do you handle dynamic web elements?
Answer:
By using XPath/CSS with dynamic attributes or partial matching.
Code Snippet:
WebElement element = driver.findElement(
By.xpath("//input[contains(@id, 'user')]")
);
4. How do you handle dropdowns in Selenium?
Answer:
Using the Select class.
Code Snippet:
Select country = new Select(driver.findElement(By.id("country")));
country.selectByVisibleText("India");
5. How do you implement explicit waits?
Answer:
Explicit waits wait until a condition is met.
Code Snippet:
WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10));
WebElement element =
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(By.id("username")));
6. How do you handle multiple windows in Selenium?
Answer:
Store parent window handle, switch to child.
Code Snippet:
String parent = driver.getWindowHandle();
for (String win : driver.getWindowHandles()) {
driver.switchTo().window(win);
}
// Switch back
driver.switchTo().window(parent);
7. How do you upload a file in Selenium?
Answer:
Directly send the file path to <input type="file">.
Code Snippet:
driver.findElement(By.id("upload")).sendKeys("C:\\path\\file.txt");
8. How do you handle alerts in Selenium?
Answer:
Use driver.switchTo().alert().
Code Snippet:
Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();
alert.accept(); // or alert.dismiss();
9. How do you take screenshots in Selenium?
Answer:
Use TakesScreenshot interface.
Code Snippet:
File src = ((TakesScreenshot) driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
Files.copy(src.toPath(), new File("screenshot.png").toPath());
10. How do you run Selenium tests in parallel?
Answer:
Use TestNG’s parallel attribute in XML.
Code Snippet (testng.xml):
<suite name="Suite" parallel="tests" thread-count="2">
<test name="Test1">...</test>
</suite>
11. How do you scroll in Selenium?
Answer:
Using JavaScript Executor.
Code Snippet:
JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;
js.executeScript("window.scrollBy(0,500)");
12. How do you perform mouse hover?
Answer:
Using Actions class.
Code Snippet:
Actions actions = new Actions(driver);
WebElement menu = driver.findElement(By.id("menu"));
actions.moveToElement(menu).perform();
13. How do you perform drag-and-drop?
Answer:
Using Actions class.
Code Snippet:
Actions actions = new Actions(driver);
actions.dragAndDrop(source, target).perform();
14. How do you handle stale element exceptions?
Answer:
Re-locate the element after DOM changes.
Code Snippet:
try {
element.click();
} catch (StaleElementReferenceException e) {
element = driver.findElement(By.id("username"));
element.click();
}
15. How do you run headless tests in Selenium?
Answer:
Use ChromeOptions.
Code Snippet:
ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
options.addArguments("--headless");
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);
