📘 Chapter 3: Matrices

✅ Key Topics Covered

1. Introduction to Matrices
2. Types of Matrices
3. Operations on Matrices (Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication)
4. Transpose of a Matrix
5. Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric Matrices
6. Determinant and Inverse of a Matrix (to be covered in Chapter 4)

✅ Definitions & Theorems

1. Matrix Definition:
A matrix is a rectangular arrangement of numbers (or elements) in rows and columns. It is usually
represented as:

a11 ​ a12 ​ … a1n ​

a21 ​ a22 ​ … a2n ​

A= ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
am1 ​ am2 … amn ​

where A is an m × n matrix having m rows and n columns.

2. Types of Matrices:
Type Definition Example

Row Matrix A matrix with only one row. A = [2 ​ 4 ​ 6]

​

Column Matrix A matrix with only one column. 5

B= 7 ​ ​ ​

9
Square Matrix A matrix where m = n (number of rows = number of columns). 3 4
C=[ ]
5 6
​ ​

Diagonal Matrix A square matrix where non-diagonal elements are 0. 7 0 0

D= 0 ​ ​ 5 0 ​ ​

0 0 2
Scalar Matrix A diagonal matrix with equal diagonal elements. 3 0
E=[ ]
0 3
​ ​
 Type Definition Example

Identity Matrix A diagonal matrix with all diagonal elements = 1. 1 0

I=[ ]
0 1
​ ​

Zero (Null) Matrix A matrix where all elements are zero. 0 0

O=[ ]
0 0
​ ​

3. Operations on Matrices

(a) Matrix Addition & Subtraction

Two matrices can be added or subtracted only if they have the same order.
Element-wise operation:
(A + B)ij = Aij + Bij ​ ​ ​

Example:
1 2 5 6
A=[ ], B=[ ]
3 4 7 8
​ ​ ​ ​

1+5 2+6 6 8
A+B =[ ]=[ ]
3+7 4+8 10 12
​ ​ ​ ​

(b) Scalar Multiplication

ka11 ka12
kA = [ ]
​ ​

ka21 ka22
​ ​

​ ​

Example:

3 4 6 8
2×[ ]=[ ]
5 6 10 12
​ ​ ​ ​

(c) Matrix Multiplication

Two matrices can be multiplied only if the number of columns of the first matrix = number of
rows of the second matrix.
If A is of order m × n and B is of order n × p, then their product AB will be of order m × p.
Formula:
n
(AB)ij = ∑ Aik Bkj ​ ​ ​ ​

k=1

Example:

1 2 2 0
A=[ ], B=[ ]
3 4 1 3
​ ​ ​ ​
 (1 × 2 + 2 × 1) (1 × 0 + 2 × 3)
AB = [ ]
(3 × 2 + 4 × 1) (3 × 0 + 4 × 3)
​ ​

4 6
=[ ]
10 12
​ ​

4. Transpose of a Matrix
The transpose of a matrix A, denoted by AT , is obtained by interchanging its rows and columns.
Example:

1 2 1 3
A=[ ] ⇒ AT = [ ]
3 4 2 4
​ ​ ​ ​

Properties of Transpose:

1. (AT )T = A
2. (A + B)T = AT + B T
3. (AB)T = B T AT

5. Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric Matrices

Symmetric Matrix: A matrix is symmetric if AT = A.
Skew-Symmetric Matrix: A matrix is skew-symmetric if AT = −A.

Example:

2 −1 2 −1
A=[ ], AT = [ ]
−1 3 −1 3
​ ​ ​ ​

Since AT = A, it is symmetric.

✅ Formulas Box
📌 (AB)T = B T AT
📌 (A + B)T = AT + B T
📌 k(A) = kA (scalar multiplication)
📌 (AT )T = A
✅ Practice Questions (With Hints)
1. Find the sum of two matrices A and B , where

1 3 5 7
A=[ ], B=[ ]
2 4 6 8
​ ​ ​ ​

(Hint: Use element-wise addition)

2. Multiply the matrices:

1 2 2 0
A=[ ], B=[ ]
3 4 1 3
​ ​ ​ ​

(Hint: Use matrix multiplication formula)

3. Prove that AT + B T = (A + B)T for given matrices.

✅ Concept Map
🟢 Types of Matrices → 🟢 Matrix Operations → 🟢 Transpose & Properties → 🟢 Symmetric &
Skew-Symmetric Matrices