TYPES OF FOUNDATION

FOUNDATIONS ARE AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF ANY BUILDING STRUCTURE. THEY SERVE AS

THE BASE ON WHICH THE ENTIRE WEIGHT OF THE BUILDING RESTS. THE PRIMARY PURPOSE OF A
FOUNDATION IS TO TRANSFER THE LOAD OF THE BUILDING TO THE GROUND IN A SAFE AND
STABLE MANNER. A GOOD FOUNDATION ENSURES THAT THE BUILDING REMAINS STABLE AND
DOES NOT SINK OR COLLAPSE DUE TO THE WEIGHT OF THE STRUCTURE OR EXTERNAL FACTORS
SUCH AS WEATHER CONDITIONS OR NATURAL DISASTERS.

FACTORS INFLUENCING FOUNDATION SELECTION

• SOIL TYPE: THE TYPE OF SOIL ON WHICH THE BUILDING IS TO BE CONSTRUCTED PLAYS A
CRUCIAL ROLE IN DETERMINING THE TYPE OF FOUNDATION REQUIRED. DIFFERENT SOIL
TYPES HAVE VARYING LOAD-BEARING CAPACITIES, WHICH AFFECTS THE STABILITY OF
THE BUILDING.

• BUILDING SIZE AND WEIGHT: THE SIZE AND WEIGHT OF THE BUILDING DETERMINE THE
DEPTH AND WIDTH OF THE FOUNDATION REQUIRED. A LARGER AND HEAVIER BUILDING
REQUIRES A DEEPER AND WIDER FOUNDATION TO ENSURE STABILITY.

• ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS: THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS OF THE AREA,

SUCH AS SEISMIC ACTIVITY AND WIND LOADS, ALSO PLAY A CRUCIAL ROLE IN
DETERMINING THE TYPE OF FOUNDATION REQUIRED. THE FOUNDATION MUST BE
DESIGNED TO WITHSTAND THESE EXTERNAL FACTORS.

• COST: THE COST OF THE FOUNDATION IS ALSO A SIGNIFICANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING

THE TYPE OF FOUNDATION REQUIRED. A SHALLOW FOUNDATION IS GENERALLY LESS
EXPENSIVE THAN A DEEP FOUNDATION.
SHALLOW FOUNDATION

A SHALLOW FOUNDATION IS A TYPE OF FOUNDATION THAT TRANSFERS BUILDING LOADS TO THE

EARTH VERY NEAR THE SURFACE, RATHER THAN TO DEEPER SOIL OR ROCK LAYERS. SHALLOW
FOUNDATIONS ARE TYPICALLY USED FOR SMALL, SIMPLE STRUCTURES SUCH AS HOUSES,
GARAGES, AND SHEDS. THEY ARE ALSO USED FOR SOME LARGER STRUCTURES SUCH AS
BRIDGES AND TOWERS. THE SOIL BELOW SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS IS USUALLY NOT EXCAVATED
OR REINFORCED IN ANY WAY.

TYPES OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION

1. ISOLATED SPREAD FOOTING

(ALSO KNOWN AS PAD OR SPREAD FOOTINGS) ARE COMMONLY USED FOR SHALLOW
FOUNDATIONS IN ORDER TO CARRY AND SPREAD CONCENTRATED LOADS, CAUSED FOR
EXAMPLE BY COLUMNS OR PILLARS. ISOLATED FOOTINGS CAN CONSIST EITHER OF
REINFORCED OR NON-REINFORCED MATERIAL.

TYPES OF SPREAD FOOTING

WALL FOOTING OF STRIP FOOTING

A STRIP WALL FOOTING IS A CONTINUOUS FOUNDATION THAT SUPPORTS A LINEAR STRUCTURE

LIKE A LOAD-BEARING WALL. INSTEAD OF INDIVIDUAL FOOTINGS FOR COLUMNS, THE STRIP
WALL FOOTING RUNS THE ENTIRE LENGTH OF THE WALL, DISTRIBUTING THE LOAD EVENLY
ACROSS A BROADER SURFACE AREA.

STRIP FOUNDATION ARE SUITABLE FOR SUPPORTING LINEAR LOADS IN MOST TYPES OF SUBSOIL,
BUT THEY ARE MOST SUITABLE WHERE SOIL IS RELATIVELY GOOD BEARING CAPACITY

COMBINED FOOTING

IS A TYPE OF FOUNDATION THAT SUPPORTS TWO OR MORE COLUMNS OR WALLS BY

DISTRIBUTING THE LOAD TO A WIDER AREA OF SOIL. IT IS COMMONLY USED WHEN THE
COLUMNS OR WALLS ARE CLOSE TO EACH OTHER AND THE SOIL'S BEARING CAPACITY IS
LIMITED
CANTILEVER OR STRAP FOOTING

ARE A SPECIAL FORM OF COMBINED FOOTINGS. THEY CONSIST OF TWO SEPARATE BASES THAT
ARE CONNECTED (BALANCED) BY A STRAP BEAM. IN THE DESIGN OF STRAP FOOTING, IT IS
ASSUMED THAT THE STRAP BEAM IS RIGID AND DOES NOT TRANSFER ANY LOAD BY BEARING ON
THE SOIL AT ITS BOTTOM CONTACT SURFACE.

RAFT OR MAT FOOTING

A RAFT FOUNDATION, ALSO CALLED A MAT FOUNDATION, IS ESSENTIALLY A CONTINUOUS SLAB

RESTING ON THE SOIL THAT EXTENDS OVER THE ENTIRE FOOTPRINT OF THE BUILDING, THEREBY
SUPPORTING THE BUILDING AND TRANSFERRING ITS WEIGHT TO THE GROUND.

DEEP FOUNDATION

IS A TYPE OF FOUNDATION WHICH IS PLACED AT A GREATER DEPTH BELOW THE GROUND

SURFACE AND TRANSFERS STRUCTURE LOADS TO THE EARTH AT DEPTH. THE DEPTH TO WIDTH
RATIO OF SUCH A FOUNDATION IS USUALLY GREATER THAN 4 TO 5.
TYPES OF DEEP FOUNDATION

PILE FOUNDATION

a kind of deep foundation, can be defined as a slender column or long cylinder made of
materials such as concrete or steel which are used to support the structure and transfer the
load at desired depth either by end bearing or skin friction.

A. Based on Function or Use

1. Sheet Piles

2. Load Bearing Piles

3. End bearing Piles

4. Friction Piles

5. Soil Compactor Piles

B. Based on Materials and Construction Method

1. Timber Piles

2. Concrete Piles

3. Steel Piles

4. Composite Piles

PIER FOUNDATION

is a collection of large-diameter cylindrical columns to support the superstructure and

transfer large super-imposed loads to the firm strata below. It stood several feet above the
ground.
CAISSON FOUNDATION

also known as pier foundations, are prefabricated hollow substructures designed to be

constructed on or near the surface of the ground, sunk to the desired depth and then filled
with concrete, thus ultimately becoming an integral part of the permanent structure.

STRESSED FLOOR SLAB AND BEAM

refers to a concrete floor system where both the slab and supporting beams are made using
prestressed concrete

SUSPENDED BEAM

is a structural element designed to be supported from above (or hung from the top), rather
than resting on the ground like a typical beam. It is often used to create a free space
underneath or support a heavy element.
TYPICAL WOOL FOOTING

ONE WAY SLAB

A one-way slab essentially functions as a wide and shallow beam. If the ratio of the longer
span to the shorter span is higher than two, the slabs supported on all four corners behave as
one-way slabs.

TWO WAY SLAB

Slabs with support on each of their four sides are known as two-way slabs. Since the load will
be converted in both directions in this slab, main reinforcement is offered for slabs in both
directions. The two-way slab, which carries the load by bending in two perpendicular
directions, has a ratio of less than two for a longer span to a shorter span.
SUSPENDED SLABS

are slabs that are not in direct contact with the ground. They form roofs or floors above ground
level. Suspended slabs are grouped into two types: one way slabs which are supported on two
sides. two way slabs which are supported on all four sides.

FLOOR SLABS IN DECKING

Steel decking may also be referred to as metal deck, decking or just deck. Steel deck is a structural
building component that transfers vertical and lateral loads through the building.

DEFORMED BARS

ALSO KNOWN AS REBAR OR KABILYA IS MADE FROM CARBON STEEL. IT IS USED AS MECHANICAL
ANCHORING AND REINFORCING CONCRETE FOR BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS.
USES:

USED FOR MAIN REINFORCEMENT AND TEMPERATURE REINFORCEMENT. MAIN REINFORCEMENT

GIVES THE RESISTANCE NEEDED TO SUPPORT THE LOADS REQUIRED WHILE TEMPERATURE
REINFORCEMENT IS UTILIZED TO AVOID SHRINKAGE & ELONGATION OF CONCRETE AND TO
PREVENT CRACKS.

THREE TYPES OF DEFORMED

REBAR, 20MM 7.5 705 BARS
GRADE 60
60 16 9 541
60 16 7.5 453
60 16 6 355
40 12 9 305
40 12 7.5 257
40 12 6 218
40 10 6 175

TUBULAR

S STEEL THAT HAS BEEN SHAPED INTO A CYLINDER OR A LONG, NARROW RECTANGLE. STEEL
PIPES, TUBES, AND HOLLOW SECTIONS ALL FALL INTO THIS CATEGORY AS THEY ARE SHAPED
INTO TUBES AND ARE HOLLOW IN THE MIDDLE.

244.00
325.00
456.00
443.00
493.00

C PURLINS

ALSO KNOWN AS CEE PURLINS, ARE IN THE SHAPE OF THE LETTER C AND PROVIDE STRUCTURAL
SUPPORT FOR BEAMS REQUIRED FOR WALLS AND FLOORING. IN ADDITION TO ROOFING, C
PURLINS ARE OFTEN USED FOR STRUCTURAL SUPPORT IN WALLS AND AS FLOOR JOISTS.

415.00
485.00
780.00
835.00
900.00
 995.00
980.00
1190.00
1350.00

METAL FURRING

REFERS TO A NON-STRUCTURAL METAL ATTACHMENT THAT IS USED TO HOLD A FINISH MATERIAL,

OFTEN USED AS A TECHNIQUE FOR CREATING A SEAMLESS PLASTER INTERNAL FINISH WITH A
VOID BEHIND FOR THE INSTALLATION OF SERVICES, WITH PLASTERBOARD FIXED DIRECTLY TO
THE CONCEALED METAL FURRINGS.

CHANNEL STEEL

A STRUCTURE MADE OF HOT-ROLLED MILD STEEL. THE INTERIOR CORNERS OF STEEL CHANNELS
HAVE A SPECIFIED RADIUS. THIS PROVIDES THE STRENGTH AND RIGIDITY IT NEEDS TO SUSTAIN
STEEL ANGLES AND BUILDING PROJECTS.

75mm x 50mm 6 meters 1,501.00

3mm thck
100mm x 50mm 6 meters 3,204.00
x3mm thck
150mm x 50mm 6 meters 4,255.00
x3mm thck
200mm x 50mm 6 meters 6,780.00
x3mm thck

ANGLE BARS

ALSO REFERRED TO AS AN ANGLE IRON OR L-BRACKET, IS A FINISHED METAL PART IN A RIGHT

ANGLE SHAPE, WITH PERPENDICULAR LEGS THAT MAY BE EQUAL OR UNEQUAL IN LENGTH. IT IS
TYPICALLY MANUFACTURED THROUGH HOT ROLLING CARBON STEEL OR A HIGH-STRENGTH,
LOW ALLOY STEEL THAT IS HIGHLY DUCTILE AND MACHINABLE.

40 896.00
 50 678.00
25 460.00

32 616.00
40 661.00
50 885.00
25 560.00
50 1014.00

T SECTION

ARE A TYPE OF STRUCTURAL STEEL BEAM

WITH A "T"-SHAPED CROSS-SECTION. THEY
ARE TYPICALLY USED IN LOAD-BEARING
APPLICATIONS, SUCH AS SUPPORTING
ROOFS AND FLOORS.

I SECTION

IS A SHAPE OF STRUCTURAL STEEL USED IN BUILDINGS AND IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS H, W, WIDE,

UNIVERSAL BEAM, OR ROLLED JOIST. THEY ARE DESIGNED TO PLAY A KEY ROLE AS A SUPPORT
MEMBER IN STRUCTURES. THESE BEAMS HAVE THE CAPACITY TO WITHSTAND VARIOUS TYPES OF
LOADS.

16 6 28,348.00
205
17.4
10.16
I bea 205 6 19,957.00
210
14.2
9.1

WF SECTION

A TYPE OF SUPPORT MATERIAL COMMONLY USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF HOMES,

COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS, FLOORS, ROOFS, BRIDGES, HIGHWAY RAMPS AND OVERPASSE

8x65x21 6 11,440.00
 210
165
86.521 6 12,257.00
157
210

PLAIN ROUND BARS

IS A TYPE OF CIRCULAR REINFORCING BAR (REBAR) THAT IS CHARACTERIZED BY A SMOOTH

SURFACE AND A ROUND CROSS-SECTION.

USES:

THIS MATERIAL IS COMMONLY USED TO DIVIDE MESH IN CONCRETE SLABS AND TO CREATE
COLUMNS, FOOTINGS FOR WALLS, REINFORCED CONCRETE PIERS, STEEL GRILLS AND OTHER
INFRASTRUCTURES.

8 140.00

10 191.00

12 303.00

16 544.00

20 544.00

25 1,199.00

FLAT BAR

FLAT BARS ARE LONG RECTANGULAR METAL BARS. IT IS USED IN VARIOUS CONSTRUCTION
REQUIREMENTS LIKE GATE LININGS, FRAMES AND BRACES.

20x3 6 107.00

25x3 6 146.00

32x3 6 236.00

40x3 6 280.00
50x3 6 359.00

15x5 6 224.00
 20x5 6 164.00

25x6 6 404.00

32x6 6 527.00

40x6 6 719.00

50x6 6 829.00

PLAIN GI SHEETS

IT IS A KIND OF STEEL SHEET THAT HAS BEEN COATED WITH ZINC TO PREVENT CORROSION AND
PROLONG ITS SERVICE LIFE.
 University of the Assumption
College of Engineering and Architecture

Del Pilar, Unisite Subdivision, San Fernando City, 2000, Pampanga

C-PCBT2
BUILDING TECH 2
RESEARCH 03 : STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS AND MATERIALS

Francyne Gerrili Opena

AR-2B

Ar. Villamor M. Basilio

Structural system

is a framework of elements that supports and transfers loads in a building or other

structure. Structural systems are designed to ensure stability, strength, and safety.