Integrated Science Process Skills (Part II)
– 3rd Quarter
Research I
Mrs. Marielle P. Eslabon
S u b j e c t Te a c h e r
Content
Module 4. Analyzing and
Interpreting Data
Descriptive Analysis
Lesson 1. Frequency Distribution
Lesson 2. Measure of Central Tendency
Lesson 3. Measure of Variability
Learning Competency
6. use appropriate measuring and
observation tools in gathering data
SSP_RS7-IPS-III-p-20
7. evaluate gathered data
SSP_RS7-IPS-III-q-r21
Lesson 1. Frequency
Distribution
Frequency Distribution
is a way to organize and display data that
shows how often each value or range
of values occurs in a dataset. It
essentially tells you how many times each
particular outcome happened.
Example
Think of it like this:
Imagine you have 4 bags of marbles with
different colors. A frequency distribution
would tell you how many red marbles you
have, how many blue marbles, how many
green marbles, and so on.
Example
#1 #2 #3 #4
Frequency distributions are
useful because they:
•Summarize data: They make large datasets easier to
understand by organizing them into a more manageable
format.
•Identify patterns: They help you see which values are
most common, which are less common, and if there are any
outliers.
•Prepare data for further analysis: They are a
fundamental tool used in many statistical analyses.
Example
Let's say you have the following test scores
for 10 students:
75, 80, 85, 90, 80, 70, 85, 95, 80, 75
75, 80, 85, 90, 80, 70, 85, 95, 80, 75
Score Tally Frequency
70
75
80
85
90
95
75, 80, 85, 90, 80, 70, 85, 95, 80, 75
Score Tally Frequency
70 l 1
75 ll 2
80 lll 3
85 ll 2
90 l 1
95 l 1
Exercise
Let's say you have the following test scores
for 15 students:
39, 74, 80, 54, 65, 39, 90, 80, 54, 95,
67, 56, 54, 65, 39
Lesson 2.
Measures of Central
Tendency
Measures of Central
Tendency
• statistical measures that describe the
center or average of a dataset
• provide a single value that represents
the typical or central value in the
distribution
The three most common measures
of central tendency are:
Mean
Median
Mode
The choice of which measure
to use depends on the type of
data and the research
question.
Mean
• The arithmetic average of all the
values in the dataset.
• It can be used for continuous and
discrete data
Uses of Mean
• Ideal for normally distributed data without
significant outliers.
• Often used in further statistical analysis, such
as calculating standard deviation and variance.
• Common in everyday calculations like
average speed or temperature.
Formula
sum of all measures
mean
number of values of X
Example
Let's consider the following dataset representing
the scores of 5 students on a 20-item quiz:
Dataset: 5, 8, 12, 6, 4
1. Add up all the numbers in the dataset.
2. Count the total number of values in the dataset.
3. Divide the sum of the numbers by the total
number of values.
Example
Dataset: 5, 8, 12, 6, 4
1. Sum: 5 + 8 + 12 + 6 + 4 = 35
2. Count: There are 5 numbers in the dataset.
3. Divide: 35 / 5 = 7
=7
Median Md
• The middle value when the data set
is arranged in order
Uses of Median
•More appropriate for skewed data or data with
outliers, as it is less affected by extreme
values.
•Often used in fields like economics (median
income) and healthcare (median survival time).
Example
Dataset: 2, 4, 6, 8, 19
1. Arrange the data in ascending order.
2. If the dataset has an odd number of
values, the median is the middle value.
=6
Example
3. If the dataset has an even number of values, the
median is the average of the two middle values.
Dataset: 2, 4, 6, 8
1. Arrange: The data is already in order.
2. Average: The two middle values are 4 and 6.
3. Median: (4 + 6) / 2 = 5
=5
Mode Mo
• statistical measure that represents
the most frequent value in a
dataset
Uses of Mode
• Particularly useful for describing categorical data
(e.g., most common color, most popular brand).
• Can be used to identify the peak(s) in a
distribution.
• Simple to understand and often used in fields like
marketing and education.
Example
Dataset: 2, 4, 4, 6, 8, 4, 10
The mode is 4, as it appears most
frequently (3 times) in the dataset.
Mo = 4
Types of Mode
• Unimodal – a data set with one mode
• Bimodal – a data set with two modes
• Trimodal – a data set with three modes
• Multimodal – a data set with four or more modes
