True/False

1. Distributed systems are designed to be simple, and their organization does not affect their
performance or efficiency.
2. In an event-based architecture the sender and receiver of a message must be available at the same time
to ensure synchronous communication.
3. Two-tier architecture can be implemented with a thin-client approach where most processing occurs
on the server side, making it easier to manage and secure.
4. Application layer is lower level in OSI model that implement of bits and their transmission between
sender and receiver
5. The goal of inter-process communication in distributed systems is to enable efficient memory sharing
between processes on the same machine without network communication.
6. RPC allows a program to cause a procedure to execute in another address space.
7. Marshaling is a process used only in physical layer communication.
8. Middleware lies between the transport and network layers in OSI.
9. Transient messaging guarantees message delivery even in failure scenarios.
10. Stream synchronization is important for audio-video alignment.
11. Synchronization is not important in distributed systems with a single node.
12. Eventual consistency means all copies of data will be identical immediately after updates.

Choose the correct answer

1. From the following one is the key characteristic of persistent communication?

A) Messages are discarded if the receiver is inactive B) Sender waits for an acknowledgment
C) Messages are stored until delivery D) Used only for real-time streaming
2. is packs parameters into a message to the server, and inspects the result from server and
copy it to the caller A) Server stub B) client stub C) Sockets D) all of the above
3. Which types of architecture support publish-subscribe communication?
A) Data-Centered B) Object-Based C) Layered D) none
4. What is the main limitation of a connectionless protocol in a client-server model?
A) Requires high network bandwidth B) cannot establish communication with the server
C) Does not guarantee message delivery D) Cannot be used in a wide area network
5. In a three-tiered architecture, which of the following is NOT a standard tier?
A) User-interface tier B) processing tier
C) Security tier D) Data tier
6. A thin-client architecture places most processing responsibilities on
A) The client machine B) The database system
C) The server machine D) A distributed file system
1. Which one of the following is correct description about Sockets in distributed communication?
A) Hardware components for message passing B) Endpoints for inter-process communication
C) Used only for synchronous communication D) Not related to network communication
2. From the one is not in layered protocol communication Methods?
A) OSI model B) TCP/IP C) MoM D) None
9. Which one is the major drawback of synchronous communication?

A) The sender can continue execution immediately after sending the message
B) The client must wait for a reply before proceeding, which can lead to delays

C) It is not used in distributed systems D) It is faster than asynchronous communication

Which of the following Distributed system communication methods only supports Java?

A) CORBA B) RMI C) RPC D) all of them are correct

10. What is the main function of a socket in inter-process communication?

A) It acts as a secure storage mechanism for messages B) It serves as an endpoint for
communication between processes
C) It is a software protocol that controls network access D) It is used only in physical-layer
communication
11. In a client-server model, which one is describe rue about the role of the server?

A) To request a service from a client B) To process and provide a requested service to clients

C) To randomly select which clients to server D) All of them are correct

11 is a mechanism that mediates communication, coordination, or cooperation among

components. A) Connector B) Component C) Remote Procedure Call D) None
12. What is the primary advantage of using three-tier architecture over a two-tier architecture?

A) It allows all processing to be done on the client side B) Better for scalability and load balancing

C) It eliminates the need for a user interface D) It does not require a database

13. Which function used from Client fetches the object from RMI Registry?

A) Lookup B) Rebind C) Invoked D) Stub D) Skelton

14. Which of the following is a key characteristic of event-based architecture?

A) Synchronous communication B) A strict hierarchical organization of components

C) Decoupling of sender and receiver through asynchronous communication

D) Strong dependency between components

15. is a two tier architecture all user interface and some data resides at the client

A) Fat- client B) Thin- client C) Application server D) Database server

16.Which of the following is not a layer in the OSI model?
A) Network
B) Session
C) Transport
D) Protocol

17. What is the purpose of marshaling in communication?

A) Encrypt data
B) Allocate memory
C) Transform object memory to data format
D) Execute remote methods

18. Remote Procedure Call (RPC) is mainly used to:

A) Send emails
B) Transfer files
C) Invoke methods on remote systems
D) Monitor bandwidth

19. Which of the following supports communication with message loss tolerance?
A) Persistent messaging
B) Synchronous messaging
C) Isochronous transmission
D) Transient messaging

20. Middleware functions as:

A) A firewall
B) A transport protocol
C) An intermediate service layer
D) A user interface

21.What is the role of the transport layer in OSI?

A) Error detection only
B) End-to-end communication
C) Routing
D) Physical signal transfer

22.Which model ensures messages are not lost during communication?

A) Persistent Messaging Model
B) Transient Messaging Model
C) Stream-oriented Communication
D) Basic RPC Model

23.What is a key challenge in continuous media streams?

A) Large bandwidth
B) Stream synchronization
C) Checkpointing
D) User authentication
 24.Which of the following is not a type of synchronization in distributed systems?
A) Data Synchronization
B) Process Synchronization
C) File Synchronization
D) Time Synchronization

25. What is the purpose of process synchronization?

A) Load data to memory
B) Ensure time accuracy
C) Maintain orderly execution of concurrent processes
D) Transmit packets over a network

26.Which technique is used for time synchronization in high-precision systems?

A) NTP
B) FTP
C) PTP
D) DNS

27. Logical clocks, such as Lamport timestamps, are used primarily to:
A) Manage storage
B) Ensure physical time accuracy
C) Order events without physical time
D) Replicate databases

28.What is the main role of locks and semaphores in synchronization?

A) File compression
B) Security enforcement
C) Process coordination and mutual exclusion
D) Memory allocation

29. The basic unit of communication in RPC is:

A) Stream
B) Frame
C) Call
D) Segment

30.Overlay networks are used for:

A) Controlling packet errors
B) Creating virtual communication topologies
C) Authentication
D) OS scheduling

31.Parameter passing in RPC can be:

A) Delayed only
B) By value and by reference
C) Only by pointer
D) Not allowed
29. Which of the following is a feature of multicast communication?
A) One-to-one
B) One-to-many
C) Secure channel
D) Lossless encoding
 Fill the blank
1. middleware provides mechanisms for high-level asynchronous communication in
distributed systems.

2. In distributed systems, architectures balance workloads by allowing nodes to function

both as clients and servers.

3. The layer in the OSI model is responsible for ensuring reliable data transfer.

4__________ is the process of transforming an object’s memory representation to a data format.

5. __________ transmission is used in multimedia systems for timely delivery.

6. In __________ messaging, messages are stored until they can be delivered.

7. __________ is the basic mechanism used in Remote Procedure Calls.

8. __________ networks are logical networks built on top of physical networks.

9. The __________ layer is responsible for end-to-end communication in OSI.

10.Middleware provides __________ level communication services.

11. In __________ parameter passing, the actual value is sent to the remote procedure.

12.The ___________________________ is a hierarchical design in which higher layers rely on the services
provided by lower layers.

13. In the ___________________________ model, a process on one machine requests a service from a process
on another machine.

14. A ___________________________ system allows nodes to function as both clients and servers.

15. ___________________________ stores messages until the recipient is ready to receive them.

16. ___________________________ allows processes in Java to invoke methods on remote objects as if they
were local.

Explain each question

1. Describe the steps involved in Remote Procedure Call communication between a client and a server ?

2. Explain the key differences between centralized, decentralized, and hybrid architectures?

3. Define Logical architecture and Physical architecture in a distributed system?

4. Define marshaling and explain its importance in distributed systems.

 5. Differentiate between persistent and transient messaging models with examples.

6. Describe the role of middleware in distributed communication.

7. Describe the concept of Data-Centered Architecture and provide an example of where it might be used.

8. What are the key characteristics of a Structured Peer-to-Peer (P2P) system? Explain how it differs from
unstructured P2P.

9. Explain the role of persistent communication in distributed systems and how it handles message delivery
failures.

10 Name two process synchronization techniques used in distributed systems.

11. What is the importance of time synchronization in distributed systems?