CHEMICAL BONDING
SHORT NOTES FOR IIT JEE)
Atomshighly unstable>due to their electronic configuration &high amount of energy
In the process to decrease their energy and to attain the stability ’Atoms undergo bond formation
>Which leads to formation of chemicals
known as
IfOctet of Central atom incomplte then
there will beADAPTATIONS for survival Chemical Bond
AHve (Always ewthermic)
*Mainly in the compounds of B, Be, Al. on Octet Ruk
Primary Bond paeneral)
Back Bonding Can be of two types mainly
" Presence of Vacant orbital on Central/Peripheral
-Required for the existence of
molecules & Compounds.
atom. -Involvement of electrons occurs in
Lone pair on Central/Peripheral atom. the formation of primary bond
Eg. BF, BCI, BBr,, BI, & Boric Acid
(L.P. on Peripheral atom, Peripheral to cen ter back bon ding). -Bond energy =200-400 kJ/mor
" Eg. O(SiH), N(SiH ),OCI, CCI, -Secondary bonds cannot exist
(LP. on Central atom, Center to peripheral back bonding). without primary bonds
Ionic Bond
Bridge Bonding
" Size of central atom should be Large than B. Transfer of electron/s.
" Size of Be & Al > B. " In between metal and non-metal.
" Formation of lonic Bond, via Electrostatic force
" Due to large size lesser Steric Hindrance.
of attraction.
Be & Alcan Arrange 4 Peripheral atom. " Non directional in nature.
"Eg. BeCl, (Dimer), BeCl,(Polymer),
AICI, (Dimer), AlCI, (Polymer) Covalent Bond
Banana Bonding " Sharing of electron/s.
In between non-metal and non-metal.
" Peripheral atom must be Hydrogen. " Nuclear-electron attraction in more than nuclear
" 3C-2e bond. nuclear and electron- electron repulsion.
" Eg. Diborane (B,H), BeH, (Dimer). " Directional in nature.
Metallic Bond
Co-ordinate Bond
" Metal ions are dipped in sea of electrons.
" In between metal and metal. "First transfer then sharing of electron/s.
"Formed between lewis base and lewis acid.
" Exception: Mercurous ion (Hg ), has covalent " Also known as Co-ionic, semi-polar or Dative bond.
bond in between [Hg- Hg]. Both electrons Come from single atom/molecule.
" Metallic bonds have free electrons which conduct
electricity.
"Strength c no. of unpaired electrons
in metal atom.
Cannot exist without the
formation of Primary Bond.
Secondary Bond Super Trick
Secondary bon ds lack the I.D, ’1
involvement of Electrons. LI.D, > 4
14366 D.D, =3
Based on Electrostatic force D.I.D. 6
of attraction. Trick to remember distance London =6
dependence of molecular forces
Bond energy =2-40 kJ/mol
Hydrogen Bonding Molecular Forces
Hydrogen must be connected with F/ON. lon dipole. <
r
It is stronger version of dipole-dipole interaction. Responsible for solubility of ionic
E.N. of atom Non
" Strength of hydrogen bond compound in water.
Size of atom Vanderwaal's Responsible for the hydrated radius
forces of the ions.
Intra-molecular hydrogen bonding
" Hydrogen bond within the molecule. Ion induced dipole. «
" Found in Ortho substituted, Phenols, Aldehydes, 1
Amines &Carboxylic Acids by OH, NO, dipole-dipole
Fetc. groups. Vanderwaal's" dipole induced dipole <
B.P. ,VP.‘, Viscosity , Solubility forces
1
Inter-molecular hydrogen bonding London force of attraction.
Hydrogen bond in between two same or different molecule. London force of molecular mass
Found in HE, H,0, NH, and Para substituted attraction branching
Phenols, Aldehydes, Amines & Carboxylic acids
by OH, NO, Fetc. groups Responsible for physical adsorption
lo B.P. ‘, V.P., Viscosity ‘, Solubility ‘ Determining the B.P. of molecules
and nobel gases.
HS is gas but H,0 is liquid due to hydrogen
bon ding, Strength of molecular forces :
B.P. of HO is greater than HF due to more no. lon dipole > dipole-dipole >
ofhydrogen bonds in H,0. ion-in duced dipole >
dipole - induced dipole >
" H0 is liquid while HS is gas. london forces
HF is liquid while HCl is gas.
Viscosity & Special type of Hydrogen Bonding
Surface tension’ Glycerol> Ethylene glycol >Methanol C Chloral hydrate is stable only on
C|-C H account of intra molecular
hydrogen bonding,
thydrate
Chloralh
KHF, is possible but not
KHCI, it is due to ion type KIFH-FH
H-bond
Order of Boiling Point
HF> HI> HBr> HCI
HO> HTe > H,Se> HS
PH,< AsH, <NH,< SbH,< BiH,
Covalent Bond
1
Lewis dot structures
Electron of outermost shell are shared to complete octet of central atom to achieve noble gas like configuration
Formal charge is the by-product of octet rule in which
|Lewis dot structuresare based on Octet Rule. specific charge is assigned to Lewis dot structure to
complete the octet.
Lewis dot structures Failed to Explain
Existence of molecules having Existence of molecules having Species having odd electron.
incomplete octet of central atom super octet/expanded octet of Central atom: Has odd electron
No. of electron < 8 central atom. NO,NO, CIO, CIO, O;
BeH, BF, BCI, BBr, No. of electron >8
BL,, AlCI, All, PCI,, IF, XeF, XeF, SF,
(Lewis theory was not able to explain the process of sharing of electrons between two atoms
How Electron are shared
| V.B.T. (Valence Bond Theory) was explained by V.B.T.
Electrons are shared via orbital overlapping
Requirement of Orbital Overlapping Factors affecting overlapping
according to V.B.T.
Strength of covalent bond < extent of overlapping
" Orbitals of outermost shell participate in
Shape of Orbitals (P-p > s-p> s-s)
overlapping Orbitals undergoing overlapping
must be half-filled. Directional orbitals form stronger bond
If electron in the orbitals undergoing Size of Orbitals (2p-2p >2p-3p> 2p-4p >2p-5p)
overlapping are paired then promotional
energy is used to unpair.
Same size better fitting for overlapping
Insufficient promotional energy causes
inert pair effect in heavy p-block elements
|p-lp. repulsion -¢>N-E:» Ø-:»
Presence of l.p. decreases overlapping
Hybrid orbital undergoes stronger overlapping
than pure atomic orbitals
sp <sp <sp' <sp'd <sp'd'< sp'a'
more the directional properties
more the overlapping
Overlapping can be of two types
Based on electron density Angle of Approach
9=180 |0=0°
Positive NegativeAxial overlapping Partial/parallel Lateral Overlapping
Overlapping Overlapping obond formation n bond / S bond formation
" Head to Head Head to Tail Internuclear
" Tail to Tail Tail to Head
S-s Overlapping
PP axis
overlapping p+-pI
Zero
No. Overlapping Sp overlapping pibond
P-d
Pp overlapping k overlapping pi-bond
d-d dr-d
overlapping pi-bond
also known
as & bond
V.B.T. Fails to Explain
"V.B.T. Could not explain|In CH, molecule 3bonds are formed V.B.T. Could not explain
the shape of molecule by sp overl apping while one by p-p magnetic behavior of molecule
overlapping, Besides these bonds have V.B.T. Could not explain existence
same bond energy however it couldn't and non-existence of various
Explained be explained by V.B.T. molecules and bond order as well.
by
Explained|
by
Explained
by
Valence shell e pair
repulsion theory Hybridization Molecular Orbital Theory
(V.S.E.P.R.T) (mixing of atomic orbitals) M.O.T.
Hybridization (Mixing of Atomic Orbitals)
Salient features of hybridization : Hybridization involving d-orbital
The main features of hybridization are as under : Type of 'd' orbital involved
In CH, molecule 3 bonds are formed by s-p sp'd d,
overlapping while one by pp overlapping. spd d, ,&d.
Besides these bonds have same bond energy
however it couldn't be explained by V.B.T. spd dsgd, &d,
The number of hybrid orbitals is equal to the dsp
number of the atomic orbitals that get hybridised.
The hybridized orbitals are always equivalent in Important conditions for hybridization :
energy and shape. The orbitals present in the valence shell of the
The hybrid orbitals are more effective in forming atom are hybridized.
stable bonds than the pure atomic orbitals. The orbitals undergoing hybridization should
These hybrid orbitals are directed in space in have almost equal energy.
some preferred direction to have minimum Promotion of electron is not essential condition
repulsion between electron pairs and thus a prior to hybridization.
stable arrangment is obtained. Therefore, the It is the orbital that undergoes hybridization and
type of hybridization indicates the geometry of not the electrons.
the molecules.
