ANAPHY Reproductive System (Male)
Reproductive System
➢ Production of gametes
➢ Fertilization
➢ Development and nourishment of a new individual
➢ Production of reproductive hormones
Gonads:
Male – Testis
Female – Ovary
Functions of the Male Reproductive System
1. Production and transport of male sperm cells
2. Production of male hormones like testosterone
External Genitalia
1. Scrotum
➢ Wrinkled sac containing
testis, epididymis, and vas
deferens
➢ Dartos Muscle
• Smooth muscle
within the scrotum
• Regulates testicular
temperature
➢ Cold Temperature: Testis gets closer to the body
➢ Warm Temperature: Testis hangs loosely
➢ Spermatogenesis requires 2 – 3 °C lower than body temperature
2. Penis
A. Body
Bulbospongiosum Muscle: ➢ Made of 3 erectile tissues
Contraction maintains erection a. Corpora Cavernosa
➢ 2, dorsolateral,
Ischiocavernosum: vascular spaces
Contraction will aid ejection
b. Corpus Spongiosum
➢ Contains spongy
urethra
B. Root
➢ Proximal
a. Bulb
➢ Expanded proximal portion of
corpus spongiosum
➢ Covered by Bulbospongiosum
b. Crura
➢ Proximal tapered parts of corpora
cavernosa
➢ Covered by Ischiocavernosum
ANAPHY Reproductive System (Male)
3. Glans Penis
➢ Expanded distal end of corpus
spongiosum
➢ Distal terminal urethra is expanded
called fossa navicularis
• Prepuce - Foreskin
• Frenulum – Fold of skin that
connects the head of glans
penis to the foreskin
Corona
➢ Raised ridge at the base of
the glans, overhanging the Internal Genitalia
shaft
1. Testis
Neck of the Glans ➢ Intra-abdominal during fetal life
➢ Constriction between the
corona and the shaft Tunica Vaginalis
➢ Descends and covered by Tunica Vaginalis from peritoneum
External Urethral Meatus
➢ The slit-like terminal opening Tunica Albuginea
of the penile urethra ➢ Deep (Innermost) covering
of Testis
➢ Divides the testis into lobules
➢ Each lobules contains
seminiferous tubule – site
of sperm cell development
Cells in the Testis
1. Spermatogenic Cells
➢ Grow and mature to form mature sperm cells
2. Sertoli Cells/Sustentacular Cells
Rete Testis ➢ Support and protect sperm cells
➢ Network of tubules in the
mediastinum testis
3. Interstitial Cells of Leydig
Efferent Ductules
➢ Secrete testosterone
➢ Small ducts connecting rete ➢ Located in between seminiferous tubules
testis to the head of the
epididymis
Spermatogenesis
Secondary Spermatocyte ➢ Formation of sperm cells
➢ Undergoes meiosis II
Spermatogonia
Spermatids ➢ Undeveloped sperm cells which divide
➢ Immature sperm (no tail, round through Mitosis
shape)
Primary Spermatocyte
Spermatozoa
➢ Mature sperm cells ready for ➢ Divide by Meiosis and become sperm
fertilization cells
ANAPHY Reproductive System (Male)
2. Male Reproductive Duct
A. Epididymis
➢ Comma shaped, 4 cm
long, located posterior
to the testis, with the
following parts: Head,
Body, and Tail
➢ Tail is continuous with
vas deferens
Functions of Epididymis
1. Site of sperm
maturation – mobility and capability to fertilize an ovum (10-14
days)
2. Storage of sperm cells
3. Propel sperm cells to vas deferens
B. Vas (Ductus) Deferens
➢ Continuation of epididymis
➢ 45 cm long
➢ Passes through the inguinal canal and enter the pelvic cavity
➢ Joins the duct of seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct
Functions of Vas Deferens
1. Storage of sperm cells
2. Conveys sperm cell from epididymis to ejaculatory duct and
urethra
3. Reabsorbed not ejaculated sperm cells
C. Ejaculatory Duct
➢ 2 cm long
➢ Union of the duct of ampulla of ductus deferens and duct of
seminal vesicle
➢ Terminates in the prostatic urethra
D. Urethra
➢ The male urethra is 20 cm long,
composed of:
a. Prostatic
➢ 2-3 cm
➢ Widest, most dilatable
b. Membranous
➢ 1 cm
➢ Traverses urogenital diaphragm, shortest and least
dilatable
c. Penile
➢ 15-20 cm
➢ Longest, travers’s corpus spongiosum
ANAPHY Reproductive System (Male)
3. Accessory Reproductive Organs
A. Prostate Gland
➢ Located beneath urinary
bladder with 5 lobes
➢ Surround prostatic urethra
➢ Secretes milky, slightly
acidic (pH 6.5) seminal fluid
Semen contains both clotting Secretions of Prostate Gland
proteins and proteolytic enzymes, 1. Citric Acid
and they work in sequence: ➢ For ATP energy of sperm cells
Clotting proteins (from the
2. Acid Phosphate
seminal vesicles) cause semen to
coagulate (clump) soon after
ejaculation—this traps sperm and 3. Proteolytic Enzyme
helps keep semen in the female ➢ Breaks down clotting protein
reproductive tract.
After about 10–20 minutes, B. Seminal Vesicle
proteolytic enzymes (mainly ➢ Located postero-inferior to urinary bladder
PSA from the prostate gland) ➢ 5 cm long
break down the clot, causing ➢ Convoluted pouch
semen to liquefy. This frees sperm
➢ 60% of semen volume
to swim toward the egg.
➢ Secretes fructose
Secretions of Seminal Vesicle
1. Alkaline Viscous Fluid
➢ Neutralizes acidic environment of vagina and male urethra
➢ Contains fructose for energy source of sperm cells
2. Prostaglandin
➢ Mobility and sperm viability
➢ Stimulate smooth muscle contraction of female vaginal
muscles
3. Clotting Protein
➢ Coagulate sperm after ejaculation
C. Cowper’s (Bulbourethral) Gland
➢ Located within the urogenital diaphragm on either side of
membranous urethra
➢ Opens into penile Urethra
Secretions of Cowper’s Gland
1. Alkaline Fluid
2. Mucus
➢ Lubricates penis and lining of urethra
ANAPHY Reproductive System (Male)
Semen
➢ Volume: 2.5 – 5ml with 50 – 150 million sperm cells/ml
After ejaculation, semen ➢ Approximately 300 – 500 million sperm (per ejaculation)
coagulates within about 5 minutes ➢ Slightly alkaline (7.2 – 7.7)
due to clotting proteins secreted ➢ Contains seminal plasmin which destroys certain bacteria
by the seminal vesicles. ➢ Once ejaculated sperm coagulates in 5 minutes due to clotting protein
from seminal vesicle
After 10–20 minutes, the semen
liquefies thanks to prostate- ➢ About 10 – 20 minute liquefies due to prostate specific antigen (PSA)
specific antigen (PSA) and other and other proteolytic enzymes from prostate
proteolytic enzymes from the
prostate gland. Components of Semen
1. Seminal Fluid
➢ Secretion from glands
➢ Prostate gives milky
white. Seminal
vesicle &
bulbourethral gland
the sticky appearance
2. Sperm
➢ 70 µm in length
➢ viable in 72 hours
Sperm Cells
A. Head
1. Acrosomes with lysosomal enzymes for penetration of
zona pellucida of 2° (secondary) oocyte
2. Nucleus – with 23 chromosomes (Haploid number)
B. Mid Piece
Mechanism of Ejaculation: ➢ With Mitochondria
➢ Initiated by a sympathetic
reflex. C. Tail
➢ Involves closure of the internal ➢ Flagella for motility
urethral sphincter (smooth
muscle) at the base of the
Ejaculation
urinary bladder to prevent
backflow of semen into the ➢ Powerful expulsion of semen from the urethra to the exterior –due to
bladder. sympathetic reflex– closure of smooth muscle sphincter at the base
➢ Peristaltic contractions occur of urinary bladder – peristaltic contraction of the male reproductive
in the ducts of the male tract
reproductive tract (e.g., vas
deferens, ejaculatory ducts, Emission
urethra), propelling semen ➢ Discharge of small volume of semen before ejaculation
outward. ➢ May occur during sleep, nocturnal emission
➢ Due to peristaltic contraction of male reproductive tracts
Emission Cryptorchidism
➢ Movement of sperm and
➢ Undescended testis
secretions from the testes,
seminal vesicles, and prostate ➢ 80% will spontaneously descend during 1 year of life
into the urethra—prepares for ➢ May result to sterility and testicular cancer
ejaculation.
➢ Happens right before Circumcision
ejaculation ➢ Surgical removal of the foreskin/prepuce
