📘 Chapter 1: Introduction to Emerging Technologies

🔄 1.1 Evolution of Technologies

✅ What is Emerging Technology?

• Emerging technology refers to new or fast-developing technology.

• It includes:
o Brand new inventions,
o Or ongoing improvements of existing tech.
• It can mean slightly different things in different fields (e.g., business, education,
science).
• Usually refers to tech that:
o Is currently growing, or
o Will be used widely in the next 5–10 years.
• Expected to bring big changes to society and the economy.

What Does “Technology” and “Evolution” Mean?

• Technology:
o Came from the Greek word tekhnologia, meaning the study of arts or crafts.
o First used in English around 1610.
o By 1859, it referred to machines and industry.
• Evolution:
o Means slow and steady development or change.
o Comes from Latin evolutio, which means "unrolling" or "opening up".

Examples of Emerging Technologies Today

• Artificial Intelligence (AI)

• Blockchain
• Augmented Reality (AR) & Virtual Reality (VR)
• Cloud Computing
• Angular and React (web development tools)
• DevOps (developer operations)
• Internet of Things (IoT)
• Intelligent Apps (I-Apps)
• Big Data
• Robotic Process Automation (RPA)
 1.1.1 Introduction to the Industrial Revolution (IR)

🏭 What is the Industrial Revolution?

• A time of major change in the way people made goods.

• Shift from hand tools to machines powered by energy like coal.
• Started in late 1700s – early 1800s in England.
• People moved from the countryside to cities to work in factories.

🇺🇸 Second Industrial Revolution (American)

• Happened between 1820–1870 in the USA.

• Affected industries like:
o Textiles (from hand-spun wool to factory machines)
o Mining, farming, glass making, etc.

Evolution of the Industrial Revolutions:

1. First IR: Water and steam power → mechanization.

2. Second IR: Mass production & electricity → assembly lines.
3. Third IR: Computers & automation.
4. Fourth IR: Smart systems using AI, data, and machine learning.

🛠 1.1.2 Most Important Inventions of the Industrial Revolution

🚗 Transportation:

• Steam Engine
• Railroads
• Diesel Engine
• Airplanes

📞 Communication:

• Telegraph
• Transatlantic Cable
• Phonograph
• Telephone

🏭 Industry:

• Cotton Gin
• Sewing Machine
• Electric Lights
 1.1.3 Historical Background of the Industrial Revolutions

• Started in Britain in the late 1700s.

• Spread to Belgium, France, Germany, and more.
• The Agricultural Revolution (better farming, more food) made the IR possible.

🔧 Four Types of Industry:

1. Primary – Getting raw materials (e.g., farming, mining, fishing)

2. Secondary – Making things (e.g., cars, buildings)
3. Tertiary – Services (e.g., teaching, nursing)
4. Quaternary – Research & tech (e.g., IT, innovation)

🏭 1.1.3.1 Industrial Revolution 1.0 (IR 1.0)

• Began in 1760s.
• Key changes:
o Moved from hand-made to machine-made.
o Introduced steam power.
o Growth of factories and machine tools.

⚡ 1.1.3.2 Industrial Revolution 2.0 (IR 2.0)

• Started in 1870s.
• Known as the Technological Revolution.
• Key changes:
o Made interchangeable parts for easy repair.
o Built railroads and telegraph systems for better communication.
o Introduced electric power and telephones.

💻 1.1.3.3 Industrial Revolution 3.0 (IR 3.0)

• Began in late 1950s.

• Also called the Digital Revolution.
• Key changes:
o Switched from mechanical to digital systems.
o Brought computers, mobile phones, and the Internet.
o Enabled remote communication and digital records.
o Changed how businesses work and how people connect.
 1.1.3.4 Industrial Revolution 4.0 (IR 4.0)

• Term introduced by Klaus Schwab in 2016.

• Focuses on smart technologies called cyber-physical systems.
• These are systems where computers monitor and control machines via the Internet.

Key Features of IR 4.0:

• AI (Artificial Intelligence) – smart systems that "think"

• IoT (Internet of Things) – connected devices
• Additive Manufacturing – e.g., 3D printing
• Autonomous Vehicles – self-driving cars
• CNC Machines – controlled by computers

AI is now used in:

• Smartphones
• Self-driving cars
• Robots in factories

1.2 Role of Data for Emerging Technologies

🌍 Data is the New Oil

• We are living in the age of big data.

• Data is now seen as a strategic asset, just like oil.
• It powers the future of science, technology, economy, and even daily life.

💥 Impact of Data

• Data has created huge excitement and buzz.

• It brings big challenges, but also huge opportunities for innovation and money-
making.
• Understanding and using data helps to reshape and transform many parts of life.

🔁 Data Is Changing Everything

• It's not just about the data itself, but what we do with it (analyzing, understanding,
applying it).
• This has led to the idea of data-intensive discovery—some call it the “fourth
industrial revolution.”

📈 Importance of Data Science

• Data science and analytics are being used to:

o Build theories
 o Grow the economy
o Support careers and businesses
• Fields involved include:
o Computing
o Informatics
o Statistics
o Business
o Social science
o Health and medicine

1.3 Enabling Devices and Network (Programmable

Devices)
4 Basic Types of Digital Devices:

1. Memory – stores information like spreadsheets or databases.

2. Microprocessors – run programs and software (e.g., games, apps).
3. Logic Devices – perform key tasks like:
o Communication
o Timing and control
o Data display
4. Networks – connect devices to share information (example: the Internet).

What Are Programmable Devices?

• These are chips that can be programmed to do specific tasks.

• Examples: FPGAs, CPLDs, PLDs.
• Analog versions also exist (e.g., field programmable analog arrays).

❓Why Is a Computer a Programmable Device?

• Because it follows a set of instructions (software).

• Even if a device only does one thing, it's still running fixed instructions.

1.3.1 Examples of Programmable Devices

• Achronix Speedster SPD60

• Actel’s programmable chips
• Altera Stratix IV GT and Arria II GX
• Atmel’s AT91CAP7L
• Cypress PSoC family
• Lattice ECP3
• Lime Microsystems’ LMS6002
• Silicon Blue Technologies
 • Xilinx Virtex 6 and Spartan 6
• Xmos L series

🌐 Service Enabling Devices (SEDs) for Networking

These are used to connect and manage networks:

• CSU/DSU (channel/data service units)

• Modems
• Routers
• Switches
• Conferencing equipment
• Network appliances (like NIDs and SIDs)
• Hosting equipment and servers

1.4 Human to Machine Interaction (HMI)

💻 What is HMI?

• It means how humans talk to or interact with machines.

• Today, people can control machines using natural actions like gestures.

💬 What is Human-Computer Interaction (HCI)?

• It's the study of how people use computers.

• It includes:
o The user
o The computer
o The ways they interact

How Do We Interact with Computers?

• Through hardware (like screens, keyboards).

• Through software interfaces (like apps, GUIs).
• Using input and output devices (I/O) like mouse, display, etc.

🌟 Why Is HCI Important?

• Goal: Make computers easy and friendly to use.

• Benefits:
o Simpler design
o Easier to set up
o Saves money and time
o Reduces complexity
 1.4.1 Fields That Support HCI

• Cognitive Psychology – studies how the brain handles info and limits.
• Computer Science – creates tools and technologies for interfaces.
• Linguistics – helps in voice and language-based interactions.
• Engineering & Design – builds user-friendly systems.
• Artificial Intelligence – improves smart interactions.
• Human Factors – focuses on comfort, safety, and ease for users.

1.5 Future Trends in Emerging Technologies

🚀 1.5.1 Trends in 2019

• 5G Networks
• Artificial Intelligence (AI)
• Autonomous Devices (like self-driving cars)
• Blockchain
• Augmented Analytics (smarter data analysis)
• Digital Twins (digital copies of real objects/systems)
• Enhanced Edge Computing (faster local data processing)
• Immersive Smart Spaces (virtual/augmented reality environments)

🔮 1.5.2 How These Techs Affect You and Business

• These technologies are already affecting your life—even if you don’t notice.
• Examples:
o Chatbots
o Virtual and Augmented Reality (VR/AR)
o Blockchain
o Ephemeral Apps (apps that disappear, like Snapchat)
o Artificial Intelligence
• It’s not just for big tech companies—it affects everyone.
• You either adapt to it or fall behind.
Chapter 2: Data Science - Summary Notes

2.1. An Overview of Data Science

📌 What is Data Science?

• Data Science is a multi-disciplinary field that uses scientific methods, processes,

algorithms, and systems to extract knowledge from different types of data
(structured, semi-structured, unstructured).
• It’s not just about analyzing data — it includes many roles and many skills.

📦 Real-life Example: Buying a Box of Cereal

1. You write “cereal” in your notebook – this is data.

2. At the store, you use this data to remember to buy it.
3. Cashier scans the barcode → the price is recorded.
4. Warehouse computer sees one less box and tells the stock manager to reorder.
5. You use a coupon → gets scanned → cereal company later refunds the store.
6. End of the month: the manager views a report with pie charts showing which cereals
sold best → uses this to decide what to stock more of next month.

🔁 What Happened to the Data?

• The original scribble (your note) ended up helping the store manager make decisions.
• The data passed through:
o Computers
o Hardware (like barcode scanners)
o Software (for organizing, storing, showing data)
o People (managers, workers, decision makers)

👨‍💼 Skills of a Good Data Scientist

• More than coding or math — they need:

o Curiosity
o Results-focus
o Industry knowledge
o Good communication
o Math skills (especially statistics, linear algebra)
o Programming knowledge (data mining, modeling, data storage)

2.1.1 What Are Data and Information?

📊 Data:

• Unprocessed facts or figures.

• Can be written using letters (A-Z), numbers (0–9), or symbols (+, *, /, etc.).
• Example: “45”, “A”, “+” — all are data.

Information:

• Processed data that is useful and meaningful.

• Used to make decisions or take action.
• Example: If “45” means "45 students passed", it becomes information.

2.1.2. Data Processing Cycle

This is how data becomes useful:

1. Input:
o Raw data is collected and prepared.
o Stored on devices like hard disks, CDs, or flash drives.
2. Processing:
o Raw data is changed into useful form.
o Examples:
▪ Calculate bank interest
▪ Monthly sales summary
3. Output:
o Final result is shown or used.
o Example: a payroll list for employees.

2.3 Data Types and Their Representation

2.3.1. Data Types in Programming

• Data types tell the computer how to use the data and what operations are allowed.

Data Type Use

int (integer) Whole numbers (e.g. 10, -5)
bool (boolean) True or False values
char (character) Single letter or symbol (e.g. ‘A’, ‘#’)
float (floating-point) Decimal numbers (e.g. 3.14, -0.5)
string Combination of letters and numbers (e.g. "Hello123")
2.3.2. Data Types in Data Analytics

There are 3 main kinds of data types:

Structured Data

• Has a fixed format (rows & columns).

• Easy to analyze.
• Examples: Excel files, SQL databases

Semi-structured Data

• Some structure, but not in standard rows and columns.

• Has tags to organize data (like folders).
• Examples: JSON, XML

Unstructured Data

• No set format.
• Harder to organize.
• Often text-heavy (but can include numbers, dates, etc.)
• Examples: audio files, videos, NoSQL databases

🔍 Metadata: Data About Data

• Metadata gives extra info about other data.

• Example: A photo’s metadata might say:
o When it was taken
o Where it was taken
• Metadata is often structured, even if the data it describes is not.
• It's very useful in Big Data for sorting and analysis.

📊 2.4. Data Value Chain

The Data Value Chain describes how data flows through a system in several steps — from collecting
the data to using it for business decisions. Each step adds value to the data.

🔹 2.4.1. Data Acquisition

• This is the first step: collecting and preparing the data.
• It includes gathering, filtering, and cleaning the data.
• The cleaned data is stored in a data warehouse or other storage solutions.
• Challenges: Needs strong systems (infrastructure) that:
o Can capture data quickly (low latency)
 o Handle many transactions at once
o Work in distributed environments (data spread across systems)
o Support flexible data formats

🔹 2.4.2. Data Analysis

• This step makes the data useful for decision-making.
• Involves:
o Exploring data
o Transforming data
o Modeling data to find patterns or hidden value
• Related areas:
o Data mining (finding patterns)
o Business intelligence (making smart decisions using data)
o Machine learning (computers learning from data)

🔹 2.4.3. Data Curation

• This is about managing data throughout its life.
• Makes sure data is:
o High-quality
o Easy to access
o Useful and trustworthy
• Activities include:
o Creating content
o Selecting and classifying data
o Transforming and validating it
o Preserving it for future use
• Done by data curators (also called annotators)
o Ensure the data is reliable and reusable
• Trend: Using communities and crowdsourcing to help manage data

🔹 2.4.4. Data Storage

• Involves saving and managing data in a way that’s fast and scalable
• Traditional system: RDBMS (Relational Databases), which follow ACID rules
o Good for small data
o Not flexible or fast enough for big data
• Big data prefers NoSQL databases:
o More flexible
o Better for large and complex data
o Designed to scale
🔹 2.4.5. Data Usage
• Final step: using the data for business activities
• Involves:
o Accessing the data
o Analyzing it
o Using tools to help make decisions
• Helps businesses by:
o Reducing costs
o Adding value
o Improving performance

📚 2.5. Basic Concepts of Big Data

Big data refers to new ways of collecting, handling, and learning from very large datasets that are too
big for traditional tools.

🔹 2.5.1. What is Big Data?

• It means very large and complex datasets
• Too big to process with normal computers or software
• What counts as “big” depends on the system and the organization

Big Data Characteristics — the 4Vs:

1. Volume – Huge amounts of data (Zettabytes)

2. Velocity – Data is created and moves fast (live streaming)
3. Variety – Data comes in many forms (text, images, video, etc.)
4. Veracity – How accurate and trustworthy is the data?

🔹 2.5.2. Clustered Computing and Hadoop Ecosystem

2.5.2.1. Clustered Computing

• A single computer is not enough to handle big data

• Clusters = a group of connected computers working together
• Benefits:
o Pooling Resources – More memory, CPU, and storage
o High Availability – Keeps running even if some parts fail
 o Scalability – Easily add more computers when needed
• Needs software to manage resources and tasks, like:
o YARN (Yet Another Resource Negotiator)

2.5.2.2. Hadoop and its Ecosystem

• Hadoop is an open-source framework for processing big data

• Based on Google’s ideas for handling large-scale data

✅ Features of Hadoop:

• Economical – Uses cheap hardware

• Reliable – Saves copies of data across systems
• Scalable – Easy to grow the system
• Flexible – Works with both structured and unstructured data

Hadoop Ecosystem Components:

• HDFS – Hadoop Distributed File System (stores data)

• YARN – Resource management
• MapReduce – Handles data processing
• Spark – Fast in-memory data processing
• Pig & Hive – Used to query data
• HBase – NoSQL database
• Mahout & Spark MLLib – Machine learning tools
• Solr & Lucene – For search and indexing
• Zookeeper – Manages cluster coordination
• Oozie – Schedules tasks

🔹 2.5.3. Big Data Life Cycle with Hadoop

🔄 Four Main Stages:

1. Ingesting Data

• Data is collected from:

o Databases (RDBMS)
o Systems
o Files
• Tools:
o Sqoop – Moves data from databases to Hadoop
o Flume – Moves event data (like logs) to Hadoop

2. Processing Data
 • Data is stored in:
o HDFS (Hadoop file system)
o HBase (NoSQL database)
• Tools:
o Spark, MapReduce – Process and analyze the data

3. Analyzing Data

• Tools for analysis:

o Pig – Uses map and reduce
o Hive – Good for structured data
o Impala – Another tool for fast analysis

4. Visualizing & Accessing Data

• Final stage – shows the data to users

• Tools:
o Hue
o Cloudera Search
• Helps people see results and make decisions
Chapter 3: Artificial Intelligence (AI)

3.1 What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

• AI = Artificial + Intelligence
o Artificial = Man-made
o Intelligence = Ability to think, learn, and solve problems
o So, AI means “man-made thinking power”
• Definition:
AI is a branch of computer science that focuses on creating machines that can:
o Think like humans
o Learn from experience
o Solve problems
o Make decisions
• AI is like a copy of human intelligence that can use the information it learns through
experience (called training).
• Key Human Skills AI Tries to Copy:
o Reasoning
o Learning
o Problem Solving
o Perception (like seeing or hearing)
o Language Understanding
• How AI Works:
o An AI system has two parts:
1. Agent – A robot or computer program that can observe and take
actions.
2. Environment – The world or situation the agent operates in.
o AI agents can:
▪ Set and achieve goals
▪ Make predictions and decisions
▪ Learn from feedback (trial and error)
▪ Use sensors (like cameras, mics) to understand the world
→ Example: Self-driving cars use cameras to "see"
• Examples of AI in Real Life:
o Self-driving cars, drones
o Online assistants like Siri or Alexa
o Search engines (Google)
o Image recognition (like Facebook tagging photos)
o Spam filters in email
o Game-playing (Chess, Go)
o Medical diagnosis
o Art creation (poems, paintings)
o Smart ads and content recommendations
• Why AI Is Growing Now:
o Big Data from the internet and mobile apps
 o Powerful hardware (like GPUs)
o Smarter algorithms (like Machine Learning and Deep Learning)

Difference Between AI, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning

• Artificial Intelligence: The big umbrella. Machines that act smart.

• Machine Learning (ML): A type of AI where machines learn from data instead of
being told what to do step-by-step.
o Term introduced by Arthur Samuel in 1959
• Deep Learning: A special kind of machine learning using neural networks with
many layers. It’s inspired by the human brain.

3.1.1. Why Do We Need AI?

1. To create expert systems that can give advice, explain things, and learn.
2. To help computers solve complex problems like humans.
3. To make systems that can learn and improve over time.

3.1.2. Goals of Artificial Intelligence

1. Copy or replicate human intelligence

2. Solve knowledge-heavy tasks
3. Connect sensing and action (see and act)
4. Create systems that can:
o Prove math theorems
o Play games like chess
o Plan surgery
o Drive in traffic
5. Build machines that can:
o Learn new things
o Explain their actions
o Advise users

3.1.3. What Makes Up AI? (Disciplines Involved)

To build AI, we need knowledge from many fields:

• Mathematics – For logic and algorithms

• Biology – Understanding how the brain works
• Psychology – Understanding how humans think and learn
• Sociology – Understanding social behavior
 • Computer Science – Programming and software
• Neurons Study – To build artificial neural networks
• Statistics – For learning from data

3.1.4. Advantages of Artificial Intelligence

1. High Accuracy
o Makes fewer errors than humans
2. Fast and Smart
o Can make decisions quickly (e.g., beat a chess champion)
3. Highly Reliable
o Can repeat the same task perfectly every time
4. Useful in Dangerous Situations
o Bomb disposal, deep-sea exploration, space missions
5. Digital Assistants
o Recommends products (e.g., on Amazon)
6. Public Services
o Self-driving cars, face recognition, smart translators, spelling checkers

3.1.5. Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence

1. High Cost
o Needs expensive hardware, software, and maintenance
2. Limited Creativity
o Can’t think beyond programmed instructions
3. No Emotions
o Lacks empathy, can’t form emotional bonds
4. Increased Dependence
o Makes people too reliant on machines
5. No Original Imagination
o Cannot come up with new, creative ideas like humans

3.2. History of Artificial Intelligence

AI has been around longer than many people think. Even ancient myths had the idea of
intelligent machines.

Key Milestones:

A. Maturation of AI (1943–1952)

• 1943 – Warren McCulloch & Walter Pitts created a basic model of artificial neurons
 • 1949 – Donald Hebb introduced Hebbian Learning (a way to strengthen connections
between neurons)
• 1950 – Alan Turing published "Computing Machinery and Intelligence"
o Introduced the Turing Test to check if a machine can act like a human

B. Birth of AI (1952–1956)

• 1955 – Allen Newell & Herbert A. Simon created the first AI program called Logic
Theorist
o It proved 38 out of 52 mathematical theorems
• 1956 – The term “Artificial Intelligence” was first used by John McCarthy at the
Dartmouth Conference
o AI became an academic subject
o Programming languages like LISP, FORTRAN, and COBOL were
developed
o Enthusiasm for AI was high during this time

C. The Golden Years – Early Enthusiasm (1956–1974)

• 1966: Focus was on developing algorithms to solve mathematical problems.

Joseph Weizenbaum developed the first chatbot, named ELIZA, simulating human-
like conversation using pattern matching and substitution methodology.
• 1972: The first intelligent humanoid robot, WABOT-1, was built in Japan.
It could perform basic communication, measure distances and directions, and even
play the organ.

D. The First AI Winter (1974–1980)

• This period saw a sharp decline in funding for AI research from both government
and private investors.
• Overpromising and underdelivering on AI potential led to reduced interest and
publicity.
Progress stalled due to limited computing power and lack of data.

E. The Boom of AI (1980–1987)

• 1980: The rise of Expert Systems — programs designed to emulate decision-making

abilities of human experts.
They became the first commercially successful AI applications (e.g., XCON used by
Digital Equipment Corporation).
• The first national conference of the American Association for Artificial
Intelligence (AAAI) was held at Stanford University.
F. The Second AI Winter (1987–1993)

• The hype cycle crashed again. Expert systems like XCON were expensive to
maintain and limited in scope.
• Funding declined, and AI once again fell out of favor with investors and
governments.
AI progress slowed due to limited adaptability and scalability of expert systems.

G. The Emergence of Intelligent Agents (1993–2011)

• 1997: IBM’s Deep Blue defeated world chess champion Garry Kasparov, marking a
significant milestone in AI capabilities.
• 2002: AI entered homes with the introduction of Roomba, an AI-powered robotic
vacuum cleaner.
• 2006: AI started gaining traction in the business world. Companies like Facebook,
Twitter, and Netflix began using AI for data analysis, recommendation systems, and
more.

H. Deep Learning, Big Data, and Artificial General Intelligence (2011–

Present)

• 2011: IBM Watson won Jeopardy! against top human champions. It demonstrated
natural language processing and reasoning.
• 2012: Google launched Google Now, an Android feature that predicted information
needs based on user behavior and context.
• 2014: Chatbot Eugene Goostman passed the Turing Test by convincing a portion of
human judges that it was a real 13-year-old boy.
• 2018: IBM introduced Project Debater, which engaged in complex debate with
human experts — showcasing AI’s argumentation skills.
• Google’s Duplex AI demonstrated the ability to book appointments over the phone,
with such realism that the human recipient didn’t notice it was a machine.

3.3 Levels of Artificial Intelligence (AI)

There are 7 main levels or stages of AI development, from simple systems to super-
intelligent machines.

Stage 1: Rule-Based Systems

• Most common and used today.

• Follow a fixed set of rules.
• Used in:
o Business tools (like automation software).
 o Home appliances (like smart fridges).
o Airplane autopilots.

Stage 2: Context Awareness and Retention

• Can learn and update based on specific situations.

• Learn from experts and improve over time.
• Examples:
o Chatbots
o Robo-advisors (used in finance or customer support)

Stage 3: Domain-Specific Expertise

• Experts in one single area (called a “domain”).

• Can analyze a huge amount of data and make smart decisions.
• Can do better than humans in that one area.
• Examples:
o Cancer diagnosis systems.
o Google’s AlphaGo (beat humans in the game Go).
• Can’t work in other areas – only the one they were trained for.

Stage 4: Reasoning Machines

• Can understand beliefs, intentions, and thoughts (their own and others').
• Might negotiate or reason with people or machines.
• Not ready yet but might be seen in the near future.

Stage 5: Self-Aware Systems / Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)

• Think and understand just like humans.

• Can learn any type of task, not just one.
• Often shown in movies (but doesn’t exist yet).
• Goal of many AI researchers.
• Some people think we could see it by 2024.

Stage 6: Artificial Superintelligence (ASI)

• Much smarter than any human.

• Could solve big problems like:
 o World hunger
o Climate change
• Still not real, but some experts believe it could happen by 2029.
• Seen in movies like Ex Machina and Terminator.

Stage 7: Singularity and Transcendence

• ASI could lead to a giant leap in human ability.

• Humans might:
o Connect brains with the internet or each other (like a “hive mind”).
o Share dreams or thoughts directly.
o Link with animals, nature, or even weather.
• Some believe it could happen by 2045.
• Others say it's impossible.

3.4 Types of AI
AI is divided into two ways:

A. Based on Capabilities

1. Narrow AI (Weak AI)

• Can do one task really well.

• Can’t think outside its job.
• Common today.
• Examples:
o Siri
o Google Translate
o Self-driving cars
o Image/speech recognition
o Online shopping suggestions

2. General AI

• Can do anything a human can do.

• Still doesn’t exist.
• Thinks, learns, and solves problems like a person.
• Needs better hardware and more research to become real.

3. Super AI

• Smarter than humans in everything.

 • Could:
o Solve problems
o Make decisions
o Be creative
• Still an idea, not real yet.

B. Based on Functionality

1. Reactive Machines

• Only react to the current situation.

• Don’t remember the past.
• Examples:
o IBM’s Deep Blue (chess)
o Google’s AlphaGo

2. Limited Memory

• Can remember some past data for a short time.

• Example: Self-driving cars
o Remember recent speed, nearby cars, road signs, etc.

3. Theory of Mind

• Should understand human emotions and thoughts.

• Not created yet.
• Scientists are still working on it.

4. Self-Awareness

• Future AI that will be conscious and self-aware.

• Will have its own thoughts and emotions.
• Still imaginary.

3.4.1 How Humans Think

Humans think in 3 main steps:

1. Observe: Use senses to gather info.

2. Understand: Think about the info.
3. Decide: React based on what you understood.
 3.4.2 Mapping Human Thinking to AI
AI systems also follow these 3 steps, like humans:

Human Brain AI Equivalent Role

Senses (eyes, ears,
Sensing Layer Takes in data (e.g. image or voice sensors)
touch)
Interpretation
Thinking Understands the data
Layer
Acts on the data (e.g. robot movement, voice
Actions Interacting Layer
reply)

📊 3.5 Influencers of AI
These 4 things make AI powerful and possible today:

1. Big Data

• Huge amounts of data available now.

• Helps machines learn patterns and make smart choices.

Structured vs Unstructured Data

Type What It Means Examples

Structured Organized and easy to search Tables, databases
Unstructured Messy, not organized Text, images, videos, social media posts

• Most data today is unstructured, which is harder for machines to understand but
full of useful information.

2. Faster Computers

• New and powerful chips help machines process more data quickly.
• This means AI can learn and work faster than before.

3. Cloud Computing and APIs

• Cloud computing allows AI to store and access data from anywhere.

 • APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) let different software tools work
together, helping AI grow faster.

4. Rise of Data Science

• Data scientists use math, coding, and stats to:

o Analyze data
o Train AI systems
o Find patterns

🌟 3.6 Applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI)

AI is used in many areas of life and work. It helps us solve hard problems more easily, saves
time, and makes things faster and smarter in fields like healthcare, education, finance,
entertainment, and more.

🔹 1. AI in Agriculture

• Agriculture needs a lot of resources, effort, money, and time.

• AI is used in:
o Agriculture robots
o Soil and crop monitoring
o Predictive analysis (helps in planning)
• AI helps farmers to make better decisions and save resources.

🔹 2. AI in Healthcare

• AI is helping a lot in the medical field in recent years.

• Used to:
o Diagnose diseases faster and more accurately than doctors in some cases.
o Warn doctors when a patient’s condition is getting worse so help can arrive
early.

🔹 3. AI in Education

• AI can:
o Mark assignments automatically, giving teachers more time to teach.
o Work as a chatbot assistant to answer students' questions.
o Become a virtual tutor, available anytime and anywhere.

🔹 4. AI in Finance and E-commerce

• In Finance, AI is used for:

o Automation
o Trading using algorithms
o Chatbots for customer support
 • In E-commerce, AI helps:
o Suggest products based on size, color, or brand
o Improve shopping experience with personal recommendations

🔹 5. AI in Gaming

• AI is used in games like chess, where it can think and plan many moves ahead.
• Makes games more realistic and challenging.

🔹 6. AI in Data Security

• Used to protect important data from cyber-attacks.

• Tools like:
o AEG bot
o AI2 Platform — help find bugs and threats quickly.

🔹 7. AI in Social Media

• Helps manage billions of user profiles.

• Can:
o Analyze data
o Find trends, hashtags, and user interests

🔹 8. AI in Travel & Transport

• Used for:
o Booking trips
o Recommending hotels, flights, routes
o Chatbots that talk like humans to help customers.

🔹 9. AI in Automotive Industry

• Used to create:
o Virtual assistants in cars (e.g., TeslaBot)
o Self-driving cars to make driving safer.

🔹 10. AI in Robotics

• Without AI, robots just repeat programmed tasks.

• With AI, robots can:
o Learn from experience
o Make decisions on their own
• Examples: Sophia and Erica, robots that can talk and act like people.

🔹 11. AI in Entertainment

• AI is used by apps like Netflix and Amazon.

• Suggests shows and movies based on what you like.
🌟 3.7 AI Tools and Platforms
🔸 Why Businesses Use AI

• Many business tasks are repetitive and boring.

• These tasks cost time and money.
• AI helps by:
o Automating work
o Reducing human error
o Saving money
o Boosting results

🔸 What is an AI Platform?

• A software or system that helps build intelligent apps.

• It mimics human thinking like:
o Problem-solving
o Learning
o Reasoning
o Understanding language
• Used to build apps that can:
o Learn from data
o Make smart decisions

🔸 Features of AI Platforms:

• Some are easy to use with drag-and-drop tools.

• Others need coding skills.
• Common features:
o Image recognition – identifies faces or objects (e.g., for police)
o Voice recognition – understands human voices
o Natural language processing (NLP) – reads and understands human
language
o Recommendation systems – suggests things based on your interests
o Predictive analytics – predicts what you might need next

🔸 AI vs PaaS

• AI Platforms are similar to Platforms as a Service (PaaS), but they include smart
features like machine learning.

🔸 Common AI Tools and Techniques:

• Search & optimization

• Logic
• Probabilities for uncertain situations
 • Classifiers (used to group things)
• Neural networks
• Control theory
• Programming languages

🔸 Popular AI Platforms:

• Microsoft Azure Machine Learning

• Google Cloud Prediction API
• IBM Watson
• TensorFlow
• Infosys Nia
• Wipro HOLMES
• API.AI
• Premonition
• Rainbird
• Ayasdi
• MindMeld
• Meya

🌟 3.8 Examples of AI in Real Life

I. Commuting

• Google Maps uses AI to predict traffic and suggest better routes.

• Uber & Lyft use AI to match riders and drivers, predict prices, etc.
• Airplanes use AI autopilots to help fly safely.

II. Email

• AI helps with:
o Spam filters
o Sorting emails into categories (e.g., promotions, updates)

III. Social Media

• Facebook: Suggests tagging friends using facial recognition.

• Pinterest: Uses AI to “see” objects in photos and suggest similar ones.
• Instagram: Uses AI to understand emoji meanings.
• Snapchat: Uses facial tracking to add animated filters (Lenses).

IV. Online Shopping

• Search results: Finds products quickly.

• Recommendations: Based on what other people viewed or bought.
• Uses neural networks to suggest products.
V. Mobile Phones

• Voice-to-Text: Converts your speech into written words.

• Smart Personal Assistants:
o Siri (Apple) and Google Assistant
o Alexa (Amazon): Can order items, answer questions, control smart homes.
o Cortana (Microsoft): AI assistant for Windows.

🌐 5.1. Overview of Augmented Reality (AR)

🔍 What is AR?

• AR means adding computer-generated things (like images, videos, sounds) on top

of the real world.
• It blends the real world with virtual content, so you see both at the same time.
• These virtual elements are shown from the same angle as you move around – they
match your real surroundings.
• It’s done in real-time, meaning it happens instantly as you see it.

Key Points

• AR lets you see the real world and add digital information to it.
• You can interact with this digital info as if it’s part of your real environment.
• Example: You look at your room through your phone, and it shows you digital
furniture in it.

✅ Features

• Real-time interaction.
• Digital info (like sounds, videos, 3D models) added to real scenes.
• Uses camera, GPS, graphics, or sensors.

5.2. VR vs AR vs MR (Virtual, Augmented, Mixed

Reality)
🔁 Why This Matters?

• These 3 technologies are often confused.

• They all mix real and virtual things but in different ways.

5.2.1. Virtual Reality (VR)

💡 Definition

• VR is 100% virtual – it takes you out of the real world.

• You wear a headset and see a computer-made world around you.
• You can’t see your actual room while using VR.

How it works

• Uses headsets like:

o Oculus Rift
o HTC Vive
o Google Cardboard
o PlayStation VR
• Some headsets work with smartphones (Google Cardboard), others connect to a
computer or console.
• You can move inside the virtual world using:
o Head movement
o Controllers
o Sound and video input

👀 Features

• Fully immersive
• Blocks out the real world
• Simulates real or imaginary worlds
• Advanced ones aim to involve all 5 senses (but that's rare)

📱 5.2.2. Augmented Reality (AR)

💡 Definition

• AR adds digital items on top of the real world (you still see your real surroundings).
• It enhances your view, not replaces it.

How it works

• Uses smartphones or AR glasses (e.g., Google Glass).

• The camera shows your real surroundings and adds digital objects to it.
• Common examples:
o Pokemon Go (adds game characters to real places)
o Snapchat lenses (adds filters to your face)

👀 Features

• Real-time
• Uses camera, GPS, sound, video, etc.
• Can interact with virtual items while seeing the real world
 5.2.3. Mixed Reality (MR)

💡 Definition

• MR is a step beyond AR.

• It combines real and virtual worlds in a way that they interact with each other.
• You can touch or affect virtual things using real things.

How it works

• Needs powerful headsets like:

o Microsoft HoloLens
o Magic Leap One
• Virtual objects respond to your movements, gestures, and environment in real-time.

Example

• You see a game character in your room.

• You pick up your real water bottle and hit the game character with it – and it reacts!

👀 Features

• Digital and real objects react to each other

• Lets you stay in the real world while using the virtual one
• Real and virtual combined like never before

🔍 Key Differences (VR vs AR vs MR)

Feature VR AR MR
Real World
Hidden Visible Visible
View
With virtual world
Interaction Adds info to real world Interacts with both worlds
only
Immersion Full Partial High
Headsets (Oculus, Smartphones, AR Advanced headsets
Devices
etc.) glasses (HoloLens)
Cost Medium to high Low (smartphone) Very high

5.3. Architecture of AR Systems

🔧 Main Components
 1. Infrastructure Tracker Unit
o Collects data from the real world (location, position).
o Sends info to the processing unit.
2. Processing Unit
o Combines real-world data with virtual content.
o Controls how and what is displayed.
3. Visual Unit
o Shows the final result (mixed view).
o Can have:
▪ Video see-through: Shows digital images on a screen inside a headset.
▪ Optical see-through: Combines real view and digital images through
lenses.

Display Technologies in AR

Type How it works Example

Video see-through Camera + screen in a headset Oculus Rift with webcam
Optical see-through Glass with digital overlay Microsoft HoloLens

Challenges with Head-Mounted Displays (HMDs)

• Expensive
• Not very comfortable
• Bulky and less portable
• Hard to interact with deep or layered virtual zones
• Can be hard to handle objects in different depths

Other Devices for AR

• Monitors: Show AR from an outside view (indirect).

• Tablets/Phones: Show AR directly through camera.

📌 Summary
• AR = Adds digital info to the real world.
• VR = Fully digital world; blocks out reality.
• MR = Combines and interacts with both real and virtual worlds.
• AR systems have 3 main parts: Tracker, Processor, and Display.
• Devices used include HMDs, tablets, smartphones, etc.
• MR is the most advanced and requires high-powered, expensive equipment.
5.4. Applications of AR Systems
Augmented Reality (AR) is a rapidly evolving technology with a wide range of applications
in fields like education, medicine, entertainment, military, and more.

5.4.1 AR in Education

Why AR is useful in education:

• Flexible & Portable: Works on desktops, mobile phones, and tablets. Easy to
integrate into different learning environments.
• Multiple uses: Can enhance traditional classrooms, special education, outdoor
learning, and can be combined with other tech.

Key Benefits:

1. Affordable Learning Materials

o Replaces expensive resources like posters, models, prototypes.
o Saves schools money.
o Students can access materials anytime, anywhere.
2. Interactive Lessons
o Students can view 3D models on smartphones.
o Makes abstract concepts easier to understand.
3. Higher Engagement
o AR captures students' attention.
o Encourages active participation and interest in the subject.
4. Higher Retention
o AR combines visual, auditory, and kinesthetic learning.
o Students remember more for a longer time.
5. Boosts Intellectual Curiosity
o Stimulates excitement and critical thinking.
o Appeals to digital-native students.

Additional Note:

• Helps create authentic learning environments suitable for different learning styles.

5.4.2 AR in Medicine

AR is transforming the healthcare industry—improving safety, efficiency, and medical

training.

Main Medical Applications of AR:

1. Describing Symptoms
 o Patients struggle to describe symptoms accurately.
o Apps like AyeDecide simulate vision affected by diseases to help patients
explain symptoms better.
2. Nursing Care
o AccuVein: A scanner that uses AR to project veins on the skin.
▪ Increases first-attempt success in IV injections 3.5 times.
▪ Especially useful for children and elderly patients.
3. Surgery
o Helps with complex surgeries like spinal operations.
o Example: Augmedics AR headset overlays 3D CT scans to give surgeons “X-
ray” vision.
o Saves time, reduces risks, and improves outcomes.
4. Ultrasound
o AR-enhanced ultrasound devices with smart glasses.
o Useful in developing countries, military medicine, and ambulance care.
5. Diabetes Management
o Google Smart Contact Lens aims to measure glucose in tears.
o Helps patients manage diabetes without constant blood sugar checks.
6. Navigation
o Similar to city navigation AR apps, medical AR can locate nearby hospitals or
devices.
o Example: EHBO app helps find the nearest AEDs (automated external
defibrillators).

Overall Benefits in Medicine:

• Reduces risks in minimally invasive surgeries.

• Helps in faster, accurate diagnosis.
• Makes medical procedures more tolerable for patients.
• Improves aftercare and routine medical tasks.
• Supports medical education and training.

5.4.3 AR in Entertainment

AR is revolutionizing different entertainment sectors: games, music, TV, theater, eSports,

and more.

Applications in Different Areas:

1. AR in Games
o Example: Pokémon GO
o Encourages physical activity and exploration.
o Criticism: Players may cause accidents due to distraction.
o Still, it opened the door to the AR gaming world.
2. AR in Music
o Goes beyond just listening.
o Adds info like:
▪ Artist bios
 ▪Song lyrics
▪Behind-the-scenes content
o Enhances live performances with visual storytelling.
3. AR on TV
o Adds layers of information to broadcasts.
o Example: Real-time match scores, betting info.
o Enhances viewer engagement and interaction.
4. AR in eSports
o Makes competitive gaming more immersive.
o Viewers can interact and feel part of the action.
o Helps bridge the gap between virtual and real sports.
5. AR in Theater
o Improves accessibility (e.g., for hearing-impaired visitors).
o Can display subtitles without bulky LED screens.
o Offers an immersive experience without distractions.

✅ Summary of Key Benefits of AR Across Fields:

Field Benefits
Education Affordable materials, interactive learning, better retention, curiosity
Medicine Better diagnosis, training, surgery aid, navigation, patient care
Entertainment Interactive experiences in games, music, TV, theater, and eSports

Chapter 4: Internet of Things (IoT)

4.1 Overview of IoT

IoT (Internet of Things) means connecting everyday devices to the internet so they can send,
receive, and process data without human help.

Key Features of IoT:

1. Artificial Intelligence (AI)

✓ Makes devices smart by using data, AI algorithms, and connectivity.
✓ Example: A smart fridge can detect when milk is low and order it automatically.

2. Connectivity
✓ New tech allows smaller, cheaper networks—not just big telecom providers.
✓ Devices form their own mini-networks.

3. Sensors
✓ The core of IoT.
✓ They turn devices from passive tools into active, real-world systems.

4. Active Engagement
✓ Devices don’t just wait for commands—they actively engage with users and
environments.

5. Small Devices
✓ Devices are now tiny, cheap, and powerful.
✓ IoT takes advantage of these to do more with less.

4.1.1 What is IoT?

IoT means connecting smart objects that can collect and share data without human help. It’s
about smart devices communicating with each other through the internet.

Different Definitions:
• IAB (Internet Architecture Board):
✓ IoT = smart devices that work automatically in cars, buildings, etc., without human
control.

• IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force):

✓ IoT = smart objects with limited power and processing, but they still need to work
together (interoperability).

• IEEE:
✓ IoT = a system where all things are online and interact via machine-to-machine (M2M)
communication in the cloud.

• Oxford Dictionary:
✓ IoT = everyday objects that send and receive useful data through the internet.

• Formula (2020 concept):

✓ IoT = Services + Data + Networks + Sensors

General Idea:
➢ It’s a network of physical objects (things) with electronics, software, sensors, and network
links.
➢ These objects can share data without human help.
➢ Example devices: smartphones, smartwatches, smart TVs, fitness bands, smart
thermostats, etc.
➢ Even animals and people with tracking chips can be part of IoT.
➢ Example: Ring doorbell connects to your phone, lets you see and talk to visitors.

Applications of IoT:
➢ Smart cities, smart homes, smart energy, connected cars, agriculture, healthcare, logistics,
industry, etc.
➢ Helps in better automation, analytics, and system integration.

4.1.2 History of IoT

Even though the name “IoT” is recent, the idea of machines talking to each other goes back
far.

Timeline:
• 1830s-40s: First landline (telegraph) – machines started communicating.
• 1900: First radio voice transmission (“wireless telegraphy”).
• 1950s: Birth of computers.
• 1962: Internet began as a military project (DARPA), became ARPANET in
1969.
• 1980s: Internet became public.
• 1993: GPS with 24 satellites launched by the US military.
• 1999: Term “Internet of Things” was introduced by Kevin Ashton at MIT.

First IoT Example:

• A Coca-Cola machine at Carnegie Mellon University in the 1980s could tell if drinks
were available and cold using internet.

Technologies Used:
Wireless communication, embedded systems, automation, MEMS, GPS, sensors, etc.

Important Name:
Kevin Ashton – introduced the term IoT. He said RFID (Radio Frequency ID) is key for
tagging and tracking objects.

4.1.3 Advantages of IoT

IoT is useful for both people and businesses.
1. Better Customer Engagement
Makes customer interaction more meaningful and data-based.
2. Technology Optimization
Devices work better using real-time data.
3. Less Waste
Helps spot waste and save resources using accurate info.
4. Better Data Collection
Real-world data is more detailed and reliable than traditional methods.

4.1.4 Disadvantages of IoT

Despite the benefits, there are some downsides:
1. Security Risks
More devices = more chances for hackers to steal data.
2. System Bugs
A single bug can damage all connected devices.
3. Compatibility Issues
Devices from different brands may not work well together.
4. Data Overload
Managing millions of devices and their data can be very hard.

4.1.5 Challenges of IoT

IoT brings challenges that need to be solved:
1. Security
Always connected = easier for hackers to attack.
 2. Privacy
Devices can collect a lot of personal info without users knowing.
3. Complexity
Systems are hard to design, build, and maintain due to many technologies.
4. Flexibility
It’s hard to make sure devices from different systems can work together.
5. Compliance
Following legal and safety rules is difficult with so much complexity.

■ Summary (Quick Recap)

| Topic | Main Points |
| IoT Overview | AI, sensors, small devices, connectivity, active use |
| What is IoT | Smart objects exchanging data without humans |
| Definitions | Different orgs define IoT based on smart communication |
| Examples | Ring doorbell, smart fridges, medical implants |
| History | From 1830s telegraphs to modern IoT – named in 1999 |
| Advantages | Better engagement, less waste, real-time data |
| Disadvantages | Hack risks, bugs, compatibility, data overload |
| Challenges | Security, privacy, system complexity, regulations

4.2. How Does IoT Work?

• IoT Ecosystem:
✓ IoT devices are smart devices that use embedded processors, sensors, and
communication hardware to collect, send, and act on data.
✓ They connect to an IoT gateway or edge device. Data is either sent to the
cloud for analysis or analyzed locally.
✓ Devices often communicate with each other and perform tasks automatically
with minimal human interaction. However, humans can set up, control, and
access the devices.

• Key Components of IoT:

1. Sensors – Detect changes in the environment.
2. Networking – Allow devices to communicate.
3. Data Processing – Analyze the collected data to make decisions.
4. Applications – Use the processed data to provide useful results.

4.2.1. Architecture of IoT

An IoT device architecture typically consists of four layers:
1. Sensing Layer:
✓ Detects real-world phenomena and collects data using sensors.
✓ Sensor Types:
• Motion Sensors: Measure changes in motion (linear or angular).
• Environmental Sensors: Measure things like light, pressure, and
temperature (e.g., smart lights).
• Position Sensors: Determine location (e.g., GPS or magnetic sensors).

2. Network Layer:
✓ Responsible for transmitting the data collected in the sensing layer to other
devices.
✓ Communication technologies include Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, etc.

3. Data Processing Layer:

✓ Processes the data collected by the sensors to make decisions.
✓ It might also store data to improve future experiences.
 4. Application Layer:
✓ The user-facing layer where the results of data processing are applied to
perform tasks.
✓ Examples: Smart homes, healthcare devices, and smart transportation.

4.2.2. Devices and Networks

Types of Connected Devices:
✓ Consumer Devices: Smart TVs, wearables (e.g., smartwatches), home
appliances.
✓ Enterprise Devices: Smart sensors for conference rooms, smart security
systems.
✓ Industrial Devices: Used in smart cities, agriculture, and manufacturing.

IoT Networks:
✓ IoT networks often consist of devices with limited resources (e.g., power,
memory).
✓ These devices can be deployed in hard-to-reach areas (e.g., pipelines or
hazardous zones).
✓ Efficient IoT network management is critical due to the complexity and
constraints of devices.

Management of IoT Networks:

✓ M4DN.IoT Platform: A platform that helps manage IoT devices, ensuring
proper functionality and efficient resource management.
✓ Features: Device discovery, data storage, and user control.

4.3. IoT Tools and Platforms

IoT platforms are used across various industries like smart homes, healthcare,
manufacturing, etc. They provide solutions based on cloud and IoT
technologies, allowing for the integration and control of different IoT devices.

4.4. Applications of IoT

IoT has a wide range of applications across various industries. Below are some
examples:
1. Agriculture:
✓ Indoor Farming: Monitors and controls micro-climate conditions for better
production.
✓ Outdoor Farming: Monitors soil moisture and nutrients for better irrigation
and fertilizer systems.

2. Consumer Use:
✓ Wearables: Devices like fitness trackers (e.g., Fitbit, Apple Watch).
✓ Smart Homes: Controls lighting, temperature, and appliances remotely.
✓ Security: Remote control of locks, alarms, and cameras for better safety.

3. Healthcare:
✓ Wearable Devices: Monitor health at home, reducing hospital stays.
✓ Smart Beds and Equipment: Keep track of availability and maintenance
needs.
✓ Elderly Care: Sensors detect falls or health issues like heart attacks.

4. Insurance:
✓ IoT wearables like fitness trackers can reduce premiums by promoting
healthy habits.

5. Manufacturing:
✓ RFID & GPS: Track products in the supply chain, monitor factory
equipment for maintenance, and prevent delays.
6. Retail:
✓ IoT helps with inventory management, customer targeting, and
personalized promotions.
✓ Smart Malls: Analyze foot traffic and optimize store layouts.

7. Transportation:
✓ Self-driving Cars: Using IoT for navigation and route planning.
✓ Traffic Management: Analyzing traffic patterns for better planning and
road maintenance.

8. Utilities:
✓ Energy Management: IoT sensors help manage power grids and reduce
energy consumption.
✓ Environmental Control: Sensors help regulate temperature, humidity, and
lighting in buildings.

4.3.1. IoT-Based Smart Home

Smart homes let users manage and monitor devices remotely using smartphones
or the web.
• Key Features of a Smart Home:
✓ Remote Control: Switch appliances on/off remotely to avoid accidents and
save energy.
✓ Weather Monitoring: Display outdoor weather data (e.g., temperature, wind
speed).
✓ Smart Appliances: Refrigerators that track contents and expiration dates;
washing machines that can be controlled remotely.
✓ Safety Monitoring: Security cameras and alarm systems for enhanced safety.
✓ Intrusion Detection: Detects unauthorized access through door/window
sensors.
✓ Energy and Water Monitoring: Tracks usage and suggests savings.
4.3.2. IoT-Based Smart City
• Smart City Features:
✓ Structural Health: Monitors buildings and infrastructure for wear and tear.
✓ Smart Lighting: Adaptive street lighting based on weather and time of day.
✓ Public Safety: Digital surveillance and fire control systems.
✓ Traffic Management: Smart roads, traffic signals, and real-time parking
availability.
✓ Waste Management: Monitors trash levels in bins for optimized collection
routes.

4.3.3. IoT-Based Smart Farming

• Smart Farming Uses:
✓ Greenhouses: Control temperature, humidity, and other conditions to
maximize crop yield.
✓ Compost Monitoring: Tracks humidity and temperature to prevent spoilage.
✓ Animal Tracking: Monitors the location and health of animals.
✓ Field Monitoring: Monitors soil conditions and reduces crop spoilage.
 Chapter 6: Ethics and Professionalism of Emerging
Technologies

6.1 Technology and Ethics

✓ The internet has brought many benefits like better tools and global
communication.
✓ But it also brought problems like:
Privacy concerns

Spam

Viruses

Leaving out people who don’t have internet access

✓ Technology can help or hurt human rights.
➤ The goal is to use it in a way that helps society and reduces harm.
✓ Sometimes it’s not about controlling the tech itself, but:
Creating the right laws and regulations

Making sure it’s used fairly

Sharing benefits with everyone

✓ In the accounting profession, ethics are crucial.

It follows 5 main ethical principles:

1. Integrity (being honest)
2. Objectivity (being fair and unbiased)
3. Competence and due care (doing your work properly)
4. Confidentiality (keeping information private)
5. Professional behavior (acting responsibly)
 6.2 New Ethical Questions in Emerging Technologies
Technologies like:
✓ Big data
✓ AI (Artificial Intelligence)
✓ Algorithm-based decisions

These can help:

✓ Make faster and more accurate decisions
✓ Save time and resources

But they also raise ethical issues:

✓ Biased data can lead to unfair results (e.g., discrimination)
✓ Systems may repeat past mistakes
✓ Personalization might benefit some, but hurt others

Important Questions Raised:

✓ Can we trust the data?
✓ What role should human judgment play?
✓ How can we make sure people understand decisions made by machines?

> Ethics often comes too late – after the tech causes problems.
It's better to include ethics early in the design and development process.

But it’s hard because:

✓ We can’t predict the future perfectly
✓ Ethics traditionally struggles with uncertainty
 6.2.1 General Ethical Principles

Here are 7 universal ethics rules in computing:

1. Contribute to society and human well-being

2. Avoid harm

3. Be honest and trustworthy

4. Be fair and avoid discrimination

5. Respect new ideas and inventions

6. Respect people’s privacy

7. Keep things confidential

6.2.2 Professional Responsibilities

As a professional working with tech, you should:

1. Do high-quality work

2. Be competent, ethical, and professional

3. Follow all rules and laws

4. Be open to reviews and feedback

5. Evaluate systems carefully and consider all risks

6. Only do work you are trained for

7. Educate the public about technology

8. Use systems only when allowed (unless it's for public safety)

9. Build secure systems that are easy to use

 6.2.3 Professional Leadership Principles

Leaders in tech should:

1. Focus on the public good in all tech work

2. Encourage social responsibility in teams

3. Improve workplace quality for employees

4. Follow ethical policies and encourage others to do the same

5. Help others grow professionally

6. Be careful when changing or removing system features

7. Take extra care with systems that society depends on

6.3 Digital Privacy

Digital privacy means protecting people's personal and business data online.
• It includes:
✓ Information privacy
✓ Communication privacy
✓ Individual privacy

People want to keep their online info safe from misuse by companies or
hackers.

6.3.1 Information Privacy

• You should have control over how your personal data is collected and used.
• Different countries have different privacy laws.
• Some countries (like the U.S.) have weaker protections.
• Some companies decide their own data rules unless the law says otherwise.

6.3.2 Communication Privacy

• People expect their digital messages to be private.

• But messages can be:
✓ Hacked
✓ Misdelivered
✓ Collected without knowing (e.g., by apps or platforms)

Companies aren’t always clear about how they use your messages.

So, it’s important to:

✓ Understand privacy policies
✓ Use secure platforms
✓ Improve tech to better protect communication

6.3.3 Individual Privacy

People should be free to choose what they see and do online.

• Problems include:
✓ Spam messages/emails
✓ Ads you didn’t ask for
✓ Viruses that force unwanted actions
These interruptions violate your right to a peaceful digital experience.

6.3.4 Digital Privacy Principles

Key rules for protecting privacy online:

1. Data Minimization
➤ Only collect the info that’s truly necessary
2. Transparency
➤ Tell users clearly why their data is being collected and how it will be used
3. Accuracy
➤ Keep data up-to-date and correct to protect user interests
4. Security
➤ Use strong physical and digital security to protect data

➤ Destroy data safely when it’s no longer needed

6.4 Accountability and Trust

Emerging technologies bring big changes — fast. But they also bring new
risks.

The Problem:
✓ Laws and regulations haven’t kept up with tech changes.
✓ This creates confusion and uncertainty for companies and users.

The Opportunity:
✓ New tech can improve accuracy, quality, and reduce costs.
✓ It can build trust in how companies work — especially in financial
operations.

But There’s a Catch:

✓ The very tech we use to manage risk and increase transparency can also
create new risks.
✓ These risks might go unnoticed.
 Human Disconnection:
✓ As we rely more on machines, people might stop thinking for themselves.
✓ People may feel less responsible for outcomes because “the machine
made the decision.”

What is Accountability?
✓ Being answerable for your actions.
✓ Owning up to your responsibilities and results.
✓ Includes managing money or property you’re trusted with.

6.5 Threats and Challenges

6.5.1 Ethical and Regulatory Challenges

Security professionals today need to:
✓ Understand modern tech like AI, IoT, Big Data, Machine Learning
✓ Go beyond the old “guards, guns, gates” approach
✓ Learn to speak the language of business to influence leaders
✓ Focus on cyber and data security
✓ Think like businesses do — focus on risk, value, and trust

Emerging Tech Impacts Security by changing:

✓ How we plan and manage security
✓ What tools we use (not just physical guards)

Areas Affected by Emerging Tech in Security:

1. Counter-terrorism – Predict attacks using AI and analytics
2. Threat scanning – Use real-time data mining
3. Automated cybersecurity – Systems that protect themselves
4. Surveillance tools – Sensors, cameras, drones, facial recognition

5. Simulation training – Use VR for security staff training

6. Advanced materials – Lightweight armor, bomb-proof gear
7. Forensics – Future computing helps solve crimes faster
8. Disaster response – GPS gives real-time location info
9. Biometrics – Use body data (heart rate, ECG, fingerprint, etc.) for identity
10. Robotic policing – Already used in Dubai!

6.5.1.1 Challenges in Using Artificial Intelligence (AI)

AI is powerful, but…
✓ It’s only as good as the data we give it.
✓ Humans may not input enough good data to train AI well.
✓ Bias in data can lead to unfair decisions.

Job Threat:
✓ AI could replace some high-skill jobs.
✓ But it can also help experts (e.g., doctors) work better and faster.

Solution:
✓ Careful planning is needed.
✓ Use AI to assist people, not fully replace them.
 6.5.1.2 Challenges in Robotics and Automation

Robots are not just in factories now.

✓ They’re moving into offices and other areas.
✓ Can replace human jobs in more complex tasks.

Raises concerns:
Job loss

Cybersecurity risks

Ethical questions

6.5.1.3 Challenges in Using the Internet of Things (IoT)

IoT = a world full of connected devices (watches, fridges, cameras, etc.)

Problems:
Huge amounts of data = hard to manage
Security risks from too many connections
Companies need a plan for how to use the data safely and effectively
 6.5.1.4 Challenges in Using Big Data

Big Data is behind almost all new technologies.

Pros:
• Can help businesses understand customers and operations better

Cons:
• So much data is overwhelming
• Hard to present it in a way that humans can understand
• AI is needed to process and explain it

6.5.2 Threats (or “Treats” as Mistyped in Original

Text)

Emerging tech = huge opportunities + serious risks

To stay safe and successful, businesses must:

✓ Understand tech early
✓ Know where the value is
✓ Plan for risks before problems happen

Real-life Risks:
1. Driverless Cars
➤ Cool idea, but accidents could lead to huge legal problems
(bodily injury, property damage)

2. Wearables (like Fitbit, smart glasses)

➤ Could violate privacy

➤ May not be covered by insurance properly

3. Drones
➤ Risks of crashing, injuries, or invading privacy

➤ Legal claims if used carelessly

4. Internet of Things (IoT)
➤ Too many devices = more chances for:
✓ Privacy invasion
✓ Bodily injury
✓ Property damage
➤ Could cause big legal and financial issues