NPTEL Online Certification Courses

Indian Institute of Technology

Kharagpur

Computational Fluid Dynamics

Assignment-Week 2
TYPE OF QUESTION: MCQ

Number of questions: 10 Total mark: 10 X 1 = 10

MCQ/MSQ Question

QUESTION 1:
The variation form of a given function is 𝑎(𝑇, 𝑣) = 𝐿(𝑣). Consider the following statement
regarding the conversion of variation form into a mimization form
I. 𝑎 should be bi-linear and 𝐿 should be linear
II. 𝑎 should be symmetric
III. 𝑎 needs to be definite positive
IV. 𝑎 needs to be semipositive definite
Which of following options are correct-
a. Only IV is correct.
b. Only I is correct.
c. I, II and III are correct.
d. II, III and IV are correct
Correct Answer: c.

Detailed Solution:
To convert a M form to v requires 𝑎 needs to be bilinear symmetric with 𝑙 needs to be linear. To
convert a v form to M form needs an extra condition that is 𝑎 needs to be positive definite.

QUESTION 2:

Consider the following statement regarding the approximate solution of differential equation
through variation formulation:
Statement I: Primary variable essentially specifies at the boundary.
Statement II: Secondary variable naturally satisfies the condition as it is included in governing
equation already.
Statement III: Boundary condition for primary variable is called essential boundary condition and
for secondary variable is called natural boundary condition.
Select the correct statement regarding the above statements:
a. Only II and III are correct.
b. Only III and IV are correct.
c. All are correct
d. None of the above.

Correct Answer: c.

Detailed Solution:
Primary variable essentially specifies at the boundary. Secondary variable naturally satisfies the
condition as it is included in governing equation already. Boundary condition for primary variable
is called essential boundary condition and for secondary variable is called natural boundary
condition.

QUESTION 3:

For one dimensional, steady state heat conduction with source term s, the reduced form of
governing equation is given by

d  dT 
k  + s = 0
dx  dx 
Let v is variation parameter such as T . Therefore, the variation formulation for
approximate solution o governing differential equation is given as:

 d  dT  
  dx  k dx  + s vdx = 0 ;
Consider the following statement:
Statement I: Variable for which variation appears on the boundary is called primary variable and
primary variable is T.
Statement II: Secondary variable for the given condition is specified the temperature at the
boundary.
Statement III: Essential boundary condition specifies the primary variable.

Statement IV: Natural boundary condition is specifying by k dT .

dx
Select correct option:
(a) Only I, II and III are correct.
(b) Only I, III and IV are correct.
(c) Only II and III are correct.
(d) All are correct.

Correct Answer: b.
Detailed Solution:
Variable for which variation appears on the boundary is called primary variable and
primary variable for the equation is T. Essential boundary condition specifies the
primary variable. Natural boundary condition is specifying by k dT .
dx

QUESTION 4:

Choose among the following the condition that a weighting function should satisfy
(a) It should satisfy the essential boundary condition
(b) It should satisfy the homogeneous part of the essential boundary condition
(c) It should satisfy the homogeneous part of the natural boundary condition
(d) Derivatives of weighting function must be square integrable
Correct Answer: b.

Detailed Solution:
Weighting function should satisfy the homogeneous part of the essential boundary
condition.
QUESTION 5:
For a given function 𝐼 = 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑦 ′ , 𝑦 ′′ , 𝑦 ′′′ ), the form of Euler- Poission equation is given
by
𝑑𝐹 𝑑𝐹 𝑑2 𝐹 𝑑3 𝐹
a. − 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑦 2 − 𝑑𝑦 3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝐹 𝑑𝐹 𝑑2 𝐹 𝑑3 𝐹
b. − 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑦 2 − 𝑑𝑦 3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝐹 𝑑𝐹 𝑑2 𝐹 𝑑3 𝐹
c. + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑦 2 + 𝑑𝑦 3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝐹 𝑑𝐹 𝑑2 𝐹 𝑑3 𝐹
d. + 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑦 2 + 𝑑𝑦 3
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝐹 𝑑𝐹 𝑑2 𝐹 𝑑3 𝐹
Correct Answer: a. − 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑦 2 − 𝑑𝑦 3
𝑑𝑥

Detailed Solution:
Euler-Poission equation consider higher order term than the Euler – Langrangian form. The odd
order of the derivative contains negative sign and even order derivative contain positive sign. The
correct form the equation for the given function is
𝑑𝐹 𝑑𝐹 𝑑2 𝐹 𝑑3 𝐹
− 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑦 2 − 𝑑𝑦 3
𝑑𝑥

QUESTION 6:
Consider the following heat conduction problem ( 0  x  1) :
d  dT 
+S =0
dx  dx 
k

 dT 
The boundary conditions specified are as follows: T (1) = 2 ,   =0
 dx  x=0
x
(a) T = cos( x) + sec( ) is a valid trial function
4
x 
(b) T = sec   is a valid trial function
 4 
x  x
(c) Both T = sec   and T = cos( x) + sec( ) are valid trial function
 4  4
x  x
(d) Neither T = sec   nor T = cos( x) + sec( ) is a valid trial function
 4  4

Correct Answer: b.
Detailed Solution:
x
T = sec( )
4


T (1) = sec( ) = 2
4

x
( )
It satisfies the given essential boundary condition T (1) = 2 . Hence T = sec(
4
) is

a valid trial function.

x
T = cos( x) + sec( )
4


T (1) = cos( ) + sec( ) = −1 + 2
4
 It violates the given essential boundary (
condition T (1) = 2 ) . Hence
x
T = cos( x) + sec( ) is not a valid trial function.
4

QUESTION 7:

Consider the following heat conduction problem ( 0  x  1) :

d  dT 
+S =0
dx  dx 
k

 dT 
The boundary conditions specified are as follows: T (1) = 2 ,   =0
 dx  x=0
(a) T = cos ec ( x ) is a valid weighting function
(b) T = sin( x) + cos ec ( x ) is a valid weighting function
(c) Both T = cos ec ( x ) and T = sin( x) + cos ec ( x ) are valid weighting function
(d) Neither T = cos ec ( x ) nor T = sin( x) + cos ec ( x ) is a valid weighting function

Correct Answer: d. Neither T = cos ec ( x ) nor T = sin( x) + cos ec ( x ) is a valid weighting

function.

Detailed Solution:
d  dT 
+S =0
dx  dx 
k

 d  dT  
  k  + S  vdx = 0
 dx  dx  
where v is the variation in T which is taken as weighting function ( w ).
w = T
Since T is given at x = 1 ,  T = 0 at x = 1 .

Now, w = cos ec ( x )

w (1) = cos ec ( ) =undefined

w = sin( x) + cos ec ( x )

w (1) = sin( ) + cos ec ( ) =undefined

Hence neither T = cos ec ( x ) nor T = sin( x) + cos ec ( x ) T = sin( x) + cos ec ( x ) is a valid
weighting function.

QUESTION 8:

Consider the following differential equation:

d2  d2y
+ b( x) = 0 , for 0  x  L; subject to the following boundary conditions: y = 0 and
dx 2  dx 2 
a ( x )

 d2y d  d 2 y 
dy dx = 0 at x = 0 ;  a( x) 2  = A ,   a( x) 2  = 0 .
 dx  x = L  dx  dx  x= L

 d2y
(a) y = 0 at x = 0 and  a( x) 2  = A are essential boundary conditions
 dx  x = L

(b) y = 0 and dy dx = 0 at x = 0 are essential boundary conditions

 d2y
(c) dy dx = 0 at x = 0 and  a( x) 2  = A are essential boundary conditions
 dx  x = L

d  d 2 y 
(d) y = 0 at x = 0 and   a( x) 2  = 0 are essential boundary conditions
 dx  dx  x= L

Correct Answer: a.
Detailed Solution:

 d2  d2y 
 2  a ( x) 2 
+ b( x) vdx = 0
 dx  dx  

d2  d2y
L
0 2  a ( x ) 2 
vdx + 0L b( x)vdx = 0
dx  dx 
L
 d  d 2 y  L dv d  d2y
v a( x) 2  − 0 a( x) 2  dx + 0 b( x)vdx = 0
L

 dx  dx  0 dx dx  dx 

L
 d  d 2 y   dv
L
d2y 2
Ld v d2y
 v  a ( x ) 2 
−  a ( x ) 2 
+ 0 2 a ( x ) 2
dx + 0L b( x)vdx = 0
 dx  dx  0  dx dx  0 dx dx
 dy
It is clear from the boundary terms that the primary variables are y and and secondary
dx
d  d2y d2y
variables are  a ( x )  and a ( x ) respectively. Hence, essential boundary conditions are
dx  dx 2  dx 2
y = 0 and dy dx = 0 at x = 0 .

QUESTION 9:

For a given function f, find the criteria for u(x ) such that functional:
b
F (u ) =  f (x, u(x ))dx has a critical value for a function u . For linear approximation, the
a

necessary condition for critical value for functional F will be

(a) f u (x, u(x )) = 0 for a xb

(b) f x (x, u(x )) = 0 for a xb

(c) ( )
f u x, u 2 (x) = 0 for a xb

( )
(d) f x x, u 2 (x) = 0 for a xb

 
Here, f u = and f x =
u x

Correct Answer: a. f u (x, u(x )) = 0 for a  x  b

b
Detailed Solution: Functional F (u ) =  f (x, u(x ))dx
a

For critical value of function F we have


F (u + ) =0 = 0 for all  (1)

For linear approximation, for all u ,
f (x, u(x )) + (x )  f (x, u(x )) + f u (x, u(x )) (x )
b
F (u + )  F (u ) +   f u (x, u(x )) (x )dx (2)
a
For critical value of F ,  has to vanish for all 
b
=   f u (x, u(x )) (x )dx = 0
a

Set  =0 ,from (1) and (2) have


b

F (u + ) =0 =  f u (x, u(x )) (x )dx = 0

 a

 f u (x, u(x )) = 0 for a  x  b

QUESTION 10:

The function u(x ) leads to critical value for functional F (u ) =  x 2 + u 2 (x )dx . If u(x) = sin x
0

then

(a) x = n for n  z

(b) x = n + (− 1)n for n  z
2

(c) x = −n − (− 1) for n  z
n

2

(d) x = −n + (− 1) for n  z
n

Correct Answer: a.
b
Detailed Solution: Functional F (u ) =  f (x, u(x ))dx
a

For critical value of function F we have


F (u + ) =0 = 0 for all  (1)


For linear approximation, for all u ,

f (x, u(x )) + (x )  f (x, u(x )) + f u (x, u(x )) (x )

b
F (u + )  F (u ) +   f u (x, u(x )) (x )dx (2)
a
For critical value of F ,  has to vanish for all 

b
=   f u (x, u(x )) (x )dx = 0
a

Set  =0 ,from (1) and (2) have


b
F (u + ) =0 =  f u (x, u(x )) (x )dx = 0
 a

 f u (x, u(x )) = 0 for a  x  b


F (u ) =  x 2 + u 2 (x )dx
0

Here, f (x, u ) = x 2 + u 2
f u (x, u ) = 2u
For critical F we have (linear approximation)

f u (x, u(x )) = 2u(x ) = 0  u(x ) = 0

Now,
u(x ) = sin x = 0
for n  z
 x = n

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