Final Reference List (16 Total – IEEE Format)

1. A. Al-Fuqaha, M. Guizani, M. Mohammadi, M. Aledhari and M. Ayyash, "Internet of Things: A

2. P. K. Sharma, S. Y. Moon, and J. H. Park, "IoT-based smart water quality monitoring system,"
Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 1305–1312,
2017.

3. K. Patel and A. Shah, "IoT based real time water quality monitoring system," in Proc. Int.
Conf. on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICICCS), pp. 1513–1518, 2020.

4. S. R. Mule and S. Babar, "Water Quality Monitoring System Using IoT and Cloud Computing,"
Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR), vol. 8, no. 5, pp. C356–
C360, 2021.

5. MathWorks. ThingSpeak IoT Platform. [Online]. Available: https://thingspeak.com/

6. Twilio Inc. WhatsApp Business API Overview. [Online]. Available:

7. u-blox. Neo-6M GPS Module Datasheet. [Online]. Available:

8. Arduino Project Hub. "IoT Based Water Monitoring Using ESP8266." [Online]. Available:
https://create.arduino.cc/projecthub

9. C. Zhang, J. Wang, and X. Lin, "Smart water monitoring system using LoRa and IoT for rural
environments," Sensors, vol. 23, no. 2, p. 517, 2023.

10. M. M. Dhanvijay and S. C. Patil, "Smart water monitoring system using IoT in real-time,"
IJITEE, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 1462–1467, 2020.

11. A. Jha and S. Yadav, "Predictive water quality modeling using IoT and machine learning," IEEE
Access, vol. 10, pp. 13556–13567, 2022.

12. P. C. Rao and A. Kulkarni, "An IoT-based hybrid alert system for river water quality using cloud
and edge," Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, vol. 193, no. 6, p. 315, 2021.

13. M. Mahmoud et al., "Edge-AI-enabled water pollution detection using low-power devices,"
IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 7282–7293, 2023.

14. R. Kumar and R. Tiwari, "Smart water quality monitoring system using fuzzy logic," IJERT, vol.
9, no. 5, pp. 713–719, 2020.

15. M. A. Hossain and A. Rahman, "Blockchain-secured smart water quality monitoring system,"
Journal of Network and Computer Applications, vol. 207, p. 103460, 2022.

16. D. Singh and R. Rajan, "Real-time IoT framework with GPS-integrated alert system for
contaminated water detection," Springer LNNS, vol. 798, pp. 455–467, 2024.
 Paraphrase from here

pdated Introduction

Water quality plays a crucial role in human health, agriculture, and environmental sustainability.
However, conventional laboratory-based testing methods are often time-consuming, expensive, and
unsuitable for remote or underdeveloped regions. As water pollution from industrial discharge,
agricultural runoff, and urbanization increases, particularly in countries like India, there is a pressing
need for intelligent, real-time water quality monitoring systems.

The convergence of the Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing, and edge analytics has introduced
new possibilities for continuous water quality assessment [1]–[4]. These technologies allow for
scalable, low-cost systems capable of real-time monitoring of key parameters such as pH, turbidity,
and temperature using sensor modules connected to microcontrollers like ESP32. Data collected can
be transmitted wirelessly to platforms such as ThingSpeak for visualization and storage [5], while
alerts—enhanced with GPS coordinates—can be automatically delivered to users and authorities
through platforms like WhatsApp [6].

Recent works [9]–[13] highlight innovations like LoRa for low-power long-range transmission, AI for
contamination prediction, and blockchain for data integrity, suggesting a shift towards more secure,
sustainable, and predictive water management systems. Furthermore, hybrid frameworks that
integrate edge computing and mobile dashboards are being explored to improve decision-making
and response times [12], [16].

This paper presents an IoT-based smart water quality monitoring system that not only collects and
analyzes data in real time but also issues alerts via WhatsApp with GPS tagging when thresholds are
breached. The modular architecture allows future expansion for predictive analysis, integration with
fuzzy logic or machine learning [11], [14], and cloud-edge hybrid solutions. It offers a sustainable,
affordable, and versatile solution for ensuring water safety in domestic, agricultural, and rural
settings.

✍️Updated Related Work

Research in IoT-based water quality monitoring has surged in recent years, addressing the
shortcomings of manual and traditional lab-based techniques. Various studies demonstrate the
effectiveness of real-time sensing, alerting, and data analysis in diverse applications ranging from
rural water safety to industrial discharge monitoring.

Sharma et al. [2] and Patel and Shah [3] proposed early models using ESP modules and low-cost
sensors to monitor turbidity, pH, and temperature. These systems laid the foundation for affordable
and scalable IoT water monitoring. Mule and Babar [4] demonstrated cloud-based monitoring using
ThingSpeak, while Arduino community initiatives [8] showcased real-world applications with basic
alerting features.

Dhanvijay and Patil [10] emphasized real-time data collection for remote environments, while Rao
and Kulkarni [12] proposed edge-cloud hybrid systems for faster response. Singh and Rajan [16]
advanced this further by integrating WhatsApp alerts with GPS-tagged messages for location-aware
intervention. Hossain and Rahman [15] discussed the potential of blockchain in securing sensor data,
a critical concern for long-term deployments.
Jha and Yadav [11] and Mahmoud et al. [13] incorporated machine learning and edge AI to enhance
predictive capabilities, moving beyond threshold-based alerts. These systems can detect patterns in
contamination trends and predict breaches before they occur. Zhang et al. [9] and Kumar and Tiwari
[14] highlighted fuzzy logic and LoRa integration as techniques for energy-efficient, context-aware
monitoring.

Despite these advances, challenges persist: limited predictive accuracy in harsh environments, lack of
modular expandability, and reliance on single alert mechanisms. The system proposed in this paper
addresses these gaps by combining real-time monitoring, GPS-based WhatsApp alerts, modular
sensor design, and cloud-based visualization. It provides a foundation for future enhancements
including predictive ML, SMS/email alerts, and AI-driven contamination classification.