Topics : Number Systems, Hardware Overview,
Software overview, Operating Systems
Number Systems in Computing
Binary (Base-2): Computers fundamentally process data using 0s and 1s. This forms
their core machine language.
Hexadecimal (Base-16): It simplifies complex binary strings. Essential for memory
addresses and network protocols.
Decimal (Base-10): Our familiar system enables human interaction. It is used for user
input and data output.
Summary - Number Systems
Computers exclusively operate using binary code, represented by 0s and 1s.
Decimal, or base 10, is our everyday system.
Hexadecimal simplifies complex binary sequences for human readability.
Binary Basics
The language of computers. A foundational system for all digital processes.
Decimal System
Our standard counting method. Used for human interaction.
Hexadecimal Simplifies
Compact representation. Makes long binary strings manageable.
Each hex digit represents four binary digits.
Computer Hardware Overview
CPU: The computer's brain. Executes instructions and performs calculations.
Memory (RAM): Temporary data storage. Crucial for multitasking and speed.
Storage Devices: Long-term data retention. Includes HDDs and SSDs.
Input/Output Devices: Connects users to the computer. Keyboards, mice, and
displays.
What is Software?
Software is a set of instructions. It directs hardware operations.
System Software: Manages computer hardware. Essential for basic functions.
Application Software: Performs specific tasks. Designed for user productivity.
Examples: Windows OS, Microsoft Word, Adobe Photoshop.
Role of Operating Systems
Operating systems (OS) are vital. They manage all computer resources.
Provides a user interface for interaction. Ensures system security.
Responsibilities: Manages CPU and memory, handles storage and I/O devices,
provides UI, ensures security.
Types of Operating Systems
Single-User OS: Designed for one user at a time. Common in personal computers.
Multi-User OS: Supports multiple users simultaneously. Used in servers and
mainframes.
Single-Tasking: Executes one task at a time. Simpler systems use this.
Multitasking: Handles multiple tasks concurrently. Found in modern devices.
Specialized OS: Includes embedded, real-time, and network OS. Each serves specific
functions.
Key Takeaways
Number Systems: Essential for all digital logic. They form computing's bedrock.
Hardware and Software: Work synergistically through the OS. Each piece is
interdependent.
Operating Systems: Manage resources efficiently. They offer diverse features for
user interaction.
Basic English Understanding
Basic English understanding is important for reading and writing small code instructions in
programming. You don’t need to be an expert, just understand the basic parts.
Topics:
Reading simple instructions:
o Examples:
if (x > 0) → if x is greater than 0
else → otherwise
return x → send back the value x
o These are common words used in all programming languages to control the flow
of code.
Basic grammar understanding (helpful but not mandatory):
o Helps you read and write comments or instructions in code.
o Example:
If the number is greater than 10, return it.
Basic Mathematics
Understanding simple math is very important for programming. You don’t need advanced math,
just basic operations and logic.
Topics: Arithmetic Operations:
o ➕ Addition: 5 + 3 = 8
o ➖ Subtraction: 10 - 4 = 6
o ✖️Multiplication: 2 * 6 = 12
o ➗ Division: 12 / 3 = 4
Understanding of Integers and Decimals:
o Integers: Whole numbers (positive or negative), e.g., -5, 0, 12
o Decimals: Numbers with a point, e.g., 154.21, 3.14
Logical Thinking and Patterns:
o Programming uses logic to make decisions.
Example: If a number is even, print “Even”; else print “Odd”.
o Recognizing patterns helps in loops and conditions. Example: 2, 4, 6, 8 → a pattern of even
numbers increasing by 2
