DEVELOPMENT

STUDIES
REVISION QUESTIONS
MODULE 1-8

MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL

 Development Studies Indicator Economic Development
Developed Developing
Revision Questions GNP High Low
GDP high Low
GNP per capita High low
Module 1: Measuring & Investigating Energy consumption
Employment
High
High
low
low
Development Number of people in Less people in agriculture More people in agriculture
What is development? Agriculture

- Development is a process of change that makes people happier, freer, better Social Development
Indicator
fed, richer and take part in decision making Developed Developing
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) Low High
Life expectancy High Low
- Development is when the economy grows, standards of living rise, quality of Death rate Low High
life improves, wealth is shared more fairly and more people take part in Birth rate Low High
decision making Doctor-patient ratio Low High
Teacher-student ratio Low High
Identify and define aspect of development Number of people per Low High
telephone
Number of people per tap Low: Many houses with High: few houses with water
- Economic development is when a country produces more/enough for water
everyone, the society gets richer; improvement in production e.g. GNP, Dependency ratio Low High
GDP, GNP per capita, energy consumption Literacy rate High Low
Adult literacy rate High Low
Calorie intake High Low
- Social development is when people’s basic needs are more fully met; Daily food intake High Low
improvement of people’s living standards e.g. birth rate, IMR, life
expectancy, access to clean water, etc.
Indicator
Political Development
Developed Developing
- Political development is when there is more freedom and justice, and people Democracy
are free to participate in decision making; respect for human rights/safety Peace Civil wars/civil strife
and security e.g. democracy, equality, justice, etc. Elections More Few
Women in managerial positions More Few
Human rights
(N.B. Give 1 mark for one example in each aspect) Freedom
Number of wrongful imprisonment
Number of political parties in a country
Percentage of people who vote during elections

MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL DEVELOPMENT STUDIES REVISION QUESTIONS MODULE 1-8
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What is meant by political development? What is infant mortality rate?

- Political development is when there is more freedom and justice, and people - Infant mortality rate number of babies who die before their first birthday
are free to participate in decision making; respect for human rights or safety per thousand per year
and security, for example, democracy, equality, justice, etc.
- Infant mortality rate is the percentage of babies who die before their first
Why is it difficult to measure political aspects of development? birthday
-
Ideas such as; *The following are acceptable
- Political aspects of development are difficult to quantify because are ‘Children / newborns…..before the age of 1 / under 1 / between the ages 0-1
intangible or immeasurable, for example, they can neither be seen nor
touched. The reasons why developing countries have a high infant mortality rate

- Most countries prohibit independent human rights groups to monitor human Ideas such as:
rights violations.
- Developing countries have high doctor patient ratio/ inadequate access to
- In developing countries most people are illiterate and unaware of their health care because there are few trained doctors and nurses.
rights.
- There is poor nutrition in developing countries leading to such health
- Political aspects of development are affected by cultural or religious beliefs, conditions as kwashiorkor.
for example, women being marginalised or there are gender inequalities.
- In developing infant mortality rate is caused by teenage pregnancy which
- The issue of sovereignty makes it difficult to measure political aspect of may lead to delivery complications.
development because countries belief that they are independent therefore
nobody can tell them how to treat their citizens. - Infant mortality rate is caused by pandemic diseases such HIV/AIDS because
some of the babies are born with the virus.
- Political aspects of development are affected by different political systems,
for example, dictatorship prohibits human rights because they are no voting, - Poor sanitation / unhygienic conditions
no freedom of speech.
- Poor care / parent negligence

*Sweeping statements are not allowed; no mark for a point connoting people, the
point should be specific e.g. infant… pregnant mothers… breastfeeding
mothers…etc.

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What is life expectancy? Why is calorie intake low in developing countries?

- Life expectancy is the average number of years a person is likely to live. Ideas such as:

What is life expectancy at birth? - In developing countries there is high unemployment so less money to buy
food.
- Life expectancy is the average number of years a new born baby is likely to
live - There is lack of purchasable food in some areas

The reasons why world life expectancy is rising - Developing countries have low calorie intake because of drought

Ideas such as; - The high illiteracy rate in developing countries lead to inability to
determine food quality
- The life expectancy is rising in the world because cleaner water supplies to
prevent waterborne diseases such as cholera. Define literacy rate

- The governments of the world provide better sanitation to their citizens to - Literacy rate is the percentage of the population / average number of
improve hygiene. people who are able to read & write

- World life expectancy is rising due to provision better health care whereby What is the importance of literacy to development?
there is enough trained medical personnel such as doctors and nurses.
Ideas such as;
- Life expectancy is rising in the world because countries provide primary
health care to citizens who focus on the prevention of diseases and giving - When people are able to read & write they are able to learn / acquire new
assistance to the sick, for example, provision of clean water, health education skills easily
and immunisation programme.
- They can better participate in decision making and national campaigns,
- In the world life expectancy is rising because some of the countries provide for example, elections, immunisation programmes
citizens with better nutrition for example, in Botswana children are given
supplementary feeding such as Tsabana. - They can read and understand environmental issues or conservation
better
What is calorie intake? - Reduces dependency on those who are literate and promotes privacy e.g.
reading own letters/mail
- Calorie intake is the energy value of the food eaten - Literate mothers can access information on childcare leading to better
hygiene and lower infant mortality rate ( IMR)
- Improved nutrition when the mother is literate
- They can easily find out and fill themselves application forms e.g. at the
post office, credit facilities forms and can even write application letters
for jobs etc.
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Define adult literacy rate Give any three negative effects low school enrolment can have on a country’s
development
- Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people or number of people 18
years and above who can read and write Ideas such as;

Male literacy rate is higher in most countries than female literacy rate - The negative effect of low school enrolment can have on a country’s
development is that of low literacy rate
Suggest three reasons for the difference between male and female literacy rates
- A country that have low school enrolment can have fewer skilled
Ideas such as; personnel

- The reason for the difference between male and female literacy rate is - The negative effect of low school enrolment on a country’s development
that girls are denied the chance to go to school and are expected to stay is lack of alternative sources of income and poverty
home and help their mothers
- In a country with low school enrolment fewer people will be involved in
- The girls drop out of school because they marry and get pregnant decision making

- Girls are neglected for cultural/traditional reasons - A country with low school enrolment will have high birth rates because
many people will lack knowledge on the use of contraceptives.
- It is believed a girl child has a smaller brain than their male counterpart
(and this makes them less intelligent) and so sending them to school is a - The negative effects of low school enrolment on a country’s development
waste of time and money is high infant mortality rate and death rates

Describe three challenges faced by developing countries in trying to improve

The girl child school enrolment is lower in African countries.
their citizens’ education
Give two reasons for the low enrolment of girls in African countries Ideas such as;
Ideas such as;
- The reason for low enrolment of girls in African countries is domestic - The challenge that developing countries will be faced with in trying to
responsibilities improve their citizens’ education is shortage of funds leading to
- The belief that women will be married is another reason for low inadequate educational facilities
enrolment of girls in African countries. - Developing countries will have shortage of trained personnel in trying to
- In African countries lower enrolment of girls is caused by religious improve their citizens’ education.
beliefs and customs, for example, polygamy. - The challenge that developing countries is faced with in trying to
- Oppression of women by men improve their citizen’s education is inaccessible educational facilities
- The belief that women have smaller brains and are therefore less - Poverty is another challenge faced by developing countries in trying to
intelligent improve their citizens’ education whereby parents are unable to pay
- Teenage pregnancy school fees for their children.
- Poverty
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What causes high school dropout rates in developing countries? Define Gross National Product:

Ideas such as; - Gross National Product is the total value of goods and services that a country
produces in one year including earnings from abroad or outside
- High school dropout in developing countries is caused by teenage
pregnancy Give reasons why GNP per capita is not a good measure of development:

- In developing countries high school dropout rate is caused by domestic - A few people might own most of the land, farms, shops, factories, etc.
responsibilities e.g. looking after livestock leaving the majority very poor, for example, it ignores the difference
between the rich & the poor within the country.
- Inability to pay school fees by some parents due to poverty causes high
school dropout rates in developing countries. - GNP per capita ignores the informal sector and illicit trades; economists only
count goods and services marketed openly and recorded by government.
- Developing countries have high school dropout rates because of early .
marriage - Production/income statistics may be inaccurate or concealing of actual
earnings to avert tax or Business officials hiding information
- The cause of high school dropout rates in developing countries is lack
of parental guidance - Population statistics may be inaccurate and/or out-dated

- High school dropout in developing countries may be caused by diseases - There is official biasness of statistics to score a political mileage
such as HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis (TB).

- Some developing countries have problems of civil wars which may lead - GNP per capita assumes that everyone is working and benefiting from the
to high school dropout, for example, Somalia and Sudan. economy and ignores the quality of life, social & environmental
consequences of wealth/ignores happiness
- Developing countries have high school dropout rates because of alcohol
& drug abuse by students. Define GNP per capita

- In Developing countries there are high school dropout rates because of - The proportion or share of a country’s wealth each individual is entitled to if
poor learning environment due to shortage of classrooms. the country’s money is shared equally or evenly amongst the population

- High school dropout rates in developing countries is caused by long - The total money value of goods and services produced within & outside the
distance / proximity to educational facilities country divided by the total population

- Developing countries have high school dropout rates because of negative

attitude & truant behaviour by students.

MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL DEVELOPMENT STUDIES REVISION QUESTIONS MODULE 1-8
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Give three reasons why Countries of the North have a higher GNP than those of Discuss three ways of achieving sustainable development in a country:
the South
Ideas such as;
Ideas such as;
- The way of achieving sustainable development in a country is through
- Countries of the North have a higher GNP than those of the South because stock piling of minerals / preservation is keeping the minerals until the
they have mass production due to many industries and the use of complex world prices improves such as for diamonds and copper.
technology.
- - Sustainable development can be achieved by coming up with legislation
- The reason why Countries of the North have a higher GNP than those of the or laws to protect wild animals, for example, seasonal hunting, quotas is
South is because they export a lot of quality (high value / expensive) goods number of wild animals a person allowed to hunt, hunting licenses,
and services National Parks and Game Reserves, and Anti-poaching laws
- The Countries of the North have higher GNP than the Countries of the South - Stabilising population growth, for example, planning for small families,
because they price the goods (commodities) themselves. birth control, practicing population control, giving incentives to small
families or penalize for large families
- They have favourable terms of trade
- Conservation measures, for example, tree planting, recycling, re-use,
- Most multi-national companies (MNCs) originate from Countries of the reduce, refuse, clean-up, limited use of resources, good farming methods,
North and operate in other countries/profit repatriation is taking profit back Wildlife Management Areas
to countries of their origin
- Education on resource use
- They earn a lot of interest from loans to the developing world
- Use of synthetic products
Define Sustainable Development:
- Finding alternative energy sources
- The wise use of resources by the present generation to meet its needs
without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to meet their needs
N.B. Ideas must be developed to get a point
- The wise use of resources by the present generation to meet its needs so (A max. of 2 marks from the same idea)
that future generations could also meet their needs

N.B. Accept answers connoting wise use of resources provided it caters for
future generations.
(Do not accept/mark ‘a theory …)

MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL DEVELOPMENT STUDIES REVISION QUESTIONS MODULE 1-8
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Pollution has proved to be a global problem and an obstacle against sustainable development. - Elongation of chimneys or making chimneys to be long to prevent air
pollution.
What is pollution?
- Use of catalytic converters
- The emission of effluents or poisonous gases into the environment (air,
land & water) - Use of unleaded petrol

State three sources of air pollution - Encourage non-motorised transport e.g. bicycle, walking

Ideas such as; - Develop shopping malls that discourage use of cars

- Mines e.g. Selibe Phikwe (sulphur dioxide & coal, carbon monoxide, - Develop a reliable & sustainable public transport system
dust)
- Encourage car-pooling / many people using one car
- Domestic / household appliances e.g. refrigerators, air-conditioners,
aerosol sprays, etc Land pollution is also an obstacle towards sustainable development.

- Dump sites (smoke) Define land pollution

- Industries (smoke, carbon monoxide etc) - The discarding of substances that contaminate the earth’s surface
including all the natural resources found on or below it
- Construction sites (smoke, dust)
What causes land pollution?
- Roads / airports / railway lines/stations (dust, smoke)
Ideas such as;
- Vehicles / trains / aeroplanes (carbon dioxide)
- Concrete pieces and bricks from construction (sites)
Describe three ways by which air pollution can be prevented
- Beverage containers (e.g. cans, bottles) & plastic (bags) from industries
Ideas such as;
- Oils from garages
- Through the polluter tax / polluter pays principle - Clinical waste / waste from health facilities
- Worn out tyres
- Environmental impact assessment - Used batteries
- Effluent from industries / pumping of effluent from mines into streams
- Use of alternative sources of energy, for example, solar energy can be - Fertilisers & chemicals contained in run-off water from farms causing
used to produce electricity instead of coal which pollutes the eutrophication in streams
environment.

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Describe three ways by which land pollution can be controlled Define the modernisation theory

Ideas such as; - Modernisation theory is a set of ideas that argue that for third world
countries to develop they must copy the path followed by (the
- Polluter tax / Polluter Pays Principle industrialised countries) America

- Strict waste management legislation - Modernisation theory argues that all countries must work through five
stages of change in order to achieve high standards of living enjoyed by
- Wise use of resources; 3Rs of conservation; Recycle, Re-use & Refuse most people of the North
(extra wrapping or packaging)
Define dependency theory
- Alternative packaging e.g. use of returnable bottles at a refund as
beverage containers - Dependency theory is a set of ideas that argue that the South was unable
to copy and adopt the North’s path of industrialisation because the North
What is sustainable development theory? exploited the South’s resources to enhance their economy and kept the
South poor
- Sustainable development is a set of ideas that argue that world resources
are limited and the planet is being irrevocably changed by - Dependency theory argues that the third world lack the ability to control
overpopulation, industrialisation and pollution, therefore new forms of major aspects of their economic life because of the dominance of the
development must be found which will conserve resources for future industrialised countries in the world economy
generations and lead to a more equal sharing of the world’s wealth.

State three policy implications of the sustainable development theory - Dependency theory argues that less developed countries became
economically reliant on the North and thus the North became
Ideas such as; industrialised at the expense of the South who remained underdeveloped

Countries should:

- Set up world agreements on environmental issues

- Stabilise their population growth

- Use appropriate technology

- Ensure social justice

- Global resources should be distributed evenly between north & south

MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL DEVELOPMENT STUDIES REVISION QUESTIONS MODULE 1-8
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 Module 2: Production, Consumption & Explain three ways by which one of the factors of production can affect the
production process
Investment
Ideas such as;
Define production:
Land:
- Production is a process whereby natural resources are transformed into more
useful goods/commodities - If land is unfertile crop production will be low / poor pasture for livestock

- Production is any economic activity that satisfies human needs and wants - If there is shortage of water there will be poor harvest / poor pasture for
livestock
- Production is any process whereby natural resources and human effort are
used to provide goods and services - There has to be land to start a production process

Describe factors of production (defined) Capital:

- Land refers to the whole of the earth’s surface together with all natural - Capital / money is needed to pay workers
resources found on it
- Capital is needed to buy machinery & tools
- Labour refers to the human effort, both physical and mental, that is directed
towards the production of goods and provision of services / OR work done - We need capital goods to start a production process
by people to produce goods and services
Labour:
- Capital refers to things people use to produce goods and provide services
(e.g. tools, machinery, factories) and money saved up and used to buy such - There is need for workers to provide labour in the production process
things
- The labour has to be trained & motivated to be efficient / productive
- Enterprise is the organization (management) of land, labour and capital in
the production process with the intention of making profit.
- The labour needs to be managed and/or coordinated for optimum production

*Simple mentioning without definition is unacceptable

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Define subsistence production Give three advantages of division of labour

- When land, labour, capital & entrepreneurship are employed/combined to Ideas such as;
realise a good or service to meet family needs
- Work can be done faster and perfectly
Describe three ways by which subsistence production can be improved
- No time is wasted moving from one task to the other
- Provision of extension services e.g. agricultures demonstrators, social
workers, etc - There is a chance of exploring people’s potential

- Loan & credit schemes - It is cheaper and time saving to train in one particular job (this saves a lot of
money & time)
- Training
- Quality goods & services are produced
- Infrastructure development
- No tools lie idle / there is full utilisation of tools and/or machinery
- Formation of syndicates
Give three disadvantages of division of labour
- Addition of modern inputs / tools / machinery / technology / methods
Ideas such as;
- Formation of cooperatives
- Work becomes monotonous & boring
What is division of labour?
- Loss of craftsmanship
- Division of labour is the breaking down of work into small parts so that each
worker takes a part - It increases the chances of unemployment

- Division of labour is when work is shared out in different parts between - There is a lot of interdependence
different people
What is specialisation?
- Division of labour is the breaking down of the production process so that it
may be based on gender or age or training - Specialisation is concentration in a specific activity / profession OR
production of a specific commodity

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Describe any three forms of specialisation Give three advantages of labour intensive production

- Specialisation by Individual is when a person concentrates or gives Ideas such as:

great attention to one task only e.g. a Development Studies teacher, a
dentist, an optometrist, etc - Creates employment to a large number of people

- Specialisation by Product is when an individual or company - Cheap to run and maintain / little capital required since simple technology
concentrates on or gives great attention to making a single commodity used
e.g. Nortex Company produces towels, Kgalagadi Soap Industries,
Kgalagadi Breweries Limited, etc. - Provides with an opportunity to train on the job

- Specialisation by Nation is when a country concentrates on producing a - Causes less pollution / destruction of the environment
certain good(s) / commodity(ies) which they have comparative advantage
over e.g. Botswana produces beef & diamonds, Namibia produces fish, - Requires little skills to enter or run
etc.
- Promotes human interaction
- Specialisation by Region is when countries of the same geographical
area concentrate on or give great attention to a particular product e.g. The - Encourages craftsmanship
Middle East countries produce oil.
- Uses local skills & knowledge

OR where the majority of people in a particular area are engaged in the same What is capital-intensive production?
type of work due to specific skills or resource availability e.g. basketry in
North West Botswana, phane harvesting in the Central & North East - Capital intensive production process of making goods and providing services
Botswana which relies heavily on the use of machinery and money/finance

- Specialisation by Process is when a company concentrates on or gives Describe three advantages of capital-intensive production
great attention to various aspects of a product e.g. at a car assembly plant
there are different areas of specialisation in the process of assembling a - Greater opportunity to use machinery / quick & efficient method of
car; there is a person responsible for fitting the engine, the wheels, the production
windscreen, the wipers, the gearbox etc.
- Production of quality goods
What is labour intensive production?
- Mass production makes goods cheaper
- Labour intensive production is a way/process of making goods and providing
services which relies heavily on the use of human manual effort - Acquire skills of operating machines / skills development / creates a lot of
skilled manpower

- Work is made lighter and more enjoyable because of the use of machinery
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Define privatisation: - It is a transfer of monopoly from public to private hands/may lead to
emergence of private monopolies
- Privatisation is the transfer of public/state assets into the ownership of
individuals and companies usually through selling - Will lead to hyper-inflation to meet initial costs

Describe the advantages of privatisation The role of government in privatisation:

Explain the benefits of privatisation
- Sets up regulatory price mechanism
- Improves efficiency because of competition and profit
- Makes laws that govern privatisation process
- Increases participation in ownership of national assets / citizen empowerment
- Sets up prices of assets to be privatised
- Reduces public bureaucracy or delays in decision making
- Empower citizens
- Accelerates economic growth by stimulating entrepreneurship
- Provide loans/grants
- Reduces prices and public sector budget deficit through enhancing the
quality of goods and services Localisation of labour:

- Empowers citizens where such sales are restricted to them - Localisation of labour is the process of replacing expatriate public servants
with citizen public servants
- Revenue/govt. gets tax from companies/revenue from sale of shares
What is localization policy?
- Removes burden from government.
- Localisation policy is the process of promoting citizen labour and enterprise /
- Increases foreign direct investment The process of giving jobs or businesses to citizens

- Private companies take social responsibilities Benefits of localisation of labour in Botswana:

Describe the disadvantages of privatisation: - It promotes the socio-economic development of locals

- There is massive job losses due to redundancy - It is part of restoring national pride and asserting a country’s independence

- Open to abuse by corrupt political bureaucrats - It helps in making Batswana believe in themselves and not always show too
much respect for foreigners
- Widens the gap between the rich and the poor
- Citizens would occupy politically sensitive positions
- Expensive due to adverts and publicity
- Creates employment for citizens
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- Development is in accordance to culture What problems may hinder the implementation of citizen empowerment in
Botswana?
- There is possibility of making long term decisions as there is no fear of end
of contract - Fronting is when citizens are given money by foreigners to start a business
and become silent partners or shareholders.
- Locals acquire necessary skills
- Insufficient market to sell the goods produced by locals or nationals or
- Workers are patriotic and have their national interest at heart citizens

- Saves money wasted on foreigners - Poor business skills/ lack of entrepreneurial skills by locals

What is citizen empowerment? - Lack of commitment from the bureaucrats or those in power or the
government or politicians
- Citizen empowerment is the creation of opportunities and a conducive
environment for locals to participate fully in social, political and economic Define planned economy / Socialism:
development of their country
- A system of production where the means of production are owned and
Explain ways through which your government empower citizens controlled by the state
How does your government empower citizens?
- A system of production that is based on the principle that govt. controls
Ideas such as: production and consumption in the collective interest of the society

- Guaranteeing locals access to credit facilities e.g. National Development Give three characteristics of planned economy:
Bank (NDB) and Citizen Entrepreneurial Development Agency (CEDA)/
providing loans at low interest rates to nationals - State ownership: All important resources (e.g. land, capital) are owned by
the state
- Organising markets for local producers - Government as entrepreneur: Individuals are forbidden to set up their own
businesses and the govt. takes the role of the entrepreneur
- Giving locals tax holidays which is allowing newly established from pay tax
for a certain period of time and subsidies is covering part of expenses on - Collective interest: People are expected to work for the good of society and
materials used in production not for individual gain. They are paid wages by the state

- Protecting infant industries, for Import Substitution Strategy and Export - Competition: Competition between businesses is not allowed
Oriented Strategy can be used to protect local industries from competition
- Price control: Prices are set and controlled by the state so that they could be
affordable by everyone
- Making some production exclusively for locals, for example, saloons and
transportation such as buses and taxies industry - Government role: The govt. controls all parts of the economy

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Define joint venture Give three advantages of partnership in business:

- Joint venture is a business undertaking partly owned by a national Ideas such as;
government and a foreign government / a national government and a
company / two different companies to realise profit - Share business skills / skills / division of labour
- Joint venture is the coming together of two or more companies to undertake a - Easy to set up / no winding procedures involved
business activity
- Share risks / consultative decision making
(In a joint venture, companies do not dissolve to become one as in partnership) - Secrecy in business maintained / no publishing of accounts
*Without ‘business or profit’ the answer is wrong - Share costs / contribute resources / share equipment
*‘combine’ not accepted
- Individuality maintained
Give three advantages of a joint venture
- Greater chances of securing loans
Ideas such as
- There is continuity
- Cost sharing in buying materials or goods
What is a sole proprietor?
- Efficient/prudent management/sharing management ideas/skills
- Sole proprietor is an individual / person who owns and runs a business
- Increased resource base
State three characteristics of a sole proprietor:
- Economies of scale, for example, experience discount when buying in bulk
or buying many goods. - The owner gets the profit / bears the losses

*To earn marks, ideas need to be developed - Employees are mostly members of the family
Define enterprise - It is usually found within the location of the owner

- Enterprise is an act of organizing factors of production in order to make - Small sphere of influence
profit
- - Unlimited liability
*The answer must have ‘profit’.

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What is technology? - Running cost of the technology

- Technology refers to tools, machinery and skills that a society uses to make - Demand
goods and services
- Level of development

Describe three major types of technology, giving examples to illustrate your - Flexibility
answer
- Environmental risk/adaptability
- Low/simple technology is the use of hand tools to produce goods and
services, for example, hoes, knives. It is cheap and made form local - Sustainability
materials
Define localisation of labour policy
- Intermediate technology: is the use of simple manually operated machines
to produce goods and services, for example, hand sewing machine, ox- - Localisation policy is the process of replacing expatriates public servants
drawn mould board plough. It is also cheap but more efficient than with citizen public servants
low/simple technology and can be used in small scale operations -
Give three advantages of localisation policy in Botswana
- Advanced/Complex technology is the use of very big and
sophisticated/advanced/modern machinery to produce goods and services - Promotes socio-economic development of locals
on a large scale. Most of the machinery is automatic, power driven i.e. uses
electricity and/or oil, for example, a tractor, combined harvester, computer, - Creates employment for locals
etc.
- It is part of restoring national pride and asserting a country’s independence
What is appropriate technology?
- It helps in making Batswana believe in themselves and not always show too
Appropriate technology is the skills, machinery/tools that are best suited to a much respect for foreigners
particular locality, which the locals would be able to afford and maintain
- Citizens would occupy politically sensitive positions
Describe three factors determining appropriate technology:
- It saves money used on expatriates
- Affordability/cost
Define consumption
- Availability of appropriate skills and knowledge
Describe three ways by which supply of goods affect demand
- Availability of raw materials
Define labour efficiency.
- Availability of opportunities
Give three reasons for high labour efficiency in developed countries.
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Identify and define the sectors of production

- Primary Sector: Involves the extraction of raw materials e.g. mining,

fishing, farming

- Secondary Sector: Deals with the manufacturing of

products/processing/turning raw materials into semi-finished or finished
goods e.g. Kgalagadi Soap Industries, Kgalagadi Breweries Limited, etc.

- Tertiary Sector: This is the services provision sector or where goods &
services are distributed to the customers e.g. transport, banking, Metsef etc.

- Quaternary Sector: Involves the use of information technology where there

is use of computers

Benefits of the secondary sector

- Economic linkages

- Value added products produced

- Increased returns

- Control of the prices

- Stability in prices & demand enjoyed

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 Module 3: Rural Development Study the figure below and answer the questions that follow

What is rural development? A Farmers’ Cooperative System

- Rural development is improving the lifestyles of people found in villages or

the countryside Sale of inputs to Purchase of products
farmers from farmers
Describe three positive aspects of rural life
Cooperative
Ideas such as; Bank

- Cheap lifestyle Tractor & other Farmers’ Coop

implements
Veterinary Service
- Cultural bondage / familiarity with other people from the same village /
kinship ties
Supply of Storage Depot
- Homogeneity of society fuel

- Dependence on the environment Advice & training for Transport

farmers
- Environmental friendliness / non-polluted environs

- Extended family structure which brings social security

a. State one input that farmers may get from a cooperative for their crops
Describe three negative aspects of rural life
- Seeds; machinery; advice & training, etc. [1]
Ideas such as;
b. Give two advantages to farmers of selling their produce through a
- Cultural instability leads to moral decay cooperative
Ideas such as;
- Rural neglect; development of towns/cities at the expense of the countryside - Farmers save on marketing costs
- Their produce is preserved in storage depots [2]
- Poor agric. Production due to overworked soils and poor methods of
farming c. Explain how a cooperative bank can help farmers

- Rural poverty is common Ideas such as;

- They deposit / save their money in the bank (& accrue interest)
- Urbanism - They can get loans from the bank at low interest
[2]
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What is colonialism? What problems has colonialism caused for people who live in the rural areas in
countries in Southern Africa?
- Colonialism is when a country is ruled / controlled / dominated by another /
a foreign country Negative impacts / effects of colonialism

- Colonialism is a policy/system of rule or control in which a more powerful Ideas such as;
country takes complete/full control over a less powerful one
- Low agricultural production / land dispossession / Europeans took good
*The following are not acceptable: quality land from Africans
‘time’, ‘period’, ‘era’
- Delay in decision-making
Describe three ways by which a country may benefit economically from being
colonised - Oppression of women / tripartite oppression

Ideas such as - Acculturation / cultural extinction / erosion / loss of culture

- Organised markets - Exploitation through cheap labour / servitude / Africans forced to work for
low wages on farms/plantations/mines
- Large scale farming/plantation agric./ranching
- Sex imbalance
- Commerce/trade/cash economy/use of money/cash cropping
- Concentration in raw material production / African raw materials were
- Paid employment exported cheaply to the developed countries
- Coming of cash economies / over utilisation of land
- Technological advancement/skills development - A change in the direction of trade
- Loss of craftsmanship
- Infrastructure development - Tax enforcement
- Family breakdown / infidelity
- Resource development e.g. mining - Detribalisation
- Increased workload for women / women as heads of families
- Resistance e.g. liberation struggles
- Usurpation of chiefs’ powers / dikgosi lost their powers
- Indiscipline (especially of the boy child) because of absence of men
- Shunning of traditional beliefs
Rule:
- The problem has to show the link of HOW the problem came about as a
result of colonialism
- There must be a locus i.e. the rural area should be clearly stated

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What is meant by land dispossession?

- Land dispossession is the taking over/away of the natural resources found on

the earth surface from people

*The following are acceptable:

- area/space on earth/ground/territory
- specific examples such as from blacks by whites/colonisers

Give three reasons for land dispossession in Africa during the colonial period

Ideas such as

- For infrastructure development

- To carryout mining activities

- For agric production e.g. plantation, ranching

- For permanent settlement of European population

- For strategic reasons

(a) Name One country that in 1914 was:

*To earn marks, ideas need to be developed (i) Colonised by Portugal

- Mozambique
- Angola

(ii) Not colonised

- Empire of Ethiopia
- Liberia

(b) Identify the two most dominant European powers in Africa in 1914

- Britain /British
- France/French
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 Define poverty
(c) State three positive effects of colonialism on the traditional African
societies. - Poverty is the inability to fend for oneself

- Improved technology - Poverty is having insufficient basic needs for survival

- Modern clothing Describe fully the vicious cycle of poverty

- Infrastructural development, for example built roads and railway lines

- Introduction of western or modern education

- Commercial farming/large scale farming/introduction of cash

crops/improved technology/new methods of farming/hybrid seeds

- Political and economic unity/unity brought many tribes together

- Market linkages/linked some African countries to the ports for export

- Christianity/abolition of barbaric practices/oppressive and uncivilized

practices

- Introduction of modern health systems - Since people are poor, they do not have money to invest in improving
their farming methods or buy better seeds and better breeds of animals.
- Introduction of cash economy/change from barter system to money
system As a result their land produces very little which leads to food
insufficiency, malnutrition and ill health, hence more poverty.
(d) Suggest three reasons for land dispossession in Africa by colonialists
- For infrastructural development (Do not credit a simple diagram of the cycle. Allow a live example.)
- To carryout mining activities
- For agricultural production, for example, plantations and ranching Causes of rural poverty
- For permanent settlement of Europeans population Ideas such as:
- For extraction of raw materials - Population pressure
- Expansion of colonial influence/ political power - Lack of alternative income
- To establish markets - Lack of skills & technology
- For strategic reasons, for example, road to the north/ protection of trade - Unequal access to land
routes - No investible capital
- Land dispossession

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Problems associated with rural poverty - Financial assistance through grants and loans / credit schemes e.g.
ALDEP, CEDA etc.
Ideas such as:
- Redistribution of land
- Soil degradation & erosion
- Provision of reliable, safe, piped water / clean drinking water
- Deforestation
- Encourage family planning
- Water pollution & scarcity
- Improvement of transport facilities
- Wastage & rubbish disposal
- Drought relief (Namola Leuba) / job creation
- Rural-urban migration
- Food ration for the disadvantaged/orphans/destitute/HIV/AIDS patients
- Increase in women fertility leading to high population growth
- World War II veterans (or their spouses) allowance
- Loss of animal species
Changes brought by Rural Integrated Development
- Poor pastures / poor food production
- Improvement in roads & transport infrastructure
Describe three ways by which the government of Botswana can assist people in
rural areas to solve their problems - Introduction of cash crops

Describe three ways by the government of Botswana attempts to solve problems - Provision of social services
of rural poverty
- Farm modernisation
Ideas such as;
- Establishment of cooperatives
- Provision of health facilities/clinics
- Training of locals to continue development
- Old-age pension (tandabala)
- Setting up of industries
- Rural industrialisation
- Introduction of credit schemes
- Provision of extension services e.g. training/advice to farmers by agric.
Demonstrators

- Provision of farming inputs e.g. free seeds, subsidised fertilizers/tools/

machinery
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What is a farmers’ cooperative? Services provided by cooperatives

- Famer’s cooperative is a group of individuals that grow crops and rear - Sales of agricultural equipment
livestock, who own resources together and who make decisions together
about what to produce, how to market it, buying materials and capital - Govt. extension services
goods.
- Credit schemes/provision of loans
Describe three advantages of joining a farmers’ cooperative:
- Marketing & selling of produce
- They may buy inputs such as improved seeds, fertilizer, fuel, in bulk and
cheaper / collective purchase of farm inputs - Storage of produce

- They may join together to buy modern equipment such as a tractor or truck - Purchase and supply of fuel & inputs
and share its use
- Maintenance of vehicles
- They may hire tractors or teams of oxen rather than each having to pay for
their own - Buying of produce from farmers

- They may market their produce together and save on transport and other
costs Identify three changes that have taken place in rural areas in Botswana since
independence
- They may get and be able to share expert advice on farming methods/They
may be able to invite government extension workers to talk to them and - Rural electrification
share ideas
- Provision of piped water
- They may get government grants and credit through joining a cooperative /
They may obtain loans/credit through the cooperative - Tarred roads

- They may share in communal tasks thus spreading the labour / collective - Telecommunications
work on irrigation, dam building etc.
- Allocation of land by land boards
- Sharing of profit and loan repayment
- Designated land use

- Commercialisation of agriculture

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What are agricultural communities? Describe the division of labour in the hunter-gatherer societies

- Agricultural communities are societies that depend on cultivating crops and Ideas such as;
rearing of livestock / farming
- Men generally hunted with boys
Suggest three ways in which agricultural communities differ from hunter-gatherer
societies. - Women and girls gathered wild food

- Agric. Communities get food from domestic animals and plants while - Children took care of the aged & sick
hunter-gatherers get food from wild animals, wild fruits and vegetables
- Men protected their families from enemies/attacks
- Agric. Communities live in permanent settlements while hunter-gatherers
are nomadic, build temporary structures as shelter - Women gathered water & firewood

- Agric. Communities use relatively sophisticated technology (e.g. iron tools) What is commercial farming?
while hunter-gatherers use simple technology
- Commercial farming is the growing of crops and rearing of animals for sale
What are hunter-gatherer societies?
*The following are also acceptable…livestock for market; for profit)
Ideas such as;
Describe three benefits of commercial farming
- Communities that lived directly from their natural environment, which
provided wild plants & animals for food. Ideas such

- They lived a nomadic way of life - Mass production

- They built temporary shelters - Employment creation

- They lived in small groups - Economic linkages

- Domesticated the dog for hunting - Research & development / infrastructure

- More income generation

- Food self-sufficiency

- Forex acquisition

- Quality / improved yield/products

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Rural development schemes in Botswana; What are the problems faced by subsistence farmers?
- SLOCA, LG 17, ALDEP, ARAP, AE 10, Drought Relief (Namola Leuba),
NAMPAAD, CEDA Ideas such as;
- Unfavourable climatic conditions - Lack of machinery & tools
Describe the characteristics of subsistence farming - Poor soils - Lack of fertilizers
- Limited variety of crops - Shortage of land
Ideas such as: - Hand tools make work tiresome - Poor farming methods
- Pests & diseases / lack of pesticides / herbicides
- Agriculture is seasonal - Shortage of capital / loans or credit facilities

- Labour intensive production Describe the characteristics of commercial farming

- Limited use of machinery / low/simple technology Ideas such as;

- Division of labour is gender based - Large scale production

- Communal ownership and use of land - Produce is for sale/for profit/for market

- Dependence on natural inputs e.g. reliance on natural soil fertility or - Advanced technology is used
rainfall for watering
- Paid/hired labour is used
- Depend on last year’s harvest for seeds
- Use of fertilisers/pesticides/scientific methods/hybrid seeds/treated seeds
- Use of family labour or animal power
- Large plots of land
- Little or no surplus for sale / no or few cash crops
- Land is privately owned
- Small scale farming / small land is used / harvest is small
- Capital intensive
- Mixed cropping
- Monoculture
- Production for family consumption
- All year round production/perennial
- Use of traditional methods e.g. broadcasting
- Division and specialisation of labour

- Irrigation
(N.B. ……Do not credit advantages as characteristics)

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What are the problems faced by commercial farmers? Describe three infrastructural changes that have taken place in many rural
Ideas such as; areas in Botswana.
- Unserviced land
- Poor soils - The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in
- Pests Botswana is that of rural electrification.
- Diseases
- Poor infrastructure (storage, roads, etc.) - The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in
- Natural disasters e.g. drought/unreliable rainfall Botswana is that of piped water.
- Lack of funds/expensive farm inputs
- Lack of skilled labour/lack of skills and knowledge - The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in
- Shortage of market/lack of processing industries Botswana is that of tarred roads and bridges.
- Foreign competition for market
- The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in
Explain how govt. schemes help solve problems faced by commercial farmers Botswana is that of telecommunications networks.
in Botswana
Ideas such as; - The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in
- Funding e.g. NAMPAAD, CEDA, National Development Bank Botswana is that of construction of schools.
- Trading / information / research e.g. Sebele, Impala
- Introduction on new technology / irrigation schemes e.g. RIIC, BOTEC - The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in
- Storage facilities / improvement of infrastructure Botswana is that of construction of market centres such as Botswana
- Marketing of products e.g. BAMB, BMC Agricultural Marketing Board (BAMB), Cooperatives and cattle ranches.
- Control of diseases e.g. foot & mouth, cattle lung disease
- Extension service through Agric. Demonstrators & Veterinary Officers - The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in
- Protection of smaller producers; exclusive licenses on Arable products Botswana is that of construction of dams such as Ntimbale dam, Lotsane
- Inputs e.g. ALDEP dam, Dikgatlong dam and drilling of boreholes.
- Control of pests e.g. quelea birds
- The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in
Botswana is that of recreational or entertainment facilities, for example,
How can the foot & mouth (or cattle lung) disease affect the rural economy in stadia such as Masunga Sports Complex and Molepolole Sports Complex.
Botswana?
Ideas such as; - The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in
- Shortage of meat and milk to supplement diet leading to poor health & low Botswana is that of rural industries.
productivity
- Retrenchment at cattle posts, meat processing industries - The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in
- Low standards of living; some families will have nothing or less cattle and Botswana is that of clinics and hospitals.
by products to sell and earn a living
- Lack of / shortage of draught power - The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in
- Rural urban migration Botswana is that modern houses.

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 - The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in
Botswana is that of airports and airstrips.

Aims of rural development

Ideas such as to:
- Increase productivity in agric.
- Improve standard of living
- Free women from triple work load
- Give women (and the rural populace) practical skills
- Provide credit facilities
- Create non-agriculture labour intensive manufacturing/processing
industries
- Create employment
- Reduce rural-urban migration
Explain the importance of rural development
Ideas such as;
- It brings services closer to the rural populace
- Majority of the population in developing countries live in rural areas
- It help reduce rural-urban migration
- It increases agricultural productivity
- It increases the country’s self -sufficiency in food

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 Module 4: Industrialisation & Urbanisation Solutions to problems of rural-urban migration on rural areas

Problem Solution
Define rural-urban migration - Shortage of labour in agric. / low - Improve technology
production in agric. - Improve prices for agricultural
- Rural-urban migration is the movement of people from the products
countryside/villages to towns /cities - Rural industries / job creation in
rural areas so that men work
Describe three disadvantages of rural-urban migration for rural areas - Break-up of families nearby
- Marriage under customary law
What are the problems of rural-urban migration on rural areas? should be strengthened by
modern law
Ideas such as - Reproductive health education
- Introduction of STDs e.g. use of condoms
- Sex ratio imbalance leading to infidelity
- Sex ratio imbalance - Job creation in rural areas
- Rural depopulation/low productivity in agric/shortage of workforce
- Economic empowerment or job
- Family break-ups/family neglect/child indiscipline - Increased rural poverty creation for people in rural areas
- Financial assistance
- Increased workload for women (triple workload)/young/old/sick/weak/those - Introduction of socially
who remain undesirable behaviour e.g. - Legislation
prostitution
- Loss of craftsmanship

- Loss of culture

- Spread of diseases / introduction of STDs

- Introduction of socially undesirable behaviour e.g. prostitution

*To earn marks ideas need to be developed

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What is urban growth? State three advantages of urbanisation on urban dwellers

- Urban growth is the absolute increase in the physical size (area) of a city or Ideas such as;
town
- More labour force
Describe three causes of urban growth
- Increase in markets
- Affluence / rich people can commute
- Urban biased developments
- Cheap land in the periphery
Identify three problems caused by urban growth on urban areas
- Development of infrastructure
- Deforestation
- In-availability of paid rent houses in the Central Business District ( CBD)
- Ruralisation of urban areas
- Expensive rented accommodation in the city centre
- Pollution
- Corresponding cheap rent in the periphery
- Traffic congestion / jam
- Less pollution in the periphery/surrounding areas
- Town / urban decay
- Urban decay
- Spiralling crime
- Shortage of space/land (for expansion) in the CBD
- Overstretched social infrastructure
- Cheap service levies in the periphery e.g. water, electricity, rates etc.
- Longer travel time to & from work / longer commuter times
What is urbanization?
State three problems caused by urban growth on rural areas
- Urbanisation is the increase in the proportion of people living in towns
and cities as opposed to those found in rural areas / countryside - land becomes expensive / rent hikes
- Urbanism / exposure to fast town life
What are the causes of urbanisation? - Cultural erosion
- Detribalize / acculturation
They are only two: - Loss of land for agriculture / encroachment by the town/city / lower agric
production
- Rural – urban migration & - Increased crime / haven for criminal activities / illicit or illegal land dealings
- Pollution from the city / dumping sites usually located in nearby villages
- Natural increase
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Give three effects of urbanisation on towns and cities - Destruction of squatter settlements

Ideas such as - Crime prevention committee/neighbourhood watch

Positive effects - Encourage use of public transport

- Reservoir of cheap labour - Allow informal sector to accommodate jobless people

- Increase in market
- Emergence of a vocal group in towns - Polluter tax (PPP) / proper disposal of litter / elongation of chimneys /
- Urban bias/development of urban areas at the expense of rural areas (allow Catalytic converters on car exhausts / use of unleaded petrol or alternative
one example connoting urban bias) sources of energy

Negative effects of urbanisation on towns & cities - Tax holidays for industries which establish in rural areas

- Shortage of resources e.g. land, housing, water, etc - Rural areas allowance for those who work there (e.g. RASA)
- Increase in unemployment leading to crime e.g. prostitution, selling dagga,
etc. - Encouraging trade between rural areas & urban centres
- Traffic jam/congestion/overcrowding
- Pressure on social amenities e.g. schools, clinics, sewage systems, etc What is the formal sector?
- Pollution (air, water & land)
- Squatting - Formal sector is any economic activity that is registered and legally
- Acculturation/loss of culture recognized by the government and operates in a permanent building
- Loss of ethnicity/detribalisation
- Street kids / juvenile delinquency
Suggest three ways in which governments can help the informal sector
*To earn marks, ideas need to be developed
*Observe the 2/1 1/2 marks allocation Describe three solutions to problems of the informal sector

What are the solutions to problems caused by urbanisation in towns & cities? - License them / Govt. recognition
- Training entrepreneurs / short term technical courses e.g. through IFS (in
- Provide serviced land / land reform Botswana)
- Give gazetted market places / designated places of operation
- Dual roads/flyovers/traffic lights/traffic circles - Provide grants/loans and credit schemes
- Regulation
- Decentralisation of govt. services - Promote grouping
- Encourage them to supply what the big companies do not supply
- Creation of jobs (especially in rural areas) - Grants/loans from the government

- Extension services
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What is a primate city? - Infrastructure development

- Primate city is the largest urban centre / area whose population is at least - Import reduction
twice / double that of the second largest in a country
- Improved balance of trade
State three characteristics of a primate city
- Widened skill base/technology use / acquisition of skill
- An area where govt. would normally set up its administration e.g.
parliament / cabinet - Participation in international trade / gain global recognition

- An area where a national university & technical training schools are located - Encourage foreign investment, for example, Multi-National Companies

- Has the best infrastructure & communications networks and most of the - Mass production
financial investment
- Foreign exchange / increased returns
- An area where many govt. depts. & private companies’ headquarters are
found - High quality goods

What is export oriented industrialisation?

Define industrialisation
- Export oriented industrialisation is a strategy whereby countries produce
- Industrialisation is the use of mechanical energy & technology to produce goods & services mainly to sell to the outside market
goods and services
- Export oriented industrialisation is the production of goods & services with
- Industrialisation is the setting up of companies/factories for the production the aim of selling to other countries/outside
of goods and services
Define import substitution industrialisation
Describe three benefits of industrialisation to developing countries
- Import substitution industrialisation is when a country produces goods and
What are the advantages of industrialisation? services for itself instead of buying them from other countries

Ideas such as - Import substitution industrialisation is a strategy whereby a country

produce goods and services for itself to replace those that it buys from other
- Income generation/improves GDP / industries pay tax countries

- Employment creation

- Economic linkage / up & down stream industries

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Give three problems of import substitution strategy in developing countries: Give three advantages of export-oriented industrialization

Give three disadvantages of import substitution industrialisation - Creates employment for locals

Ideas such as; - Improves infrastructure

- Small market / home market is too small / expansion is limited - Encourages local inventions / innovations

- Cut trade links with other countries / does not earn foreign exchange - Locally produced goods are cheaper and therefore affordable to the local
poor
- Countries have to import more in order to be self- sufficient / may lead to
increased costs of imports of machinery and oil - Source of foreign exchange

- Tax-induced / use of incentives to attract investment - Improves technology / focus on science and technology

- Lack of competition, therefore goods and services may be expensive - Encourages specialization of labour that in turn increases efficiency and
output / productivity
- Poor quality goods and services due to lack of competition
Define infrastructure
- Environmental damage
- Infrastructure is system of network that is provided by government to
- Displacement of people support production

- Result in unemployment due to use of machine Explain the importance of any three types of infrastructure to industry

Describe three disadvantages of export-oriented industrialization: Ideas such as;

- It is foreign sponsored/relies on outside financing - Transport: Needed to carry/ferry/transport goods from one point to the other

- Goods may be of poor quality - Power: Needed to operate machines / for lighting / welding, etc.

- Face stiff foreign competition - Telecommunications: Needed to communicate with suppliers etc.

- Environmental problems/pollution
- Buildings: Needed to store goods and operate business from / offer services
from

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 Module 5: Women in Development
Describe three problems faced by female-headed families
What is a female-headed household?
- There is little time to spend with the children at home
- Female-headed household is a family whose breadwinner or decision maker
- Indiscipline of the children especially the boy child leading to a high
is a woman
incidence of juvenile delinquency
- Female-headed household is a family where the mother is the only parent
- Vulnerability to attack by criminals / abuse
present and is the breadwinner and decision maker
- Low standard of living due to lower levels of education by women. This
- Female-headed household is a family where the mother is taking care of the
results in poverty that may lead to engaging in illegal activities by women
family alone
e.g. prostitution, selling dagga, etc
Describe three causes of female-headed households
- Women’s low self esteem
Ideas such as;
- Unequal distribution of wealth/property
- Marital problems leading to / resulting in divorce / husband or father leaving
- Disrespect by society / tradition or culture militates against emancipation /
family for another woman or family
discrimination / stigma
- Death of the husband / father / male partner
What is the meaning of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome?
- It might be a result of incest / adultery / illegitimate children
- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is a disease caused by a virus (HIV)
that reduces the body’s ability to defend itself against infections
- The ease with which one can have a child out of wedlock or before marriage
- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is a disease caused by a virus that
- The choice to have a child and remain single
attacks the body’s defence mechanism
- Economic independence by women / most of them can now work and
- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is a state in which the body’s
support their children
defence mechanism has been defeated leaving the body vulnerable to
infections
- Loss of interest in marriage by women
- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is a health condition marked by a
- Disappearance of male partners
severe loss of resistance to infection
- Education / emancipation of women from sexual bondage

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Describe three negative effects of HIV/AIDS on Botswana’s economic - Trained personnel
development
- Research and development
Ideas such as;
- Infrastructure development
- Loss of skilled manpower
- Fewer mouths to feed
- Leads to a decline in production / low productivity
- Creation of employment
- Loss of breadwinner(s)
- Inflow of capital / earning of aid (forex)
- Increased expenditure on health and community projects / re-direction of
government funds to care for the sick and orphans / welfare department - Improvement of technology
overburdened
- Encourages use of contraception and thus helps reduce population growth
- Possible decreased level of international investment among others

- Decline in the population, thereby reducing the pool of labour - Mushrooming of businesses

- Time wasting on caring/worrying about the sick

What is a Women’s Organization?
- High funeral costs incurred by families
- Women’s Organization is a group of people whose aim is to improve the
- Discourages tourism / scares away potential investors status of females and to empower them to fully participate in
development
- High pension, medical aid, insurance claims
- Women’s Organization is a group of people that advocates or lobby for
- Reduce market base the eradication of all forms of discrimination against females / the girl
child
Describe three positive effects of HIV/AIDS on Botswana’s economic
development - Women’s Organization is a group of people that aims to empower
females to fully compete with their male counterparts without prejudice
Ideas such as;

- Establishment of training centres

- Networking

- A change of attitude
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Describe three problems / challenges that women’s organizations face in Allow general points such as:
Botswana
- Encourage parent-child discussions
- Lack of funds
- Counselling the sick
- Male stereotypes
- Building orphanage centres
- Domestic violence
- Representing women in National Organizations such as National Aids
- Shortage of representation in the government e.g. councils, parliament Coordinating Agency (NACA)

- Pull-her-down syndrome i.e. jealousy from fellow women - Raising awareness against abuse and rape

- Susceptibility to diseases due to the female anatomy - Mobilising funds for the sick, the needy and the susceptible

-
State three roles played by women’s organizations in the fight against HIV/AIDS (Any 3 at 1 mark each)
in Botswana

Ideas such as; Name one women’s organization in Botswana

- The Botswana Council of Women trains female trainers through - Emang Basadi; Metlhaetsile; Women Against Rape, Young Women’s
workshops to become peer educators on HIV/AIDS awareness and Christian Association; Botswana Council of Women; Areyeng Basadi
prevention (Tonota), Kgetsi ya Tsie (Tonota)
-
- The Young Vulnerable Women seeks to mitigate the spread of *local women organizations are acceptable
HIV/AIDS and prevent teenage pregnancies. It engages on basic training
on skill development and on the publication of youth magazines that
contain information on HIV/AIDS

- The Kagisano Society Women’s Shelter Project pioneers community

responses to gender crisis, sexual violence and HIV/AIDS

- The Botshabelo Rehabilitation Centre embarks on community

mobilization, education and information on HIV/AIDS and sexual
violence. It also empowers men to be fully involved in the fight against
HIV/AIDS

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Describe three activities that it performs to empower women - Their subordination to men brought fear, respect and obedience that man is
indeed the breadwinner in the family
Ideas such as

- Fund raising - Today there are few women involved in decision making because they had
been made to believe they have smaller brains than men
- Lobbying e.g. Emang Basadi (advocate for 30% women representation in
parliament; petition the govt. on laws that discriminate against women; - Their full involvement in domestic work or household chores has indirectly
conduct workshops / seminars about universal suffrage & empowering convinced them that they specialise in domestic work, which is unpaid for.
women, etc) This has also pre-determined the type of work women do hence their
involvement in the lowly paid jobs
- Education

- Legal services e.g. Women Against Rape (organises lawyers to represent - Their pre-occupation with children & domestic work has also denied women
victims, taking govt. to court etc) the chance to advance in public life

- Networking: address common meetings & share expertise - Since land was the property of the husband, women have been denied the
chance to enrich themselves by using this natural resource for commercial
- Training (in some specific skill/field e.g. bread making, hair dressing) purposes

- Counselling e.g. rape victims - Women were denied the chance to go to school as they were thought
incapable of learning (smaller brain & therefore less intelligent than men)
What is a myth? and this has resulted in the low literacy rate among women today.

- Myth is a story based on popular belief - Women were forbidden to pass through a herd of cattle when on monthly
period. This was a way of discouraging women from owning any cattle and
- Myth is a tale with supernatural characters, usually of how the world and this has resulted in lower standards of living today/poverty among women
mankind began
- A woman is oppressed/looked down upon as she is believed to be a product
Discuss three negative effects of traditional values, customs and practices, taboos of man (Eve was made from Adam’s rib)
and myths on women’s position in society today

Ideas such as;

- The disassociation of women from leadership resulted in women’s pre-

determined destiny that they should be passive in politics and assume lower
position in the workplace

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What is gender equality? What is development for women?

What is meant by equal rights for women? - Development for women is a positive change or improvement which
gives opportunities for females to participate and benefit in the process
- Gender equality is giving females the same / alike opportunities / treatment as
males in the society Why are some development programmes directed especially towards women?

*Answer should always start with the female Ideas such as;
Ideas must be developed to get a point
- Educating women will result in healthier children and a drop in infant
Suggest three ways by which gender equality can be achieved mortality rate (IMR)

Suggest three ways by which equal rights for women can be achieved - Educating women will result in a large number of skilled people

Ideas such as; - Women often do most of the farming and development programmes need
to be directed towards them so as to improve food production
- Education (equal access to all)
- Women should be given equal opportunities
- Training (women to venture into careers traditionally dominated by men)
/ reversal of stereotypes

- Land rights / access to property (women should be allowed to own land)

- Legal rights

- Equal treatment at work place

- Political rights

- Through affirmative action

- Involvement of women in decision making

- Sexual freedom / right to say NO to sexual activity

*Each point must be fully described, and must always start with the female
and link or move to male. Max of 2 for the same idea

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 Module 6: Population, Health & Education
Define population density
What is population distribution?
- Population density is the number/average number of people per unit area
- Population distribution is the spread of people over an area or where
*‘per given area…, per sq. km…, per sq. mile…, per sq. metre are acceptable
people are found and why they are found there

*disperse, scatter, settle are acceptable

State three problems for the natural environment that may result from
overpopulation
Identify three factors that influence population distribution
Ideas such as
Describe three factors that lead to uneven distribution of the world’s population
- Soil erosion
Ideas such as;
- Desertification
- Climate - weather conditions
- Deforestation/loss of vegetation
- Economic activities such as presence of minerals / employment /
industries
- Pollution (air, water and land)
- Resources – availability of water, food etc.
- Extinction of species/destruction of the bio-diversity/ecosystem
- Relief of the land
- Overuse/over-harvest of resources e.g. water, land, minerals
- Accessibility

- Fertility of the land

What is good health?
- Colonialism / political factors / the drawing of international boundaries
- Good health is the sound physical, mental & social wellbeing of people
- Historical factors – wars e.g. Mfecane
- Good health is the absence of / freedom from diseases, poverty & stress
- Slave trade
*The definition must have the three aspects of a person’s wellbeing i.e. physical
- Jihads/religion/govt policy
(Disease), mental (stress) & social (poverty)
- Govt. policy e.g. CKGR
*Ideas need to be developed to earn marks
*statements connoting migration are unacceptable

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How does good health contribute to the development of Botswana?
What is primary health care?
Ideas such as
- Primary health care is when one concentrates on preventing diseases
- Saves time for production / when people are healthy they will focus
attention on work thereby increasing production time (i.e. not waste time - Primary health care is a preventive system where aim is to avoid people
on sick leaves, visit to clinics, etc) getting sick

- High productivity / students & workers concentrate much better when Give three ways by which Botswana govt. promotes better nutrition
they are healthy
How does the govt. ensure everyone has access to adequate food?
- Less spending by families & govt. on buying medicines, paying for
medical bills etc. - Supplementary feeding at clinics, hospitals [e.g. tsabana] & schools
- Food basket for the orphans
- Labour availability / pool of healthy workers - Old age pension
- Destitute funding
What is poor health? - Drought relief
- Education
- Poor health is the presence of disease, poverty & stress
What is traditional health care?
Identify three factors that influence poor health
- Traditional health care is an unscientific or craft way of establishing causes,
Ideas such as; providing treatment & preventing of ailments

- Lack of clean water / using / drinking contaminated water / unclean water What are proteins?

- Poor diets - Proteins are chemical substances found in food

- High biological value food made up of amino acids
- Lack of health education -
Explain with examples why proteins are important for human health
- Frustration
- Irregular exercises - E.g. eggs, milk, meat, fish
- Low income / lack of alternative sources of income - Body building
- Lack of / shortage of clinics & hospitals - Repair worn out tissue
- Unhygienic conditions - Source of energy
- Poor shelter
- Medical costs / expenses
-
*Answers to show influence on poor health
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Give three reasons why educating women is important for family health
Give three characteristics of formal education
Ideas such as;
Ideas such as;
- Educated women understand good nutrition better / they cook & feed the
family properly - Has specialised personnel / trained teachers

- Educated women take their children to health clinics / know the importance - Has fixed time of learning
of immunisation
- It is syllabus based
- Educated women will keep better standards of hygiene thereby reducing
IMR( Infant Mortality Rate) - Examinations determine progression to the next level / certification

- Educated women plan their families better / have smaller families - There is use of official language

Describe three other advantages (not connected with health) of educating women What is informal education?

Ideas such as; - Informal education is the everyday learning we get through observing or
interacting with others be it our peers or the elderly
- Half of the skills of the population is utilised (does not go to waste in
uneducated/untrained women) / more skilled people Give three characteristics of informal education

- Women can get good jobs & earn money to improve the family standard of Ideas such as:
living
- Learning is everywhere & at any time
- Educated women will be in a better position to help their children with
school work (homework) and this will encourage the children to be - It is continuous & often by word of mouth
educated
- Based on trial & error
- Women can participate in the decision-making process and make some
meaningful contributions towards the country’s development - Non-examinable & non-certificated

What is formal education? - Emphasis on conformity to one’s social group

- Formal education is the type of learning which takes place in special built
institutes with special rules & regulations

- Formal education is the type of learning which focuses on reading &

writing, thus has great emphasis on literacy & numeracy skills
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 Study Fig. 2 which shows a demographic transition model and use it to Compare formal education with non-formal education
answer the questions that follow.
Formal education Non-formal education
- Carried out in learning institutions - Carried out anywhere
- There are specialised buildings e.g. - Learning takes place anywhere, even
classrooms, Art & HE labs, etc. under a tree
- Enhances knowledge, skills & values - Meets specific needs e.g. literacy,
numeracy
- There are examinations & - Certification is there and determines
certification at end of programme one’s progression to the next stage
- School fees paid - School fees paid
- There is a syllabus - There is a syllabus

Explain the role of education in addressing the problem of HIV/AIDS

- School curriculum
- Educational programmes e.g. Re Mmogo
- Allows students’ participation in extra-curricular programmes such as
PACT
- Media [newspapers, radio, television, magazines, etc]
Fig.2 - Billboards
- Meeting with other stakeholders
(a)What is a demographic transition model? - Research & development
- Creating awareness
(b)Which stage has the lowest birth rate? - Training personnel
- Change of attitude / stigma
(c) Suggest reasons for the falling death rate at stage 2. - Inflow of information
- Protecting the innocent
(d) Describe three benefits for a country of having a large population. - Convince people to go for HIV/AIDS testing
- Essay competition with HIV/AIDS themes
(e) Suggest three ways by which governments can achieve low population growth
rates.

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 Module 7: Politics & Development
- Finance development/supplement/complement govt. (Allow specific
Define socialism examples such as projects development)

- Socialism is an economic system in which means of production are - They identify themselves with the disadvantaged/local communities
state/government owned/controlled / planned by govt.
- Emphasise efficiency & proficiency/development of skills
Give three disadvantages of the socialist economic system
Ideas such as - Offer training to farmers
- It is too bureaucratic/red tape
- It encourages laziness / lack of self interest - Introduce/offer extension services
- There is lack of competition, which results in poor quality goods
- It stifles creativity/initiative - Buy veld products from rural people / promote commercialisation of veld
- Lack of personal choice or freedom / restricted choice products
- Inefficient use / waste of resources as they are not allocated by price
- Planning gaps/some places are left undeveloped/unattended - Humanitarian

Define democracy What is a coup d’etat?

- Democracy is a system of government where people elect representatives Give three characteristics of a dictatorship.
or councillors to represent them in parliament
What is meant by a Community Based Organisation?
What is a Non-Governmental Organization?
Describe three functions of Community Based Organisations.
- Non-Governmental Organisation is an independent body of
people/institution helping in development without the aim of making profit Define government.

- Non-Governmental Organisation is a non-profit making independent Give three reasons why it is important to involve all the people in governing a
institution country.

Give three benefits of NGOs to Botswana

Describe three ways by which Non-Governmental Organisations assist people in Political systems – characteristics
rural areas to solve their problems Monarchy
Ideas such as;
Ideas such as; - A system in which the country ruled by a King / Queen / Emperor
- They create employment - King/Queen/Emperor traditionally has divine power/divine right of kings
- S/he personally made laws & administered justice
- Help in the management & utilisation of a country’s resources / encourage - Gains position through inheritance
environmental conservation
MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL DEVELOPMENT STUDIES REVISION QUESTIONS MODULE 1-8
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 - Constitutional monarchs represent country as Head of State, but role is - Equality before the law / there is rule of the law; everyone follows an
mainly ceremonial agreed procedure
Parliamentary Democracy - Party with majority forms government / executive
Ideas such as; - The leader of the party with majority becomes the president / head of govt.
- A system where political authority lies with the people/govt. of the people is the president
by the people - There is limited use of force
- There is voting for parliamentary reps. in free elections / universal adult What are the disadvantages of multi-party democracy / representative
suffrage democracy?
- Political party with largest number of votes forms govt. Ideas such as;
- Ministers are chosen from political party with largest number of votes - Waste through campaigns/elections/expensive to conduct regular elections
- Parliament makes laws for the country which are administered by the - Decision making is slow due to consultations / consultation of people at
judiciary grassroots is time consuming / little consultation at grassroots
- It can lead to ethnic conflicts/parties can be formed along tribal, ethnic,
Republic religious, racial, political ideologies and other divisive tendencies
Ideas such as; - Majority could be wrong
- This is where Head of State is a president elected directly by the people or - Possibility of disruption of continuity e.g. development plans change with
their elected representatives new govt.
- President can only hold office for a limited number of years - Possibility of dominance of one party / development projects used by ruling
party as election bait / use of national resources to canvass for support
Dictatorship - Rigging of elections / cheating
Ideas such as; - Abuse of freedom of speech into character assassinations
- When one person or a group of people control the govt - Clientalism: gives unfair advantage to the ruling party
- No elections held, so people have no power over the govt. Why is it important to involve people in decision making?
- There is use of force/army/secret police Ideas such as;
- Opposition is highly suppressed - To get different ideas
- Human rights not respected - Ownership of projects since they had input
- Accountability / checks & balances
Describe the characteristics of multi-party democracy / representative - For transparency
democracy - To address needs of the community/accurate/relevant needs identified (&
Ideas such as; addressed)
- Regular elections at regular intervals / 4 / 5 years - To empower people/capacity building
- Secret ballot - To ensure acceptance of what is happening
- People elect representatives
- Consultation / people involved in decision making
- There is a number of political parties / opposition parties exist / opposition
is legal / pressure groups are allowed
- Universal adult suffrage (right to vote in all elections) / 18+ allowed to vote
- Freedoms are guaranteed e.g. freedom of speech, opinion, association, etc.

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What are the benefits of the private sector in Botswana? - Complement govt./private sector
Ideas such as - Help the poor
- Employment creation - Target micro level/small projects
- Acquisition of skills - Awareness campaigns
- Technological & infrastructure development - Popularise themselves
- Empowerment of local entrepreneurs - To access foreign funding
- Foreign exchange generation
- Govt. revenue from taxes
Why would government take over some businesses? What are the weaknesses of NGOs?
Ideas such as Ideas such as;
- For strategic reasons - Rigidity
- To sustain non-profit making businesses thereby avoiding mass layoffs or - Duplication of roles
retrenchments - Leaders enrich themselves
- Provision of affordable goods & services - Create dependency syndrome
- For political reasons - Interference in internal affairs
- To generate income - Lack of originality (bring ideas from outside)
Describe the role of government in the economy - No impact assessment done
Ideas such as;
- Manpower development What is ‘representative democracy’?
- Economic planning
- Raising revenue Give three characteristics of a democracy.
- Provision of infrastructure
- Setting quality standards What is a Non-Governmental Organisation.
- Licensing of businesses
How can developing countries governments encourage self-reliance? -A Non-Governmental Organisation is a non-profit making/ charity independent
Ideas such as; institution
- Financial assistance to local producers / subsidies OR
- Protect infant industries (from local giants) -An independent/private, group of people/ body/ institution helping in
- Impose quotas on imported goods & services development without the aim of making profit.
- Encourage people to buy locally produced goods & services
- Offer good prices to local manufacturers Give three benefits of non-governmental organisation to Botswana.
- Tax holidays for local entrepreneurs Ideas such as:
- Education with production / improve education
- Infrastructure development -they create employment
- Establishing industries which utilise locally available raw materials -help in the management and utilization of country’s resources
- Not to borrow from outside -finance development/ supplement/ complement government (Allow specific
Account for the existence of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in examples such as projects development)
Botswana -identify themselves with the disadvantaged/ local communities
Ideas such as; -emphasis efficiency and proficiency/ development of skills
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What is the importance of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in the - Sometimes there is inter staff rivalry between local and foreigners
development of Botswana? - Sometimes projects benefit the easiest to reach rather than the most
deserving people
Ideas such as:
- Usually the local elite dominate decision making
- Deal with social problems such as drought relief, HIV and AIDS /poverty
- Limited innovativeness/ resistant to change or new ideas
etc
- Limited funds to cover activities
- Promote environmental conservation, for example, Kalahari
- Duplication of activities
Conservation Society
- High staff turnover leading to poor continuity/ retaining workers very
- Promote proper disposal of obsolete pesticides/ used oils, for example,
difficult
SomarelangTikologo
- Negative attitude from the government, for example, Survival
- Help market local products, for example, ThusanoLefatsheng market
International
devil’s claw
- Fund development projects, for example, construction of dams/
infrastructural development Describe the activities carried out by Community Based Organisations
- Promote good governance (CBOs) within the community.
- Encourage the use of appropriate technology
- Improve the status of women by economically empowering them Ideas such as:
- Protecting women’s rights and discouraging violence against them/ - Encourage local communities to come up with their needs and wants
equality in power sharing and decision making, for example, (Bottom-up)/ identification of community needs
EmangBasadi - Locals given chance to plan and monitor their development
- Engaging women in education and training , for example, Botswana projects/capacity building
Council of Women - Engage in income generating activities to alleviate poverty, for example,
- Help improve living standards of marginalised people, for example, The Growing of vegetables, keeping poultry, oil processing to ensure food
First People of Kalahari and disabled people security
- Capacity building in communities/ leadership development - Carry out activities to enhance awareness in HIV/Aids/health issues
- Provide employment - Information dissemination/ announcements
- Open up market centers for local produce
Describe the problems faced by NGOs in Botswana. - Crime prevention/ neighbourhood watch
- Infrastructure development
Ideas such as: - Utilization of local resources
- Leadership problems whereby NGO staff usually resent strong leadership - Skills development
- Irreplaceability of charismatic guru-like leaders which leads to NGO - Creation of employment
collapse/ personalized
- NGOs often criticize each other which foster isolationism/ lack of
coordination
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Suggest ways by which the challenges faced by CBOs can be addressed. Describe three types of community based organisations.
Ideas such as:
 Developmental community based organisations are those that
Ideas such as: focus on improving the infrastructure of the community/ promote the
use of appropriate technology.
- Limited funds to cover all projects/needs/ financial support from
government and other others/ private sector  Conservationist/Environmentalare those that focus on caring for
the environment, for example, clean up campaigns or protecting
- People lack of interest on community mobilization- community to be nature resources.
mobilized through training, workshops and kgotla meetings
 Welfarist/charities are those that focus on improving living
- Lack of training- skills development should be carried out on COBs staff conditions of people such as giving food, shelter etc to the destitute/
by stakeholders orphans/ disaster victims

- Lack of co-ordination of CBOs- CBOs should have a mother body and  Economic are those that focus on income generating activities for
work together etc profit making.

- Dominance by the elderly should be discouraged by quota systems which  Educational are those that focus on disseminating information on
creates room for youth various societal issues.

- Alignment to political parties should be discouraged by the government Describe common weaknesses of community based organisations in
or stakeholders. For example, through workshops. Botswana.
 The common weakness of community based organisations in Botswana
is shortage of funds

 Lack of support from people

 Lack of skills

 Sometimes CBOs are politicised

 CBOs are usually personalised by leaders or founders

 Misuse of funds by leadership

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  Lack of shelter for operation Describe the importance of the private sector in the development of
Botswana.
 Labour provided by volunteers who may quit anytime Ideas such as:
 Employment creation
 Poor technology/lack of tool/ equipment
 Skills development
 Compete against each other than rather than working together.
 Technological advancement

State the differences between a sole trader and a private limited company.  Infrastructural development
Ideas such as:
 Sole trader is owned by one person whilst a private limited company is  Ensuring quality production
owned by many individuals/ shareholders
 Sponsorship of community activities, for example, sports and social
 In a sole trader funding is provided by one person(owner) whilst in a responsibility
private limited company funding is provided by shareholders
 Relieves government of burdens of running the economy
 A sole trader operates on a small scale whilst a private limited company
operates on large scale  Fast decision making

 In a sole trader the owner manages the business whereas in a private  Empowerment of the local entrepreneur
limited company shareholders choose a board of governors to manage the
business  Boosts foreign exchange/ foreign direct investment

 In a sole trader, all profit belongs to the owner whereas in a private  Pay tax/ improve government revenue
limited business, profit is shared by shareholders.
 Quick response to the demands of the market
 The sole trader has limited liability whist private limited company has
 Availability of goods and services
unlimited liability
 Diversification of the economy

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Describe the sources of government revenue in Botswana.  The HIV and AIDS scourge depleting funds which are required to carry
Ideas such as: out nation building activities, for example, national celebrations
 Taxation

 Fines, for example, traffic fines such as for over speeding and drunken Describe resources that the government of Botswana distributes among the
and drive people in the country.
Ideas such as:
 Licensing, for example, vehicle licences , hunting licences and business - Land for settlement or production
licences - Health services/medication/ARVs/Clinics
- Education service/schools books/schools
 Parastatals/government businesses, for example, Water Utilities and - Service workers, for example, teachers, nurses, doctors, engineers
Botswana Power Corporation - Animal control disease control medication
- Old age pensions
 Fees, for example, hospital fees, school fees and tourism resort fees - Transport infrastructure, for example, tarred roads
- Communication, for example, television, radio and internet
 Loans and grants or foreign aid
- Water
 Selling of bonds to individuals/ sale of share - Electricity
- Scholarships/bursaries among students
 Privatisation (explain how) - Paid jobs in the government/civil service
- Security services
Suggest problems that the government of Botswana might faces as it tries to
unite people in the country and build the nation. Describe actions that the government takes to promote economic
development in Botswana.
Ideas such as:
 High population/ increasing population Ideas such as:
- Keep peace and security
 Many different tribes involved/ diversity/ multiplicity of languages - Provision of infrastructure, for example, electricity and serviced land
- Skills development or imparting of entrepreneurial skills
 Past conflicts between tribes - Provision of financial assistance, for example, CEDA loans, youth grants,
young farmer’s grant
 Exploitation of ethnic differences, for example, formation of cultural
- Marketing of locally made goods
groups
- Invitation of foreign investors
 Unbalanced development between regions in the country/ people in the - Policies to relax registration/licensing of businesses
areas that are neglected feel betrayed by the government/ may be un - Relaxed foreign exchanged regulations for easy import of raw materials
cooperative
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Suggest ways by which income generating projects can help people to achieve
social development
- People use income gained to buy food or increased calorie intake
- People can use income gained to pay for health services/ increase life
expectancy through better health
- Money used for better baby care/reduced infant mortality rate
- Increased self- reliance/ reduced dependency ratio
- Income can be used to get safer water supply and improve health/reduced
Death Rate
- Money gained can be used to pay for school/lessons to increase literacy
rate/education

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 Module 8: Regional Co-operation, International
Ideas such as;
Trade & Foreign Aid - Provides much needed technology for LDCs / high level of knowledge
- Provides capital for investment
- Creates employment
What is regional cooperation? - Improves relations between countries
- Relieves hardships in times of disaster
- Regional cooperation is when countries of the same area come together - Improves recipient country’s GDP / GNP
to address common needs - Bring foreign exchange

Give three challenges faced by Southern African Development Community Give three disadvantages of foreign aid
(SADC) in achieving its objectives
Ideas such as;
- There is no common currency - Encourages waste of resources / extravagance / often misused by corrupt
- Difficulty to reconcile different political systems / ideologies politicians & dictators
- Language barrier - Irrelevant projects
- Overlapping objectives with other organizations - Indebtedness / neo-colonialism
- Economic disparities amongst member states - Tied aid
- Political instability in some member countries - Environmental unfriendly
- Financial constraints / outstanding debts by member countries - Urban bias
- Ineffective political wing - Interference in domestic politics
Define foreign aid - Encourages dependency & encourages laziness / reduces desire to work
hard
- Foreign aid is the help / assistance obtained from outside the recipient - Sometimes reduces a country’s sovereignty or independence
country / region
What are imports?
- Foreign aid is any help from outside given to a country
- Imports are goods and services bought into the country / outside the
Describe three forms of foreign aid country

- Monetary aid (allow loans and grants separately) Describe three ways in which a country can correct a negative balance of payment
- Technical aid
- Humanitarian (food, medicine, clothing, tents, etc) Ideas such as;
- Military aid - Fixed quota systems / fixed amount or No. of goods imported or exported
- Aid for specific projects e.g. Ebola, AIDS, Research - Setting up ISI / govt. subsidies
- Emergency aid e.g. floods, drought/famine, earthquakes, volcanoes, etc. - Devaluing the currency
- Exporting more / EOI
Give three advantages of foreign aid - Custom duties / tariffs
Benefits of foreign aid - Coming up with local substitutes
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 - Quarantine system (to control the influx of goods into another country or
region) Describe the achievements of SADC
- Exchange control (how much money one is allowed to use in a foreign What are the successes of SADC?
country) Ideas such as;
- Defence & security e.g. intervention in Lesotho & DRC
- Establishment of the political wing
What is meant by a positive balance of trade? - Inflow of aid into the region
- Helped each other in times of catastrophes / emergencies e.g. fuel to
Give three different ways by which money can come into a country. Zimbabwe from Botswana
- Cities & major towns linked by tarred roads e.g. Trans-Kalahari Highway –
Define the term tied aid. from Capetown to Walvis Bay via Botswana
- Energy protocol signed
State three reasons for giving foreign aid. - Signing protocol in shared water course systems
- Establishment of training centres e.g. SACCAR in Sebele & Meat
What are the aims of the Southern African Development Community Inspection College in Lobatse
(SADC)? - Sending observer missions to member states’ elections
Ideas such as; - Establishment of Trans-Frontier National Park between Botswana & South
- Achieving regional cooperation Africa
- Reduce poverty / improve quality of life - Recognition in international community because they speak with one voice
- Promote common political value systems/institutions
- Promote and defend peace & security How does the private sector lead to development in the SADC region?
- Promote self -sustaining development Ideas such as;
- Harmonise national & regional development strategies/programmes - Create employment
- Achieve economic growth - Investing in regional economy
- Achieve regional trade - Efficiency / increase in production / quality goods
- To be able to attract foreign aid - Drive towards self- reliance, a relief on govt. reliance
- Training (human resource development)
How have Southern African countries improved their trading position by - Increase participation in international trade
forming SADC? - Pay tax to the govt.
Ideas such as; - Sponsorship of social activities
- Encouraging free trade amongst themselves - Infrastructure development
- By removing tariffs between them and opening up their markets to each
other Describe the problems caused by the private sector in the SADC region
- Protecting their members from outside competition by imposing collective Ideas such as;
tariffs - Retrenchments
- Mobility of resources - Irrelevant services
- Inflow of foreign currency / foreign investment - Exploitation of human labour / pay low wages
- Integrated transport network - Depletion of natural resources because of fashion/competition
- Technology transfer - Profit driven than socially inclined
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 - They may bring foreign expertise than hiring locals - To protect infant industries
- Pollution / harm to the environment - To reduce imported goods
- Greed by big investors - To eliminate balance of payments deficits
- MNC’s profit repatriation - To cut on indebtedness
- Brain drain from govt. to private Why do countries give Aid?
- Closing down of private companies / liquidation of companies Ideas such as;
- Humanitarian reasons
What are the advantages of regional cooperation? - For development
Ideas such as; - Trade links
- It promotes trade / trade fairs - Economic gains
- Exchange programmes / share expertise - Creation of political satellites
- Assistance in times of need e.g. war, drought etc. - Creation of employment (Donor countries)
- Competitions in sports / cultural exchange & development
- Widens market Describe the advantages of international trade.
- Improvement of infrastructure Ideas such as:
- Better representation internationally / better bargaining power  Income generation/ earns foreign exchange
- Cost sharing  Encourages production/ production efficiency/ increases GDP/GNP/GNP
- Improved security per Capita
- Free movement of labour
- Improved international relations  Countries acquire goods and services they are unable to produce
 Globalisation/ friendship between countries
Describe barriers in international trade  Increased variety of goods and services
 Employment creation
Ideas such as;  Transfer of skills and technology
- Quotas
- Customs duties / tariffs  Stimulates production of quality goods and services
- Exchange control  Increases access to bigger markets
- Health restrictions (quarantine)  Ensures continuous supply of seasonal goods
- Political differences/understanding
- Labour laws Describe the challenges faced by developing countries in international trade.
- Devaluing of local currencies Ideas such as:
Why do countries come up with trade barriers?  Poor infrastructure
Ideas such as;
- To earn some revenue/raise govt. revenue  Developed countries put trade barriers/ protectionism
- To prevent dumping  Declining terms of trade
- To protect/promote local employment  Less control in international trade/ only 20% access to international trade
- To encourage local inventions  Weak currencies/ low purchasing power/ lack of capita
- To prevent spread of diseases
 MDCs produce synthetic products/ changes in fashion/tastes
- To control effects of general depression
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  Stiff competition from the MDCs/ small markets  Tied aid
 Produce substandard goods/ poor quality goods/ less preferred by MDCs/  Promotes dumping of discarded resources from donor countries
poor technology/skills
 Prices for raw materials are low/ fluctuating Describe the forms of foreign aid received by Less Developed Countries.

 Gives room for dumping of goods from MDCs to developing countries Ideas such as:

Suggest ways by which country X could correct its negative balance of trade.  Technical assistance, for example, experts sent to work in a
developing country
Ideas such as:  Financial help, for example, interest free loans and grants/ monetary
 Gift of consumer goods, for example, food aid/ humanitarian
• Protectionism  Military aid, for example, soldiers sent to keep law and order in a
• Import substitution industrialisation country
• Export oriented industrialisation  Emergency aid, for example, help given during floods and drought
• Foreign investment 
• Invitation of Multi-National Companies Suggest problems that a Less Developed Country, which receives foreign aid,
• Beneficiation/ value addition to raw material, for example, cutting and can experience.
polishing of diamonds
• Foreign aid Ideas such as:
 Corruption, for example, money misused by leaders
• Devalue the currency
 Reinforcement of master-servant relations/ foster superiority-inferiority
Describe possible problems that foreign aid can cause to countries receiving ideology
it.  Aid is often tied/ conditional/ benefiting the developed countries/ neo-
colonialism
Ideas such as:  Creates dependency syndrome/ loss of self-reliance
 Some aid encourages inappropriate technology
 Encourages resource wastage
 Less Developed Countries end up in debt crisis
 Recipients fall into debt crisis
 Encourages wastefulness
 Encourages corruption among government officials
 Less Developed Countries become dumping grounds for developed
 Encourages inappropriate technology/ irrelevant projects
countries
 Recipients become dependent/ expect handouts/ laziness
 Less Developed Countries turned into marketing area for donor products/
 Increases inequality within the country when it benefits only selected creates competition with local products
groups.
 Donors may interfere in recipients politics

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Describe the ways through which rich countries protect their industry from  LDCs should devalue their currencies to attract customers
cheap imports.  LDCs should diversify their economies/ should avoid dependence on few
commodities
Ideas such as:
 They limit quantity of goods from poor countries through quota system
Describe the problems faced by poor countries as a result of receiving aid
 They charge high tariffs on goods from poor countries to discourage
from rich countries.
entrance
 They subsidise their own goods to make them cheaper than imported Ideas such as:
goods to discourage imported goods
 They demand high technological requirements so that poor countries fail  Aid encourages corruption among government officials
to attain the high standard  Aid encourages laziness among locals/ dependency syndrome
 They put exchange control measures to limit foreign exchange (forex) for  Aid encourages wastage of resources
import  Aid cause debt crisis
 They impose high health standards on foreign goods and services  Aid increases inequality within the country when it benefits selected
 They form cartels which restrict imports from outside the cartel groups
 They demand import licences/ permits/ legal agreements  Aid promotes dumping of discarded resources form donors/ inappropriate
technology/ environmental unfriendly
Suggest actions which poor countries could take, so they benefit more from  Donors may interfere in recipients’ politics
international trade.  Aid may be tied/ strings attached
 Reinforces master-servant relationship.
Ideas such as:

 Less Developed Countries(LDCs) should turn raw materials into finished Suggest ways in which rich countries may help poor countries to speed up
development.
products/ add value to raw materials
 LDCs should form regional co-operations to create a market for Ideas such as:
themselves
 LDCs should improve their technology to ensure high quality goods/  Developed countries (DCs) should send exports to help development in
invite Multi- National Companies to improve technology/ quality goods Less Developed Countries (LDCs)
and services  DCs can sponsor LDCs’ students to gain skills/ scholarships/ skills
 LDCs should form producer cartels to control prices and avoid low development
fluctuating prices  Technology transfer to LDCs
 LDCs should appeal to World Trade Organisation to make developed  Send Multi-National Companies to LDCs/ Foreign Direct Investment
countries to relax trade barriers  Provide financial assistance for development projects, for example,
 LDCs should promote research on their products schools and roads construction/ monetary aid
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  Provide emergency/ reconstruction aid when crises occur, for example, Suggest benefits that people in Botswana may enjoy from international trade.
the Haiti example and Doctors without borders
 Developed countries should relax trade barriers so that poor countries can Ideas such as:
participate in international trade/ provide reliable market - The get goods and services made in other countries, for example, cell
 Developed countries should facilitate research for development in Less phones or electronic goods
Developed countries - They earn income or foreign exchange from selling their products outside
 Developed countries can send peace keepers to war torn countries to the country, for example, beef
stabilise political environment - The local producers will have expanded market
 The rich countries can reduce interest rates/ debt cancellation of poor - Local producer are likely to be trained to improve the quality of their
countries goods to meet global standards
- People will enjoy increased variety of goods and services(so that people
have more freedom of choice)
Suggest challenges that countries such as Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland
- People have access to seasonal goods throughout the year, for example,
may face as members of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU).
fruits
Ideas such as: - People enjoy improved infrastructure, for example, better road networks
and telecommunication in areas of production
- South African goods pose stiff competition to local goods in Botswana - Technology transfer
- They benefit less because of less exports whilst Republic of South Africa - Job creation
is more industrised/ one benefit more by exporting more goods and
services/ unfavourable balance of trade
- They have immediate needs but to wait for 2years before sharing custom
duty revenue
- They are excluded from sharing interest accrued on the customs revenue
(in South African banks over 2 year period)/ custom duty collected is
only kept in South African banks and yet interest on the money remains
in South Africa at the time of sharing
- Decision are dominated by Republic of South Africa since she is the
richest members state
- Use of different currencies
- Language barrier

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