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SECTION - II

IMPORTANT FORMULAE
Number of outcomes favourable to E
1 P(E) =
Number of allpossible outcomes of theexperiment
2. For any event E, P(E) + P(E) l where E stands for not E.
E and E are called complementary cvents.

3. The probability of an event E always lie betwccn 0 and 1. 0 <P (E) < 1.
4. In a pack of 52 cards we have
(i) 4 suits - spades (4), heart ( ) ,clubs (4) and diamonds (*) having 13 cards each.
(i1) Each suit has one ace, one king, one queen, one jack and 9 other cards from 2 to 10.
(iii) King, queen and jack are called face cards or picture cards.
(iv) Hearts and diamonds are red coloured cards while spades and clubs are black
coloured cards.

SECTION -III

NCERT TEXTUAL EXERCISES AND ASSIGNMENTs

EXERCISE-6.1
1. Complete the following statements.
Probability of an event E + Probability of the event not E' =
(iü) The probability of an event that cannot happen is Such an event is
called
Ai) Theprobability of an event that is certain to happen is Such an event
is called
iv) The sum of the probabilities of all the elementary events of an
experinent is
(v) The probability of an event is greater than or equal to and less than or
equal to

Soln. (i) 1 (ii) 0, impossible (iii) 1, sure / certain event (iv) 1 (v) 0, 1

2. Which of the following experiments have equally likely outcomes? Explain.

(1) A driver attempts to start a car. The car starts or does not start.
(ii) A player attempts to shoot a basketball. She/he shoots or misses the shot.
(iii) Atrial is made to answer a true-false question. The answer is right or
wrong.
(iv) A baby is born. It is a boy or a girl.
Soln. (iii) and (iv) have equally likely outcomes.
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Why In tonaing A colnoonaldered to bea fale way of declding whlch team shouia
the ball at the
Soln.
beginning of a foothall game?
When n coin i lonned petng heod o toil are cuuully Jikely oniteome% Tnr
he teamA Ihave cqual
ehmee of winppp he toss.
4. Which of the following cannot bo tho
2
probablllty of an evon
(A) (B)-1.5 (D) 0.7
3 (C) 13%
Soln. (B) - 1.5

5. If P(E) 0.05, what is tho

Soln.
probabillty of 'not E'?
P (2) 0.O5
P (E) +P(E) - 1
P(E) - 1-P(E)
1-0.05
0.95

6
A bag contains lemon flavourcd candios only. Malini takes out one candy without
looking into the bag. What is the probability that she takes out
(1) an orango flavoured candy? (11) a lemon flavoured candy?
Soln. Abox contains only lemon lavourcd candics. Let it be 10
Total candies 10
(i) Let A be the event of drawing on orange flavoured candy
No. of outcomes favourable to A - 0

P(A) = 10
0

(ii) Let B be the event of drawing a lemon flavoured candy

No. of outcomes favourable to B= 10
10
P(B) 1
10

7 It is given that in a group of 3students,the probability of 2 students not having the same
birthday is 0.992. What is theprobabiity that the 2 students have the same birthdav?
Soln. Let P (5) =Probability of 2Students not having the same birthday.
P (E) 0.992
P(E) + P(E)
P (E) 1-P(E)
1-0.992
0.008
Probabilityof 2 students having the same birthday is 0.008.
8 A bag contains3 red bals and b Dlack bau8. A ball is drawn at random from the bag
ball drawn is
What is the probability that the
(11) not red?
(3) red ?
+5 =8
Soln. Total no, of possible outcomes = 3
red ball
Let Abe the event of drawing a

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No. of outcomes favourable to A=3

3
P (A) =

(ii) Let B be the cvent that the ball drawn is not rcd
5
P (B) =

ig
9. A box contains 5 red marbles, 8 white marbles and 4 green marbles. One marble
taken out of the box at random, What is the probability that the marble taken out
will be
(i) red ? (i1) white ? (ii1) not green?
Soln. As the box contains 5 red marbles, 8 white marbles and 4 green marbles
Total no of possible outcomes = 5 + 8 + 4 = 17
(i) Let A be the event that a red marble is drawn
No. of outcomes favourable toA =5
5
P (A) = 17
(ii) Let B be the event that a white marble is drawn
No. of outcomes favourable to B = 8

P (B) =
17
(iii) Let Cbe the event that the marble drawn is not green
No. of outcomes favourable to C = 13
13
P(C) = 17

10, A piggy bank contains hundred 5Op coins, fifty Re 1 coins, twenty Rs 2 coins and
ten Rs 5 coins. If it is equally likely that one of the coins wil fall out when the
bank is turned upside down, what is the probability that the coin
(i) will be a 50 p coin ? (ii) will not be aRs 5 coin ?
Soln. A bag contains hundred 50p coins, fifty Re. 1 coins , twenty Rs. 2 coins and ten Rs. 5
coins.
Total no. of possible outcomes = 100 + 50 + 20 + 10 = 180
(i) Let A be the event that the coin will be a 50p coin
No. of outcomes favourable to A = 100
100 5
P(A) =
180 9
(ii) Let B be the event that it is not a Rs. 5 coin
No. of outcomes favourable to B = 170
170 17
P(B) =
180 18

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1l. Gopi buy8 A fish from a shon for hie aauarium, The shopkeeper takes
out One
fish at random from a tank contaBning A male fsh and8 female fish. What 18
the probability that the fish taken out is a male
Soln. The tank contains 5 male fish and 8 flsh?
female fish
Total no. of possible outcomes = 5 + 8- 13
Let A be the event that the fish taken out is a
male fish
No. of outcomes favourable to A =5
5
P(A) =
13

12.) A game of chance consists of spinning an arrow which comes to rest

pointing at one
Of the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and these are equally likely outcomes. What is
the probability that it will point at
(1) 8P
(ü) an odd number ?
(iii) a number greater than 2 ?
(iv) a number less than 9 ? 1
Soln. Total no. of possible outcomes = 8 2
(i) Let A be the event that the number is 8
No. of outcomes favourable to A = 1
6 3
P(A) =
A
(ii) Let B be the event that it is an odd number
No. of outcomes favourable to B = 4
4 1
P(B) =
2
(iii) Let C be the event that the number is greater than 2
No. of outcomes favourable to C = 6

6 3
P(C) =
4
(iv) Let D be the event that the number is less than 9
No. of outcomes favourable to D = &

P(D) = =1

13.) A die is thrown once. Find the probability of getting

e number: (ii) a number lying between 2 and 6; (iii) an odd number.
(i outcomnes = 6
Soln. Total no, of p0ssible
(i) Let Abe the event of getting a prime3 number = (2. 3. 5
favourable to A =
No. of outcomes
3 1
P(A) =
6 2
::NIet B be the event ol getting a number lying between 2 and 6 = (3.4 s
favourable to B =3
No.of outcomes
3 1
P(B)= 6 2

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(iii) Let C be the event of getting an odd number = (1 ,3, 5}
No. of outcomes favourable to C = 3
3
P(C) =
6

14. One card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting
(iii) a red face card
(1) a king of red colour (li) a face card
(iv) the jack of hearts (v) a spade (vi) the queen of diamonds
Soln. Total no. of possible outcomes = 52
(i) Let A be the event of getting a king of red colour
No. of outcomes favourable to A = 2 (There are 2 kings of red colour)
2 1
P(A) =
52 26
(ii) Let B be the event of getting a face card
No. of outcomes favourable to B = 12 [3 of each suit)
12 3
P(B)=
52 13
(iii) Let C be the event of getting a red face card
No. of outcomes favourable to C=6 3 of each suit)
6 3
P(C) =
52 26
(iv) Let D be the event of getting the jack of hearts
No. of outcomes favOurable to D = 1
1
P(D)=
52
(v) Let E be the event of getting a spade
No. of outcomes favourable to E = 13
13 1
P(E)= 52 4
(vi) Let F be the event of getting the queen of diamonds
No. of outcomes favourable to F = 1
1
P(F) =
52

13. Five cards - the ten, jack, queen, king and ace
of diamonds, are well-shuffled with
their face downwards. One card is then
picked up at random.
(i) What is the probability that the card is a
(ü) If the queen is drawn and put aside, queen?
what is the probability that the second
card picked up is (a) an ace? (b) a queen ?
Soln. (i) Total no. of possible outcomes = 5
Let Abe the event that the
card drawn is a queen
No. of outcomes favourable to A = 1

P(A)= 5
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(ii) Now the queen is drawn and kept aside

There are only 4 cards
Total n0. of possible outcomes = 4
(a) Let E be the event that the second card is an ace
No. of outcomes favourable to E= 1
1
P(E) =
4
(b) Let F be the event that the second card is a queen
No.of outcomes favourable to F=0
0
P(F) = =0
4

16. 12 defective pens are accidentally mixed with 132 good ones. It is not possible to just
look at a pen and tell whether or not it is defective. One pen is taken out at random from
this lot. Determine the probability that the pen taken out is a good one.
Soln, Total n0. of possible outcomes (12 defective + 132 good) pens
144 pens
Let A be the event that the pen taken out is a good one
No. of outcomes favourable to A 132

132 33 11
P(A)=
144 36 12

17. (i) A lot of 20 bulbs contain 4 defective ones. One bulb is drawn at random from
the lot. What is the probability that this bulb is defective ?
(ü) Suppose the bulb drawn in (i) is not defective and is not replaced. Now one
bulb is drawn at random from the rest. What is the probability that this bulb is
not defective ?
Soln. (i) Total bulbs = 20
No. of all possible outcomes = 20
Defective bulbs = 4
Non-defective bulbs = 20 4 = 16

(i) Let Abe the event that the bulb taken out is defective
No. of outcomes favourable to A = 4
4 1
P (A) = 20 5
(ii) Since the bulb drawn in (1) is not defective and is not replaced
Total defective bulbs = 4
Total non defective bulbs = l6- 1 =15
Total no. of possible outcomes = 4 + 15 = 19
Iet B be the event that this bulb is not defective
No., of outcomes favourable to B = 15
15
P(B)= 19

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18. A box contains 90 disca which are numbered from 1to 90. If one disc Is drawn at
random from the box, find the probablllty that lt boars
(1) a two -digit number (11) a perfoct aquaro number
(ii) n number diviaible by 5
Soln. Total no. of possible outcomes 90
number.
(i) Let A be the event Uhat the dinc drnwn bears a two digit
{10, 11, 12,........ 90} 81
No, of outcomes favourable to A =8I
81 9
P(A) -
90 10
(ii) Let B be the cvent that the disc bcars a perfcct squarc number
-{1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81} = 9
No. of outcomes favourable to B=9
9 1
P(B) = 90 10
(iii) Let C be the cvent that the disc drawn bears a number divisible by 5
- {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90} = 18
No. of outcomes favourable to C= 18
18
P(B) = 90 5

19. A child has a die whose six faces show the letters as given below:
B D A

The die is thrown once. What is the probability of getting

(i) A? (11) D?
Soln. Total no. of possible outcomes = 6
(i) Let A be the event of getting 'A'
No. of outcomes favourable to A = 2
2 1
P(B) =
6
(ii) Let B be the event of getting D
No. of outcomes favourable to B = 1
1
P(B) = 6

20. Suppose you drop a die at random on the

the probability that it will land inside the rectangular region shown in fig, What is
circle with diameter 1m?
3m

2m

Soln. Area of the rectangle lx b= 3x 2 = 6m2

1
For circle, d = lm.. r= m

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Area of the circle r

Total no, of ossible outeomes m

No.of outcomes favourable to A m

P(A) =
6 24

21) A lot consists of 144 ball pens of which 20 are

defoctive and the others are Kood.
Nuri willbuy a pen if it is good, but will not buy if it is defective. The
shopkeeper
draws one pen at random and gives it to her. What is the probabllity that
(1) She will buy it?
(i1) She will not buy it?
Soln. Total no. of ball pens= 144
No. of defective pens = 20
No. of non-defective pens = 144 -20 124
(i) Let A be the event that Nuri buys a
good pen
No. of outcomes favourable to A = 124
124 31
P{A) =
144 36
(ii) Let B be the event that Nuri doesn't buy a defective pen
No. of outcomes favourable to B 20
20 5
P(B) = 144 36

22. Two dice, one blue and one grey are thrown at the same time
(i) Complete the following table:

Event 'Sum
2 3 4 5 6 7
On 2 dice' 10 11 12

5
Probability 1
36 36 36
Soln. When two dice are thrown,
total number of possible outcomes = 6 x6 36
a) When the sum on 2 dice is 3, 1avourable cases are (1, 2). (2. 1)
.. No. of favourable outcomes = 2
2
.. P (sum on 2 dice is 3) = 36

b) ubenthe sum on 2 dice 1s 4, 1avourable cases are (1,3) , (2, 2), (3. 1)
=3
.. No. of favourable outcomes
3
4) =
.:: P(sum on 2 dice is 36

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, (2, 3), (3, 2), (4, 1)

c) When the sum on 2 dice is 5. favourable cases are (1, 4)
:. No. of favourable outcomes = 4
4
.. P(sum on 2 dice is 5) = 36
4), (3, 3), (4, 2), (5,1)
d) When the sum on 2dice is 6, favourable cases are (1, 5), (2,
.: No. of favourable outcome 5
5
.. P (sum on 2 dice is 6) = 36

e) When the sum on 2dice is 7,

favourable cases are (1, 6), (2, 5), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 2), (6, 1)
.. No. of favourable outcomes = 6
6
.:. P (sum on 2 dice is 7) = 36
When the sum on 2 dice is 9, favourable cases are (3, 6), (4, 5), (5, 4), (6, 3)
.:. No. of favourable outcomes = 4
4
.. P (sum on 2dice is 9) = 36
g) When the sum on 2 dice is 10, favourable cases are (4, 6), (5, 5), (6, 4)
.:. No. of favourable outcomes = 3
3
.:. P (sum on 2 dice is 10) = 36
h) When the sum on 2 dice is 11, favourable cases are (5, 6), (6, 5)
.:. No. of favourable outcomes = 2
2
.:. P (sum on 2dice is 11) = 36
Event 'Sum
on 2 dice' 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 11 12

Probability
( 3 4 6 5 4 1
|36 36J|36 36 36 36 36

(iü) Astudent argues that 'there are 11

possible outcomes 2, 3,4, 5, 6, 7, 8,9, 10,
11 and 12. Therefore, each of them has
probability Doyou agree with this
argument? Justify your answer.
Soln. NO. The eleven sums are not equally
likely
23. Agame consists of tossing a one rupee coin3
times and noting its outcome each time.
Hanif wins if all the tosses give the same result
i.e..three heads or three tals, aa
loses otherwise. Calculate the
Soln. A coin is tossed 3 times
probability that Hanif will lose the game.
Total no. of possible outcomes ={ HHH, HHT.
HTH. THH. HTT. THT, TTH, TTT =O
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Let A be the event thot Hapif Jones the gone

No. of outcomes favowable to A- ||T. ITL TIH, IIT, TIT, TIT-0

P(A) -

24. A die is thrown twice. What is the probablllty that

(1) 5 will not come up elther time? (1) 6 wlloome up at least onoe?
(Hint : Throwing a die twice and throwing two dloo wlmultaneoumly are treated as
the same exporimont)
Soln. A die is thrown twice
Total no. of possible outcome9
I(0, 1) (1, 2) (1,3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1,6)
(2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6)
(3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5) (3, 6)
(4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4,4) (4, 5) (4, 6)
(5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5) (5, 6)
(6, 1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 5) (6, 6) } 36
(i) Let A be the event that 5 will not comc up cither timc
No. of outcomes favourable to A
{(1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 6)
(2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 6)
(3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 6)
(4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 6)
(6, 1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 6)} 25

25
P(A) =
36
(ii) Let B be the event that 5 will come up at lcast oncc
No. of outcomes favourable to B
{(1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 5), (5, 5), (6, 5)
(5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 6)} = 11
11
P(B) = 36

oE which of the following arguments are correct and which are not correct? Give reasons
for your answer.
(i) Te two coins are tossed simultaneously there are three possible outcomes
tuuo heads,two tails or one of each. Therefore, for each of these outcomes, the
1
probability is
INCORRECT
Soln.
When two coins are tossed simultaneously.
No, of all possible outcomes, = { HH, HT, TH, TT! -4
P (Two heads) =
P (HH) 4

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P(TT) P(Two tnils)

2 1
P(HT or TH) - P (one head or one tail) - 2
|() argument is incorrect.
or an even
(ii) If a die is thrown, therc Are two possible outcomes - an odd number
1
number. Therefore, tho probability of getting an odd number is 2

Soln. CORRECT
When a die is thrown,
No. of all possible outcomes = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} =6
3 1
P (odd number) = P (1,3, 5) = 6 2

3 1
P (Even number) = P (2, 4, 6) =
6 2
|(ii)argument is correct.

TEST YOURSELF PRB - 1

1, Adie is rolled once. Find the probability of getting:

(i an even number (ii) a number less than 5
(ii) a number greater than 6
2. An unbiased die is thrown. What is the probability of getting :
(i a multiple of 2 (ii) a mnultiple of 3
(iii) an even number or a multiple of 3
(iv) an even number and a multiple of3

3. A letter of the English alphabet is chosen at random. Find

the probability that the
letter chosen (1) precedes (ii) follows r
4. In agroup there are 3 boys and 4 girls. A child is
selected from the group at random.
Find the probability that the selected child is a bov.

5. There are 12 apples in a basket. Out of these, 3 apples are

of choosing a good apple. rotten. Find the probability

6. Abag contains 4 red, 5 black and 6 white balls. A

Find the probability that the ball drawn is :
ball is drawn from the bag at random.
(1) white (l1) red (iii) not black (iv) red or white
7. Abag contains8 black, 5white and 7 red balls. A ball is
Find the probability that the ball drawn is : drawn from the bag at randol
(1) neither red nor white
(i1i) neither white nor black (ii) neither black nor red

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