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International Journal of Advancements

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ISSN: 0976-4860
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Research Article

Computer Programming for Analysis and Design of Edge Supported Rectangular

Two-Way Solid Slab by Es-En 1992-1-1:2015
Chala Basha Chawaka*
Department of Research and Technology, Wallaga University, Naqamte, Ethiopia

ABSTRACT
This study's main target was to analyze and design rectangular edges supported two ways solid slabs by using ES EN
1992-1-1:2015. Slab design is often carried out either manually or with the use of design and analytic software. The
researcher sees that some software cannot accept some countries' standard codes. For example, currently in Ethiopia
analysis and design of two-way solid slab is done using readily available excelling sheet template. But working with this
might have many problems, firstly the structure that is already analyzed by SAP or SAFE or any other international
software application that uses international codes but which cannot design structure using ES EN 1992; for instant
euro codes and designed by excel sheet can create failure and uneconomical analysis and design result. In this paper,
the slab is designed and analyzed based on the chosen concrete grade, chosen reinforcement bar diameter, chosen
steel grade for design and analysis of slabs calculations like load, moment, shear, and deflection checking using the
moment coefficient method for analysis and design and microsoft visual basic 2010 for coding. All input values are
given by the international standard units and are also used to represent output values. Using manual calculations
delays time and mostly the result is not correct. But using this computer program can increase computation accuracy
and save time. The procedure the researcher followed is, first the manual calculation has been done and then
SADSE2021 has been done. The result is that both are 99.9% identical, and the disadvantage of this method is that
it cannot be used to determine the detailed drawing.
Keywords: Computer program; User manual; Visual basic; Solid slab; Simply supported
Abbreviations: ACI: American Concrete Institute; Asmin: Minimum Area of Reinforcement; RC: Reinforced
Concrete; m2: Square Meter

INTRODUCTION into a mold of desired dimensions [1-3]. Concrete are usually

reinforced with various other materials that have high tensile
Concrete is the most widely used construction material strength and the most abundantly used is reinforcement steel
worldwide, and the most widely used material after water [1,2]. bars. This is called reinforced concrete. Reinforced concrete
This is due to the inherently useful characteristics of concrete: provides plenty of advantages to the users such as high
easily and globally obtainable raw materials, relative ease of compressive strength, high tensile strength, good fire and
processing and handling, and its ability to go from a fluid state, weather resistance, flexibility in molding them into countless
where it can fill a mold, to a solid state, where it can then bear a shapes and sizes and low maintenance cost [1-5]. However, it is
structural load [1]. It is a stone like substance produced when not without its disadvantages such as the requirement of mixing,
prepared carefully through the combination of cement, sand, casting and curing; all of which would affect the concrete
gravel and water. The shape and size of the finished concrete can strength, the high cost of the forms to mold the concrete and the
be set during the mixture of the elements by putting the mixture its tensile strength is one-tenth of its compressive strength [5].

Correspondence to: Chala Basha Chawaka, Department of Research and Technology, Wallaga University, Naqamte, Ethiopia, Tel/Fax:
0910011122; E-mail: [email protected]
Received: 06-Sep-2022, Manuscript No. IJAOT-22-19098; Editor assigned: 12-Sep-2022, Pre Qc No. IJOAT-22-19098 (PQ); Reviewed: 26-Sep-2022;
Qc No. IJOAT-22-19098; Revised: 03-Oct-2022, Manuscript No. IJOAT-22-19098 (R); Published: 10-Oct-2022, DOI: 10.35248/0976-4860.22.13.215.
Citation: Chawaka CB (2022) Computer Programming for Analysis and Design of Edge Supported Rectangular Two-Way Solid Slab by Es-En
1992-1-1:2015. Int J Adv Technol. 13:215.
Copyright: © 2022 Chawaka CB. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Int J Adv Technol, Vol.13 Iss.10 No:1000215 1

Chawaka CB

Slabs is one of the most widely used structural element as it structural concrete under the requirements of a common code
forms the floors and roofs in order to support loads normal to of building that is incorporated with it [13]. Whereas Euro-codes
the surface floor. The slabs can be simply supported or even are a set of technical rules (consensus-agreed) usually developed
continuously span over more than one supports [6]. Rectangular by the European Committee of standardization's for the
slabs that are supported only on two sides opposite of each other structural design of works regarding construction that are
by walls or beams where the loads are uniformly distributed especially used in the European Union. The standards are
along the direction that is parallel to the supports [7]. If the slab published separately where each member has a number of parts.
is square and is restrained similarly on all four sides, the load is By March 2010, the Euro-codes were considered mandatory for
distributed equally in both directions [8]. There are two types of European public works [7].
two-way solid slabs which are simply supported slab and
Software comprises the electronic instructions that govern the
restrained slab. Simply supported slabs have its all four sides
computer’s functions [14]. A program consists of sequences of
deflect about both axes under loads where its corners would lift
instructions to a computer, where it is written to perform
and curl up from the support [9].
specified task on a computer [15]. Unlike a program where a
program is developed by individuals for their own personal use,
Analysis and design of reinforcement concrete software is much more complex. It is meant for multiple users
The design of a structure can be regarded as the process of and therefore has a good interface, designed systematically,
choosing materials and elements proper for the structure. thoroughly tested and implemented carefully. Software is most
Depending on the requirements of the structure, design often very complex and too large for one person to create and
methods can be split into two categories which are: ultimate develop single handedly [16]. For example, given software that
limit state and serviceability limit state. Ultimate limit state records names and addresses in a database. The program and
covers the strength and stability of the structure under database is considered a part of the software but the database is
maximum design load in which the structure is expected to not a program [4,7].
withstand. This also means that no part of the structure should
encounter failure such as cracking, collapsing or buckling. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Serviceability Limit State covers conditions in which specified
service requirements are no longer met [10]. Computer programming is the process of performing a
particular computation (or more generally, accomplishing a
Ultimately, reinforced concrete design to EC2 has these specific computing result), usually by designing and building an
following procedures; flexural design, shear design, deflection executable computer program. Programming involves tasks such
checking, cracking checking and detailing. Flexural design is as analysis, generating algorithms, profiling algorithms' accuracy
based on bending moments acting on the structural element. It and resource consumption, and the implementation of
is the design of the specifications of the reinforcement steel bars algorithms usually in a chosen programming language,
such as diameter size and spacing to be used with concrete with commonly referred to as coding.
regards to the loads. Shear design is the design of reinforcement
steel bars to link each other in order to resist shear forces. Shear Methods
forces is transmitted through crack member via a combination
of other un-cracked concrete in zone of compression, dowelling The researcher used
action of the flexural reinforcement and aggregates that 1. Microsoft visual basic 2010 for coding;
interlock across the cracks of tension. Deflection checking
2. Microsoft Access 2010 for data base and;
requires that the span of the structural element is not high
enough to lead to excessive deflection such as sagging of floors, 3. The analysis of slab is conducted using limit state
partitions being crushed, buckling and so on. Cracking checking coefficient method and uses limit state method.
is to limit the width of individual cracks for durability and
corrosion protection [11]. Procedure
Codes of practices and design standards such as ACI, Euro-code The researcher follows certain steps and procedures to develop
and British Standards are sets of technical specifications that act the program. Those are: The coding of the application in
as a control of important details of design and construction [12]. Microsoft Visual Basic 2010 is completed. Determine the
These codes of practices have the sole purpose to produce sound thickness of the slab, in step with the procedures provided, and
and safe structures in order to protect the public from Check the kinds of Slab. The ratio of longer span to shorter
inadequately designed structures and constructions. For example span is equal to or greater than 2, considered a one-way slab. In
the American Concrete Institute or ACI was founded in 1904 a two-way slab, the ratio of longer span to shorter span is a
and acts as the leading authority and resource worldwide in the smaller amount than 2 [7]. Calculation of Nominal cover,
development and distribution of many design standards. Their effective depth, and effective span: The deflection of the slab
main mission has always been the same which is to provide will be kept in check if the ratios of effective span to the effective
knowledge and information for the best use of concrete. ACI depth of one-way slabs are obsessed from the provisions in ES
318 building code requirements for structural concrete is one of EN 1992-1-1:2015. Supported ES EN 1992-1-1:2015: For Mild
the most used design standards in America which is to provide exposure=20 mm. For Moderate exposure=30 mm, Effective
minimum requirements for the design and construction of depth=depth of slab-clear cover -1/2 diameter of bar, The

Int J Adv Technol, Vol.13 Iss.10 No:1000215 2

Chawaka CB

Effective span of the slab shall be lesser than the 2, L=clear span
+d (effective depth). L=Centre to center distance between the fctm Mean value of axial Mean value of axial
support [17]. Calculate the factored loads and determine tensile strength of tensile strength of
concrete. concrete at 28 days.
moment coefficients. Calculation of shear force and bending
moments: the entire factored (design) loads are to be
fy Yield strength of An indication of
determined by adding the estimated loading of the slab, load of reinforcement maximum stress that
the ground finish, given or assumed live loads, etc. ES EN can be developed in a
1992-1-1:2015 after multiplying each of them with the respective material without
partial safety factors. Loading values are taken from the code ES causing plastic
EN 1992-1-1:2015. Thereafter, the planning positive and deformation
negative bending moments and shear forces are to be
determined using the respective coefficients given in Table 1 of fyd Design yield strength The ultimate tensile
ES EN 1992-1-1:2015. Calculating the steel's area and the of reinforcement. strength of any bar
spacing between its reinforcing bars Mu=0.87fy.Ast.d (1-((Ast). shall be greater than.
(fy))/(fck)(bd)).
fyk Characteristic yield It should satisfy basic
Abbreviation Variables Description strength of characteristics such as
reinforcement yield strength.
Fk Characteristic Value assigned to a
value of an basic variable, an or l or L Length, span The distance
action. action or a resistance measured by a human
from which the design hand, from the tip of
value can be found by the thumb to the tip
the application of a of the little finger.
partial factor.
Table 1: Variables and description. Note: (fyk) Characteristic
strength of steel, (fck) Characteristic strength of concrete, (fctm)
Gk Characteristic Action whose
Mean values of the axial tensile strength of concrete.
permanent action. variation in
magnitude is Reinforcement spacing equals ((ast)/(Ast))*1000 Where d is the
despicable over the diameter of the steel bars and ast is d2/4. Check for shear: For
time, or whose the safety of the given slab, design shear stress must be higher
variation is
than nominal shear stress. v=Vu/(b*d) where d=Effective depth,
monotonous until a
determined limit
v=Factored shear, and v=Nominal shear stress. The design shear
value is reached. value and the reinforcing Percent can be calculated using the
code ES EN 1992-1-1:2015. The percentage of steel
fc Compressive The Strength of reinforcement is equal to Astprov 1000/Sprov. The steel portion
strength of hardened concrete of the given tension zone will be designated as astprov. sprov is
concrete. measured by the the defined bar spacing in the tension zone. Design shear
compression test. should be higher than the nominal shear value to assume that a
slab section is secure.
fcd Design value of A coefficient taking
concrete account of long-term For deflection, check: max (l/d)>real (l/d), If the predicament
compressive effects on the mentioned is true slab is resistant to deflection. (l/d) max:
strength. compressive strength. l=length in shorter span, d=effective depth, taken from the code
ES EN 1992-1-1:2015.
fck Characteristic Characteristic
compressive compressive strength
cylinder strength of of 150 mm size cubes RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
concrete at 28 days. tested at 28 days.
Software comprises the electronic instructions that govern the
computer’s functions. A program consists of sequences of
fcm Mean value of Measure of the
concrete's ability to instructions to a computer, where it is written to perform
concrete cylinder
resist loads which tend specified task on a computer [18]. Unlike a program where a
compressive
strength. to compress it. program is developed by individuals for their own personal use,
software is much more complex. It is meant for multiple users
fctk Characteristic axial The maximum stress and therefore has a good interface, designed systematically,
tensile strength of that a material can thoroughly tested and implemented carefully. Software is most
concrete. bear before breaking often very complex and too large for one person to create and
when it is allowed to develop single handedly [19]. For example, given software that
be stretched or pulled.
records names and addresses in a database. The program and
database is considered a part of the software but the database is

Int J Adv Technol, Vol.13 Iss.10 No:1000215 3

Chawaka CB

not a program [20]. In this paper the researcher developed 12. Maximum shear force, Ved.
computer program which used to provide an easy interface for 13. Design shear resistance, Vrd, c.
users to use and input values to the program which will carry 14. Diameter of bar in mm, Fctm in kN/mm2.
out the calculations in a short amount of time and successfully 15. Minimum shear force, V min.
allow the program to carry out calculations for the analysis of
16. Maximum bar spacing for main and secondary bar.
reinforced concrete design for two-way restrained slabs.

System analysis and design for structural elements/

SADSE2021
SADSE2021 is computer programming that is developed for
"system analysis and design of structural elements". In this
research the part of SADSE2021 presented here is only
SADSE2021 for two way solid slabs only. The Program is
developed using microsoft visual basic 2010. There in this
research paper researcher uses visual basics for calculations as
described below. Having microsoft visual basic 2010 on your
desktop or PC; visual basic allows users to perform any
functions related to slab analysis and design by using the
moment coefficient method. Steps to create a microsoft visual Figure 1: Screen of SADSE2021.
basic 2010 project SADSE2021 include-open microsoft visual
basic 2010 (using microsoft visual studio 2010). Click the File
menu, select file-new project. Select “windows forms
application” in the pop-up new project window and name the
project. Click file menu-save all.
Then, once the program is finished in its programming and
coding, the program will-
1. Able to be executed with any computer that has microsoft
basic installed and its requirements.
2. Read inputs given such as characteristic actions.
3. Characteristic strength of concrete and steel.
4. Length and width of slab.
5. Nominal cover.
6. Slab thickness.
Figure 2: Screens for selection of types of RC solid slab.
7. Slab position case.
8. Characteristic strength of concrete and steel.
Discussion: Numerical examples
Once inputs are correctly added clicking “calculate” button will
begin the calculation process and analyze the two-way restrained Design the reinforcement for a simply supported slab 200 mm
slab, calculations will not be shown on-screen but it will give the thick and spanning in two directions. The effective span in each
answers on the screen for the following Figures 1 and 2. direction is 4.5 m and 6.3 m and the slab supports a live load is
10 kN/m2. The characteristic material strengths are fc=30
1. Area of the slab, A in mm2. N/mm2 and fy=460 N/mm2 Solution 1 (Using SADSE 2021)
2. Design action, n in kN/m2. (Figures 3-11).
3. Ratio of Ly/Lx, case
4. Bending moment coefficients for short span sx and sy
5. Bending moments: Msx1, Msx2, Msy1 and Msy2 in kN/mm2
6. Diameter of bar in mm, Fctm in kN/mm2.
7. Effective depths, dx and dy in mm (dx,y-Effective depth in
X,Y direction).
8. Minimum and maximum reinforcement area in mm2.
9. Areas of reinforcements for long spans and short spans with
their respective mid spans and support, As in mm2/m2.
10. Values of k and z for the calculation of area of
reinforcement.
Figure 3: Material property of concrete insertion page.
11. Design shear forces: Vsx1, Vsx2, Vsy1 and Vsy2 (Vsy-Design
shear force).

Int J Adv Technol, Vol.13 Iss.10 No:1000215 4

Chawaka CB

Figure 8: Result for the input data short span.

Figure 4: Material property of concrete.

Figure 9: Screen long span.

Figure 5: Material property of concrete result.

Figure 6: Screen shorter span results. Figure 10: Input data long span.

Figure 7: Screen to input data short span. Figure 11: Results long span.

Int J Adv Technol, Vol.13 Iss.10 No:1000215 5

 Chawaka CB

Solution 2 using manual calculation ly/lx=6.3/4.5=1.4<2 Two- z=d (0.5 + √ (0.25-K/0.9)) = d (0.5 + √ (0.25-0.099/0.9)=0.156
way slab, from Table 2, asx=0.099 and αsy=0.051. Where Ly- >0.95 d, so take z=0.95 d
Length of longer span; Lx-Length of shorter span
Asy=msy/0.87 fyz=22.97 × 106/(0.87 × 460) (0.95 ×
Self-weight of slab=0.2 × 24 × 103=4.8 KN/m2 160)=487.59 mm2/m
Ultimate load, n=1.3Gk+1.6Qk Checking Asmin, from ES EN 1992-1-1:2015, fy=460 N/mm2
n=(1.3 × 4.8)+(1.6 × 10) Asmin=0.13 bh/100=0.13(1000 × 200)/100=260 mm2/m
2
=22.24 kN/m =22.24 KN/m/m width Asx>Asmin → ok
Short span: Bending Provide T10 bars at 200 mm center, As=393 mm2/m Checking
From Table 2, ES EN 1992-1-1:2015, mild exposure conditions, for transverse steel
cover, c=25 mm. Assume Ø bar=10 mm.
From Table 2, fy=460 N/mm2
dx=h-c-ϴ/2=200-25-5=170 mm
100As/bh=100 (393)/1000 × 200
msx= αsxnlx2=0.099 (22.24) (4.5)2=44.97 KN.m/m K=M/f cub
0.31>0.025 (Asmin)
d2=45.5 × 106/30(1000) (170)2=0.156
=z d (0.5 + √ (0.25-K/0.9)
= d (0.5 + √ (0.25-0.015/0.9))=0.94 Criteria Value in Manual Value in Value
<0.95 d, so take z=0.94 d Calculation SADSE2021

Asx=msx/0.87fy z = 44.58 × 106/(0.87 × 460) (0.94 ×

170)=697.17 mm2/m Short Long Short Long
Checking Asmin, from Table 2 ES EN 1992-1-1:2015, fy=460
N/mm2 Self- 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8
The
weight of Conclusion
Asx>Asmin slab is that the
Provide T10 bars at 100 mm centre, As=786 mm2/m Calculation
Ultimate 22.24 22.24 22.24 22.24 Made by
Where msx-Maximum moment per unit width, h-Slab thickness, load, n Manual and
d. SADSE202
1 is the
dx and dy 170 160 170 160
Deflection checking same.

M/bd2=45.5 × 106/(1000) (170)2 =1.57 msx and 44.97 22.97 44.58 22.97
msx,
From Table 2 ES EN 1992-1-1:2015, for fs=221 N/mm2 the span-
effective depth modification factor=1.41, Therefore allowable
K 0.017 0.099 0.171 0.09968
span/d>Actual span/d
20 × 1.41>4500/170 z 0.15917 0.1536 0.1588 0.1504

28.2>26.5 Asx 697.17 487.59 697.17 487.59

Shear, V=WL/2=(22.72 × 4.5)/2=50.04 kN
Asmin 260 260 260 260
Shear stress, v=V/bd=50.04 × 103/(1000 × 170)=0.29 N/
mm2<0.8 √ fcu Ratio Asx Ok Ok
From Table 2, ES EN 1992-1-1:2015, to Asmin

100As/bd=100 × 786/1000 × 170=0.46 Allow/d 28.3 28.3 28.3 28.2

So, vc=0.63 × (30/25)1/3=0.67 N/mm2,
Act/d 26.5 26.5 26.5 28.125
v<v c, so no shear reinforcement is required.
Long span: Bending Defl Ok Ok
check
From Table 2 ES EN 1992-1-1:2015, mild exposure conditions,
cover, C=25 mm. Assume Ø bar=10 mm V 50.4 50.4 50.4 50.4
dy=h-c-Ø/2=200-25-10-5=160 mm
V1 0.29 0.31 0.29 0.31
msy=αsynlx2=0.051(22.72) (4.5)2 =22.97 kNm/m
Vc 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67
K=M/f cub d2=45.5 × 106/30(1000) (160)2=0.099<0.156

Int J Adv Technol, Vol.13 Iss.10 No:1000215 6

Chawaka CB

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