Disclaimer
It is hereby declared that the production of the said content is meant for
non-commercial, scholastic and research purposes only.
We admit that some of the content or the images provided in this channel's videos
may be obtained through the routine Google image searches and few of them may be
under copyright protection. Such usage is completely inadvertent.
It is quite possible that we overlooked to give full scholarly credit to the Copyright
Owners. We believe that the non-commercial, only-for-educational use of the
material may allow the video in question fall under fair use of such content. However
we honour the copyright holder's rights and the video shall be deleted from our
channel in case of any such claim received by us or reported to us.
Department of
Computer Engineering
Unit - 1
Operating System
Operating System -
01CE0401
Prof. Kausha I. Masani
OS: Overview and History
Functions of OS
Protection & Security
Topics Distributed System
Service
Covered
OS structure
System calls and their working
Operating System: What are basic elements of PRESENT DAY
Overview Computer System?
Basic Elements of Computer System
Main Memory I/O Module
Operating System:
Overview
Processor System Bus
A computer has hardware components such as
Operating System:
Overview
How Operations By Them Are Managed? Whose Role Is It To
Provide Various Services of These Components?
Operating System:
An operating system is a program that manages the computer
hardware.
It provides a basis for application programs.
It acts as an intermediary between the computer user and the
Operating System: computer hardware.
Overview
First Computer “Analytical Machine” was built by Charles
Babbage.
Babbage realized that he would need software for his
Operating System: analytical engine, so he hired a young woman named Ada
Lovelace.
History
She is believed by some to be the first to recognise that the
machine had applications beyond pure calculation, and to
have published the first algorithm intended to be carried out
by such a machine.
The First Generation (1945-55)
Used Vacuum Tubes and Plugboards
Size of machine were as big as a single room.
All programming was done in absolute machine language,
often by wiring up plugboards to control the machine’s basic
Operating System: functions.
History
The Second Generation (1955-65)
Used Transistors and Batch
Machines, now called mainframes, were locked away in
specially air conditioned computer rooms, with staffs of
professional operators to run them.
Used mostly for scientific and engineering calculations
Largely programmed in FORTRAN and assembly language.
Operating System:
History
ProgrammersMachineBringTape rewound Machine Operates
mounted on the
on job outputs
Reads The JobsJobs with All
thend help of
are written
Machine prints the outputs
Card having jobsa tape drive in machine on 2 tape
On Tape. “SPECIAL PROGRAM”
written. room
The Third Generation (1965-1980)
ICs and Multiprogramming came into picture
The IBM’s System/360 was the first major computer line to use
(small-scale) Integrated Circuits (ICs).
With multiprogramming, multiple programs could be loaded
Operating System: in memory, having their own memory partition
History
The Fourth Generation (1980-2010)
Microprocessors were now used.
Intel, the chip-maker developed the Intel 4004 chip in 1971,
which positioned all computer components (CPU, memory,
input/output controls) onto a single chip.
Development of LSI (Large Scale Integration) circuits, chips
containing thousands of transistors on a square centimetre of
Operating System: silicon
History
The 5th Generation (2010-present)
Artificial Intelligence is now getting used.
Computer devices with artificial intelligence are still in
development.
AI is a reality made possible by using parallel processing and
superconductors.
Operating System: In future, computers will be radically transformed again by
quantum computation, molecular and Nano technology.
History
Write the examples of 1st – 4th generation
Task For you! computers(minimum 3) along with their
disadvantages/short comings.
Goals Of OS
Goals Of OS Primary Goals Secondary
Goals
User Friendly Easy to solve
Convenient Use Efficiency
System problem
Process
Management
Memory
Management
Functions of File Management
Operating Functions
Security
System management
Resource
Management
Communication
management
Functions
Process Management
• By process management OS manages many
kinds of activities:
• All process from start to shut down i.e. open,
save, copy, install, print.
Functions of • Creation and deletion of user and system
Operating processes.
System
Functions
Functions of Memory Management
Operating • Decide which process are loaded
System into memory when memory
space becomes available.
• Allocate and deallocate memory
space as needed.
Functions
Functions of File Management
Operating • Allows the user to perform such
System tasks:
• Creating files and directories
• Renaming files
• Coping and moving files
• Deleting files
Functions
Functions of Security Management
Operating • OS manages many tasks such as:-
System • Alert messages
• Virus protection
• Dialogue boxes
• Firewall
• Passwords
Functions
Functions of Resource Management
Operating • OS manages many tasks such as:-
System • Install drivers required for input
and output, memory, power.
• Coordination among peripherals.
Functions
Functions of Communication Management
Operating • OS manages many tasks such as:-
System • Communication between
user-application software-hardware.
• One computer to another via LAN or
WAN.
• Downloading/ uploading.
Views of OS
Different
Views of OS
OS as a User/Computer OS as a Resource
Interface manager
End
User
Programmer
Application
OS as a Programs
User/Computer
Interface Utilities Operating-
System
Designer
Operating-System
Computer Hardware
Different views of OS: OS as a User/Computer Interface
End user only see the End
computer system User
in terms of set of application,
Programmer
he/she is not
concern with the details of the
Application
computer hardware. Programs
Utilities Operating-
System
Designer
Operating-System
Computer Hardware
Different views of OS: OS as a User/Computer Interface
End
User
An application can be expressed Programmer
in a programming language and Application
is developed by an application
Programs
programmer.
Utilities Operating-
System
Designer
Operating-System
Computer Hardware
Different views of OS: OS as a User/Computer Interface
End
User
Programmer
Application
system program facilities are
know as utilities Programs
Utilities Operating-
System
Designer
Operating-System
Computer Hardware
Different views of OS: OS as a User/Computer Interface
A programmer uses
End system program facilities
User (Utilities) in developing
Programmer
an application.
Application
Programs
Utilities Operating-
System
Designer
Operating-System
Computer Hardware
Different views of OS: OS as a User/Computer Interface
End
User
When application is running it
can invoke the utilities to perform Programmer
certain functions. Application
Programs
Utilities Operating-
System
Designer
Operating-System
Computer Hardware
Different views of OS: OS as a User/Computer Interface
End
User
OS is made up of most important Programmer
collection of system programs Application
OS act as mediator. Programs
Makes easier for the
Programmer and application Utilities Operating-
program to access the facilities System
Designer
and services of OS. Operating-System
Computer Hardware
OS is responsible for managing the resources to control this
functions.
Some portion of the OS is loaded in the main memory other part
of the main memory may contain the user programs and data.
OS as a Allocation of resources is controlled jointly by OS and
processor( I/O controller).
Resource OS decides:
Manager when I/O device can be used by a program in execution
When program can access the files.
How much processor time to be devoted to particular
process/ program.
Services
Program Development & Execution:
Services • OS provides services such as editors and
Provided By debuggers to assist programmer in creating
programs.
OS • For Program Execution:
• Load Instruction & Data into Main Memory
• Initialize I/O devices & Files
• Scheduling duties on behalf of user
Services
Access to I/O Devices:
Services • Each I/O device requires its own peculiar set
Provided By of instructions or control signals for operation.
OS • The OS provides a uniform interface that hides
these details so that programmers can access
such devices using simple reads and writes.
Services
Services Controlled access to files:
Provided By
OS system with multiple users, the OS
may provide protection mechanisms
to control access to the files.
Services
Accounting:
Services • A good OS will collect usage statistics for
Provided By various resources and monitor performance
parameters such as response time.
OS
• On any system, this information is useful in
anticipating the need for future enhancements.
• On a multiuser system, the information can be
used for billing purposes.
Services
Error detection and response:
Services • A variety of errors can occur while a computer
system is running. These include internal and
Provided By external hardware errors, such as:
OS • a memory error
• a device failure
• various software errors, such as attempt to access
forbidden memory location, and inability of the OS
to grant the request of an application. .
Protection – any mechanism for controlling access of processes
or users to resources defined by the OS
Security – defense of the system against internal and external
attacks
Huge range, including denial-of-service, worms, viruses,
identity theft, theft of service
Protection Systems generally first distinguish among users, to determine who
can do what
and Security User identities (user IDs, security IDs) include name and
associated number, one per user
User ID then associated with all files, processes of that user to
determine access control
Group identifier (group ID) allows set of users to be defined
and controls managed, then also associated with each process,
file.
A system call is a request that a program makes to the OS.
OS and user program communicate with help of system call.
System call are provided by the OS.
System Calls: Example : User program needs to read the file from the hard disk
Introduction but as the user program is working in the user mode it can not have
direct access to any computer hardware, thus program makes
system call instruction to transfer control to the operating system.
Then OS process the system call and returns control to the
instruction.
OS vary in their makeup internally.
Operating The most common attribute sought after in OS are:
System It’s ability to multitask
Structure It’s ability to do multiprogramming.
Multi-processing abilities.
Operating
System
Structure
Operating
System
Structure
Operating
System
Types
Batch OS
Multi-Tasking
OS
Distributed
Operating
System
Distributed
Operating
System
THANK YOU
