1. What is an Operating System?
An Operating System (OS) is the system software that manages computer hardware,
software resources, and provides services for applications.
- It acts as a bridge between the user and the hardware.
- Examples: Windows, Linux, macOS, Android, iOS.
2. Types of Operating Systems
Batch OS:
- Jobs are collected and executed in groups.
- No direct interaction with the user.
Example: Old payroll systems.
Time-Shared OS:
- Multiple users share system resources at the same time.
- CPU time is divided into time slices (quantum).
Example: University servers accessed by multiple students.
Distributed OS:
- Multiple computers (CPUs) work together across a network.
- Appears as a single system.
Example: Google data centers.
Real-Time OS (RTOS):
- Designed for tasks with strict timing requirements.
- Hard RTOS: Deadlines must always be met (Ex: missile guidance).
- Soft RTOS: Small delays are acceptable (Ex: video streaming).
3. Important OS Examples
Linux:
- Open-source OS used in servers, desktops, and mobile.
- Disadvantage: Limited gaming support.
Windows:
- Widely used desktop OS, best for gaming and hardware.
- Example: Windows 10/11 support DirectX.
Solaris:
- Enterprise OS known for ZFS and DTrace.
Android:
- Google mobile OS based on Linux kernel.
iOS:
- Apple mobile OS.
HarmonyOS:
- Huawei OS for IoT and mobile devices.
Blackberry OS:
- Developed by Research in Motion (RIM).
4. The Kernel (Core of the OS)
The Kernel is the brain of the OS.
- Manages CPU, memory, devices, and processes.
- Without it, applications cannot interact with hardware.
Example: The Linux kernel powers Android phones and supercomputers.
5. Virtualization & VirtualBox
Virtualization allows running multiple OS on the same machine.
- Virtual Machine (VM): Software-based computer inside another OS.
Example: Running Ubuntu inside Windows.
- Snapshots: Save/restore VM state.
- OVF: Standard for VM import/export.
- Guest Additions: Installed inside VM for better performance.
- VM Groups: Organize multiple VMs.
6. Strengths & Weaknesses
Windows:
✔ Best gaming support, hardware compatibility.
✘ Not open-source, costly licenses.
Linux:
✔ Open-source, secure.
✘ Limited gaming compatibility.
Solaris:
✔ Scalable, advanced tools.
✘ Less common today.
Android:
✔ Open-source base, huge ecosystem.
✘ Device fragmentation.
7. Mnemonics (Memory Tricks)
Batch = Paycheck 💵 (jobs processed in bulk)
Time-Shared = Classroom ⏰ (everyone gets a turn)
RTOS = Rockets 🚀 (must never miss deadlines)
Distributed = Teamwork 🤝 (many CPUs working together)
Snapshots = Camera 📸 (freeze VM in time)
Reminders- Please do bring your OS workbook
