Page | i
Word of Thanks
I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to the Almighty God
and else everyone who has contributed, directly or indirectly, to
the successful completion of this book on Numerical Methods.
My sincere thanks go to my teachers, mentors, and colleagues
for their invaluable guidance, encouragement, and constructive
feedback throughout this journey. I am deeply grateful to my
family and friends for their patience, love, and unwavering
support, which gave me strength and motivation to complete this
work.
I also wish to acknowledge the authors and researchers whose
works have been a great source of inspiration and reference in
developing the content of this book.
Finally, I thank all the readers and students who will use this
book. It is my hope that it serves as a helpful resource in their
pursuit of knowledge in mathematics and its applications.
Baraka Loibanguti
0682 744740 or 0684 368709
Email: [email protected]
Page | i
Why do students dread mathematics?
Because of the wrong approach. Because it is
looked at as a subject – S. Devi (India)
Without mathematics, there’s nothing you can
do. Everything around you are mathematics.
Just go down deep enough into anything and
you will find mathematics.
Page | ii
DEDICATED TO
*****
1. The Lord Jesus Christ, the creator of all seen and unseen and the
Father of beautiful Mathematics used to create the Earth and the
universe.
2. My late lovely Mother Faraja Alfayo Langoi (Sekei – Arusha), we
are so proud of you MAMA.
3. My lovely daughters Gracious and Grace, I love you most.
4. Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) the Great Mathematician of all time.
5. Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi the father and the inventor
of Algebra.
Page | iii
Download more text books from https://www.jihudumieschool.com
Text © Loibanguti, B 2025
Typed by Loibanguti, B
Graphs and illustrations- Loibanguti, B
The rights of Loibanguti, B to be identified as author of this
work have been asserted by the Copyright, design and
Patents Act of Tanzania.
All right reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronically or mechanically including photocopying,
recording or any information storage and retrieval system,
without the permission from the author in writings.
Any person who commits any unauthorized act in relation to
this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil
claims for damages.
First published 2020
Second published 2025 as per new syllabus
Arusha, Tanzania
Contacts:
Mob: +255 621 842525
Email: [email protected]
Page | iv
Download more text books from https://www.jihudumieschool.com
Left blank on purpose
Page | v
Download more text books from https://www.jihudumieschool.com
Contents
ERRORS AND TYPES OF ERRORS ....................................... 2
ITERATIVE METHODS .............................................................. 5
NUMERICAL INTEGRATION ................................................. 38
Page | vi
Download more text books from https://www.jihudumieschool.com
Numerical Chapter
8
Methods
In numerical analysis, a numerical method is a
mathematical tool designed to solve mathematical problems. The
implementation of a numerical method with an appropriate convergence
check is referred as numerical algorithm. Numerical analysis involves the
study of methods of computing numerical data. In many problems this
implies producing a sequence of approximations by repeating the procedure
again and again. Before using numerical methods for solving problems, we
have to check the following issues:
(a) The rate of convergence (how long does it take for the method to find
the answer)
(b) The accuracy (or even validity) of the answer
(c) The completeness of the response (do other solutions, in addition to
the one found, exist)
Numerical methods provide approximations to the problems in question.
No matter how accurate are they do not, in most cases, provide the exact
answer. In some instances, working out the exact answer by a different
approach may not be possible or may be too time consuming and it is in
these cases where numerical methods are most often used.
Page 1 of 51
Download more text books from https://www.jihudumieschool.com
ERRORS AND TYPES OF ERRORS
Error is the amount by which a numerical calculated value differs from
the actual value.
Exact value = Approximate Value + Error
TYPES OF ERRORS
1. Absolute error is the absolute difference between the actual value and
the approximated value.
Absolute Error = | Exact – Approximate Value |
2. Relative error is the ratio of absolute error to exact value.
Absolute Error
Relative error =
Exact Error
1. Inherent Error
Inherent errors are the errors that pre-exist in the problem statement
itself before its solution is obtained. Inherent errors exist because
the data being approximate or due to the limitations of the
calculations using digital computers. Inherent errors cannot be
completely eliminated but can be minimized if we select better data
or by employing high precision computer computations
2. Round Off Error
Round-off error is due to the inaccuracies that arise due to a finite
number of digits of precision used to represent numbers. All
computers represent numbers, except for integer and some
fractions, with imprecision.
Page 2 of 51
Download more text books from https://www.jihudumieschool.com
Digital computers use floating-point numbers of fixed word length.
This type of representation will not express the exact or true values
correctly. Error introduced by the omission of significant figures
due to computer imperfection is called the round-off error.
Round-off errors are avoidable by avoiding approximation if
possible.
3. Truncation Error
Truncation errors are defined as those errors that result from using
an approximation in place of an exact mathematical procedure.
Truncation error results from terminating after a finite number of
terms known as formula truncation error or simply truncation
error.
x2 x4 x6
cos x = 1 − + − + ... The series continues to infinity.
2! 4! 6!
6
Because we ended at x the error aroused to this is called
Truncation error.
4. Systematic Error
This is error due to known cause, the cause can be the instrument
measures or the approximated value. This can be eliminated by
adjusting the measurement instrument.
5. Random Error
This is to unknown cause; this type of error cannot be eliminated
but can be reduced by taking the arithmetic mean of the data.
Note: It is possible, through an incorrect procedure, to obtain the
wrong answer to a calculation. This type of error is known as a
Page 3 of 51
Download more text books from https://www.jihudumieschool.com
blunder. It can be avoided by being careful with what we write or
do!
Example 1
In a pie experiment, the student got pie as 3.145. Calculate
a) Absolute error
b) Relative Error
c) Percentage error
Solution
a) Absolute Error = | Exact – Approx. |
Absolute Error = − 3.145 = 0.00341
Absolute Error
b) Relative Error =
Exact Value
0.00341
Relative Error = = 0.00109
c) Percentage Error = Relative Error 100 %
Percentage Error = 0.00109 100 %
Percentage Error = 0.109 %
Example 2
A student in a physics experiment, got the gravitational force
9.7454N/Kg, assume the exact value is 9.8N/Kg. Calculate
a) Error
b) Percentage error
Solution
Page 4 of 51
Download more text books from https://www.jihudumieschool.com
(a) Error = Exact value – Approx. Value
Error = 9.8 − 9.7454 = 0.0546
(b) Percentage error
Exact value - Approx. value
= 100 %
Exact Value
Percentage error = 0.5571 %
ITERATIVE METHODS
These are numerical methods used to approximate the roots of
mathematical equations.
The iterative methods discussed here are:-
a) Newton – Raphson Method
b) Bisection Method
c) Secant Method
NEWTON – RAPHSON METHOD
In numerical analysis, Newton’s method, also known as Newton –
Raphson method, was named after Sir Isaac Newton and Joseph Raphson,
is a method for finding successively better approximations to the roots
(zeros) of a real-valued function.
The Newton’s – Raphson method is defined as, consider the curve below,
assume, point A and B are very close to each other so that AB is close to
y
be a straight line, then, Gradient = or Gradient = f ' ( xn )
x
Page 5 of 51
Download more text books from https://www.jihudumieschool.com
Other books are available upon request for
both secondary and primary schools.
Remember we have solutions for all exercises
provided in this book
To get this and more other books check us via
WhatsApp Link found at
https://www.jihudumieschool.com
Or Via Email address:
[email protected] God Bless You All!
-Baraka Loibanguti-
Page 51 of 51
The full book
E-mail: [email protected]
Tel: +255 682 744 740
Visit
https://www.jihudumieschool.com
:
