Module 5
Magnetic Materials
𝐵 =𝜇𝐻 𝜇 = 𝜇𝑟 𝜇0
𝐵 =𝜇𝐻
𝐵 = 𝜇𝑟 𝜇0 𝐻
𝐵 = 𝜇𝑟 𝜇0 𝐻 + 𝜇0 𝐻 − 𝜇0 𝐻
𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝐻 + 𝜇0 𝐻 (𝜇𝑟 − 1)
𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝐻 + 𝜇0 𝑀 where, Magnetization 𝑀 = 𝐻 (𝜇𝑟 − 1)
𝐵 = 𝜇0 (𝐻 + 𝑀)
𝜇0 𝐻 – This is due to external magnetic field
𝜇0 𝑀 – This is due to the magnetization
Magnetic induction (B) is given by
𝐵 = 𝜇0 (𝐻 + 𝑀)
𝐵
𝜇0 =
𝐻+𝑀
𝜇 𝐵
Relative permeability 𝜇𝑟 = 𝜇=
𝜇0 𝐻
𝐵/𝐻
𝜇𝑟 =
𝐵/(𝐻 + 𝑀)
𝐻+𝑀
𝜇𝑟 =
𝐻
𝑀 𝑀
𝜇𝑟 = 1 + where, =χ
𝐻 𝐻
𝜇𝑟 = 1 + χ
The magnetic induction in the interior of a certain solenoid has the value
of 6.5 x 10– 4 T when the solenoid is empty. When it is filled with iron, the
induction becomes 1.4 T. Find the relative permeability of iron
Given Parameters
μ0𝑀 = 1.4 T
μ0 H = 6.5 × 10−4 T
Magnetic Susceptibility
μ0 𝑀 1.4
χ= χ= = 2154
μ0 𝐻 6.5 × 10−4
Relative permeability
𝜇𝑟 = 1 + χ χ = 2154
𝜇𝑟 = 1 + 2154
𝜇𝑟 = 2155
𝜇𝑟 = 2155
Find the relative permeability of a ferromagnetic material if a field of
strength 220 A/m produces a magnetization of 3300 A/m in it
Given Parameters
𝑀 = 3300 A/m
H = 220 A/m
Magnetic Susceptibility
𝑀 3300
χ= χ= = 15
𝐻 220
Relative permeability
𝜇𝑟 = 1 + χ χ = 15
𝜇𝑟 = 1 + 15 𝜇𝑟 = 16
𝜇𝑟 = 16
The magnetic field intensity in a piece of ferric oxide is 106 A/m. If the
susceptibility of the material is 1.5 x 10–3, calculate the magnetization of
the material and magnetic flux density
Given Parameters
𝐻 = 106 A/m
χ = 1.5 × 10−3
Magnetization
𝑀 𝑀 = χ 𝐻 𝑀 = 1.5 × 10−3 × 106 = 1.5 × 103 A/m
χ=
𝐻
Magnetic Flux Density or Magnetic Induction
𝐵 = 𝜇0 (𝐻 + 𝑀) 𝑀 = 1.5 × 103 A/m
𝐵 = 4π × 10−7 1.5 × 103 + 106 𝐵 = 1.259 T
𝐵 = 1.259 T = 1.259 Weber/m2 𝐵 = 1.259 Weber/m2
Saturation Magnetization and Flux Density Calculation
The maximum magnetization, called saturation magnetization Msat, in iron is
about 1.75 x 106 A/m. This corresponds to all possible net spins aligning parallel
to each other. (a) Calculate the effective number of Bohr Magnetons per atom
that would give Msat, given that the density and relative atomic mass of iron are
7.86 g/cm3 and 55.85, respectively. (b) Calculate saturation flux density
Saturation Number of Bohr Magnitude of the Number of atoms
= Magnetons per × Bohr Magneton × per unit volume
Magnetization
(Msat) atom (x) (𝛽) (nat)
Msat = x 𝛽 nat
Number of atoms Density (𝜌) × Avogadro′ s Number (N)
=
per unit volume (nat)
Molecular Weight (Mat)
𝜌N
nat =
M𝑎𝑡
Number of Fe atoms per unit volume
𝜌 = 7.86 g cm−3 = 7.86 × 106 g m−3 = 7.86 × 103 kg m−3
𝜌𝑁
nat = N = 6.022 × 1023 atoms mol−1
𝑀𝑎𝑡
Mat = 55.85 g mol−1 = 55.85 × 10−3 kg mol−1
7.86 × 106 g m−3 6.022 × 1023 atoms mol−1
nat =
55.85 g mol−1
nat = 0.847 × 1029 atoms m−3
nat = 8.47 × 1028 atoms m−3
nat = 8.47 × 1028 atoms m−3
Each Fe atom contributes x number of net spins
Then each net spin has a magnetic moment of β
Msat
Msat = x 𝛽 nat x =
𝛽 n at
Effective Number of Bohr Magnetons per Fe atom
Msat Msat = 1.75 × 106 A m−1
x =
𝛽 n at
1.75 × 106
x=
8.48 × 1028 9.27 × 10−24
1.75 × 106
x= ≈ 2.2 x = 2.2
78.61 × 104
When the magnetization is saturated, all atomic magnetic moments are
aligned
The resulting magnetic field within the
iron specimen in the absence of an Bsat = μ0 Msat
applied magnetizing field (H = 0) is
Bsat = 4π × 10−7 H m−1 1.75 × 106 A m−1 = 2.2 Tesla
Bsat = 2.2 Tesla
Calculate the following B = 1.2 Tesla
(a) Magnetic Induction (b) Permeability
(c) Relative permeability (d) Susceptibility H = 20 A/m
(d) Magnetization
In a hydrogen atom, the electron moves in an orbit of radius 0.5 Å making 1016
revolutions per second. Calculate the magnetic moment associated with orbital
motion of the electron
The orbital magnetic dipole moment is a measure of the strength of the magnetic
field produced by the orbital angular momentum of an electron
Magnitude of the orbital magnetic 𝐼 is the current through the loop
dipole moment for a current loop 𝐴 is the area of the loop
The current I associated with an 𝑒 is the charge of the electron
electron in orbital motion is 𝑇 is electron′ s orbital period
If we assume that electron travel in a
perfectly circular orbit of radius r
and velocity v
The number of revolutions 1
per second is nothing but 𝑓 = 𝑇
frequency (f)
I=𝑒𝑓 𝐼 = 1.602 × 10−19 1016 𝐼 = 1.602 × 10−3 A
Magnetic Moment
𝜇 = 𝐼 𝜋 𝑟2
𝜇 = 1.602 × 10−3 A 3.14 0.5 × 10−10 m 0.5 × 10−10 m
𝜇 = 1.257 × 10−23 A m2
𝜇 = 1.257 × 10−23 A m2
