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SQL-rdms Interview Intermediate Questions

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18 views1 page

SQL-rdms Interview Intermediate Questions

Uploaded by

shubhchou4
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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✅ Intermediate

Q5. What is a transaction? Explain ACID properties.

Transaction: sequence of operations performed as a single logical unit.

ACID:

Atomicity – all or nothing

Consistency – db moves from one valid state to another

Isolation – transactions don’t interfere with each other

Durability – changes persist after commit

Q6. What are indexes? Types?

Index improves query performance (like a book’s index).

Types:

Clustered index – data rows are stored in sorted order (only one per table).

Non-clustered index – stores a pointer to the actual data row.

Unique index – ensures uniqueness.

Composite index – index on multiple columns.

⚠️ Tricky part: Too many indexes = slow writes (INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE).

Q7. Difference between UNION and UNION ALL?

UNION: removes duplicates.

UNION ALL: keeps duplicates, faster.

Q8. What is normalization? What are different normal forms?

Normalization: process to remove redundancy & improve consistency.

Normal forms:

1NF – atomic values, no repeating groups

2NF – 1NF + no partial dependency

3NF – 2NF + no transitive dependency

BCNF – stronger form of 3NF

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