NCERT – chemistry (043) Class – XII“General Salt Procedure.

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Experiments Observation Inference

Priliminary Tests
1) Color of the salt: Blue / green May be copper salt.
Brown May be iron salt.
Colorless Absence of copper and iron salts.
2) Action of heat:
A strong amount of salt is strongly A colorless, odorless gas turning lime Presence of carbonate.
heated in a test tube. water milky.
A colorless gas with the pungent smell
turning red litmus paper evolves into
blue. It gives a dense white fumes Presence of ammonium.
when a glass rod dipped in conc. HCl
is brought close to its mouth.
A reddish brown gas evolves. Presence of nitrate.
Salt is yellow when hot and white
when cold. Presence of zinc.
No characterstic change. Absence of CO3-2, NH4, NO3-, Zn.
3) Flame test:
A small amount of salt is added into a
watch glass and a drop of conc. HCl is
added to it to form a paste. Now take Bluish green flame Presence of copper.
the paste and introduce into the Crimson red Presence of strontium.
Bunsen flame. Apple green Presence of barium.
Brick red Presence of calcium.
No characterstic flame Absence of Cu, Ba, Ca, Sr.
4) Action with dil. NaOH:
Salt + dil. NaOH + Heat. A colorless gas with the pungent smell
giving dense white fumes with a glass
rod dipped in dil. HCl evolves. Presence of ammonium.
No pungent smelling gas. Absence of ammonium.
5) Action with dil. HCl:
Salt + dil. HCl. A colorless odorless gas turning lime Presence of carbonate.
water milky.
A colorless gas with a rotten egg
smell turning a paper dipped in lead Presence of sulphide.
acetate shining black evolves.
No charactestic change. Absence of Carbonate and sulphide.
6) Action with Conc. H2SO4:
Salt + conc. H2SO4 + heat. A colorless odorless gas gives dense
white fumes when glass rod is dipped Presence of chloride.
in NH4OH.
Reddish brown gas evolves. Presence of bromide.
Reddish brown gas turning acidified
 ferrous ammonium sulphate paper Presence of nitrate.
green evolves.
No characterstic change. Absence of Cl, Br, NO3-
7) Copper turnings test:
Salt + Cu turnings + conc. H2SO4 + A reddish brown gas evolves. Presence of Nitrate.
heat. No reddish brown gas evolves. Absence of Nitrate.
8) Action of MnO2 and conc. H2SO4:
Salt + MnO2 + conc. H2SO4 + heat. A greenish yellow gas turning starch Presence of Cl.
iodide paper blue.
A reddish brown gas turning moist
fluorescent paper red evolves. Presence of Br.
No characterstic changes. Absence of Cl, Br.
9) chromyl chloride test:
Salt + K2Cr2O7 + conc. H2SO4 + heat A red orange vapors evolve, passing
ROV into lead acetate soln makes it
yellow ppt. Presence of Chloride.
No ROV evolve. Absence of chloride.

10) Ester test:

Salt + Ethanol + conc. H2SO4 + heat A fruity smell Presence of acetate.
(paint thinner menthol smell)
Preparation of Na2CO3 extract: 1g salt + 3g solid sodium carbonate + 20g of distilled water to it. After boiling for few
mins, collect and filter the filtrate. This filtrate is called Na2CO3 extract.

1) test for silver nitrate:

NaCO3 ext + dil. HNO3 ( UEC) + AgNO3. A curdy white ppt is insoluble in 1 ml Presence of chloride.
of dil. NH3 is formed.
A pale yellow ppt is sparingly soluble
in ammonia is formed. Presence of bromide.
A black ppt is formed. Presence of sulpide.
No characterstic ppt. Absence of chloride, bromide and
sulphide
2) test with barium chloride: A white ppt is formed insoluble in dil. Presence of sulphate is confirmed
NaCO3 ext + dil HCl (UEC) + BaCl2 HCL
solution. No characteristic change Absence of sulphate

3) brown ring test ; A brown ring is formed Presence of nitrate is confirmed.

NaCO3 ext + dil. H2SO4 (UEC) + No brown ring is formed Absence of nitrate
freshly prepared FeSO4 soln soln.
then keeping the test tube in a
slanting posn and adding Conc. H2SO4
along the sides of TBT.

4) Ammonium molybdate test; A canary yellow ppt is formed Presence of phosphate is confirmed
NaCO3 ext + dil. HNO3 (UEC) + No canary yellow ppt Absence of phosphate
Ammonium molybdate + Conc. HNO3.

Analysis of cations:-
 Preparation of original solution
Salt + dist H2O  Orignial Solution.
1) os + nessler’s reagent + NaOH Chocolate brown ppt. 0 group ammonium
No choco brown ppt. Absence.
2) os + dil. HCl White ppt is formed. 1 group lead.
No white ppt. Absence.
3) os + dil. HCl + H2S gas Black ppt is formed. 2 group copper.
No black ppt is formed. Absence.
4) os + NH4OH + NH4Cl White ppt. 3 group aluminum, iron.
No white ppt. Absence.
5) os + NH4OH + NH4Cl + H2S gas. Dirty white ppt. 4 group zinc.
No dirty white ppt. Absence.
6) os + NH4OH + NH4Cl + White ppt. 5 group Barium, calcium, strontium.
(NH4)2CO3.
No white ppt. Absence.
7) os + NH4OH + NH4Cl + White ppt. 6 group magnesium.
DSOHPOS.
No white ppt. Absence.

“CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BASIC RADICALS”

Ammonium (0 group) Chocolate brown ppt. Yes it is present.

Os + NaOH + Nessler’s reagent.
Lead (1 group) Yellow ppt is formed when heated, Yes it is present.
Os + KI solution. cooled golden yellow sprangles.
Copper (2 group) Red brown ppt. Yes it is present.
Os + potassium ferrocyanide
Aluminium (3 group) Bright red lake ppt. Yes it is present.
Os + aluminon reagent + NaOH
Ferric (3 group) Blue ppt is formed. Yes it is present.
Os + potassium ferrocyanide + dil.
HCl
Zinc (4 group) White ppt is formed. Yes it is present.
Os + potassium ferrocyanide.
Barium (5 group) Yellow ppt is formed. Yes it is present.
Os + potassium chromate.
Calcium (5 group) White ppt is formed. Yes it is present.
Os + NH4OH + ammonium oxalate.
Magnesium (6 group) Blue ppt is formed. Yes it is present.
Os + NaOH + Magneson reagent.
Os + NaOH in drops. White ppt is insoluble in excess NaOH.

RESULT :

1) the given simple salt contains, acid radical –

Basic radical –
2) thus the given simple salt is -