■ Python Roadmap
1. Basics (Foundations)
• Install Python (Anaconda / official python.org).
• Learn syntax: Variables, Data types (int, float, str, bool), Input/Output, Type casting.
• Operators (arithmetic, comparison, logical, bitwise).
• Control flow: if-else, for, while, break, continue.
• Functions: defining, parameters, return values, default/keyword arguments.
• Practice: Write small scripts (calculator, prime checker, menu-driven programs).
2. Data Structures
• Strings (slicing, methods, formatting).
• Lists (indexing, slicing, methods, list comprehensions).
• Tuples, Sets, Dictionaries (operations, use cases).
• Practice: Reverse a string/array, remove duplicates, count word frequency.
3. Intermediate Concepts
• File Handling (open, read/write).
• Exception Handling (try/except/finally).
• Modules & Packages (import, from … import).
• Virtual environments (venv, pip).
• Standard Libraries: math, datetime, os, sys, random, json.
4. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
• Classes & Objects, Constructors (__init__).
• Inheritance & Polymorphism.
• Encapsulation.
• Magic Methods (__str__, __len__, __add__).
• Practice: Bank Account, Library System, Student Management System.
5. Advanced Python
• Iterators & Generators (yield).
• Decorators.
• Context Managers (with).
• Lambda, map, filter, reduce.
• Regular Expressions (re).
• Type Hinting.
• Practice: custom decorators, regex-based validators.
6. Working with Libraries
• Data Handling: pandas, numpy.
• Visualization: matplotlib, seaborn.
• APIs: requests, beautifulsoup.
• Automation: selenium, pyautogui.
7. Testing & Best Practices
• Unit Testing (unittest, pytest).
• Logging (logging module).
• Code style (PEP8, black, flake8).
8. Projects (Choose Based on Interest)
• Beginner: To-do list CLI, Number guessing game, Currency converter.
• Intermediate: Web scraper, Expense tracker with CSV/JSON, Flask/Django app.
• Advanced: Machine Learning model, API development with FastAPI, Automation bot.
9. Specializations (Pick a track)
• Web Development → Flask, Django, FastAPI.
• Data Science / AI → NumPy, Pandas, Matplotlib, Scikit-Learn, TensorFlow, PyTorch.
• Automation / Scripting → Selenium, PyAutoGUI, OS tools.
• DevOps / Backend → Docker, FastAPI, SQLAlchemy.
• Game Development → Pygame, Panda3D.
• Cybersecurity → Scapy, Socket, Cryptography.
10. Keep Growing
• Solve problems on LeetCode / HackerRank / Codewars.
• Contribute to open-source (GitHub).
• Build portfolio projects.
• Stay updated with new Python versions (3.13+ in 2025).
