Greatest common factor (G.C.

F)

Prime Number: a number that has only 2 factors which are 1 and itself.
Example: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17,…..

Composite Number: a number that has more than 2 factors.

Example: 4, 6, 9, 12, 25, 30, …..

Prime Factorization: every composite number can be written as a

product of prime factors. (Cut Composite number into prime
numbers)
Example: Find the prime Factorization for the number 24.

24
24 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3
4 6

2 2 2 3

Exercise 1 : write prime or composite

5 is Prime 17 is Prime
15 is Composite 16 is Composite
3 is Prime 11 is Prime
24 is Composite 37 is Prime
6 is Composite 42 is Composite

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Exercise 2: Find the prime Factorization for each of the following
numbers.
1) 36 = 2 x 2 x 3 x 3

2) 28 = 2 x 2 x 7

3) 48 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 3

4) 12 = 2 x 2 x 3

Exercise 3: Find the numbers whose prime factorization is given.

1) 2 x 3 x 3 x 3 = 54

2) 2 x 5 x 5 = 50

3) 3 x 3 x 7 = 63

Exercise 4: Complete
1) The prime factors of 18 are 3 x 3 x 2
2) 2,5 and 7 are prime factors of 70
3) The common factor of all the numbers is 1
4) The number 11 has 2 factors

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 How can you find the greatest common factor (GCF)?
You can find the GCF using 2 ways:
1) Listing method
2) Prime factorization method

Example: Find the GCF of 18 and 24

First: Listing method:
Factors of 18: 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 , 9 , 18
Factors of 24: 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 12 , 24
Common factors: 1 , 2 , 3 , 6
Greatest common factor GCF = 6

Second: prime Factorization method.

18 = 2 x 3 x 3
To find the GCF, we get the
24 = 2 x 3 x2x2 product of the repeated
numbers only.
GCF = 2 x 3 = 6

Exercise 1: Find the GCF using the listing method:

a) 10 and 30
Factors of 10: 1 , 2 , 5 , 10
Factors of 30: 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 10 , 15 , 30
Common factors: 1 , 2 , 5 , 10
GCF: 10

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 b) 8 and 12
Factors of 8: 1 , 2 , 4 , 8
Factors of 12: 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 12
Common factors: 1 , 2 , 4
GCF: 4

c) 12 and 18
Factors of 12: 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 12
Factors of 18: 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 , 9 , 18
Common factors: 1 , 2 , 3 , 6
GCF: 6
Exercise 2: Find the GCF using prime factorizing
a) 42 and 28
42 = 2 x 3 x 7
28 = 2 x x 7 x 2
GCF = 2 x 7 = 14

b) 40 and 50
40 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3
50 = 2x3x5
GCF = 2 x 3 = 6

c) 35 and 28
35 = 5 x 7
28 = 7x2x2
GCF = 7

• Note: The GCF of any 2 prime numbers is (1)

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 Least Common Multiple (LCM)
Multiples are the answers of the time table of the given number.
Example: Multiples of 4 are (0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, …..)
Note: Zero is a common multiple for all the numbers.

Exercise 1: Complete the following

a) List the first 5 multiples of 4 0 , 4 , 8 , 12 , 16

b) List the first five multiples of 6 0 , 6 , 12 , 18 , 24

c) List the first 6 multiples of 7 0 , 7 , 14 , 21 , 28 , 35

d) List the first 7 multiples of 3 0 , 3 , 6 , 9 , 12 , 15 , 18

How to find the least common multiple (LCM)?

The LCM is the smallest multiple (other than zero) that two or more
numbers have in common.
We can find the LCM using 2 methods:
1) Listing method
2) Prime Factorization method
Example: Find the LCM for 6 and 9:
First: Listing method
Multiples of 6: 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36,…..
Multiples of 9: 0, 9 , 18 LCM = 18

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 Second: Prime factorization method.
6=2x3 To find the LCM , we get the
product of all the numbers.
9= 3x3
Note: we count the repeated
LCM = 2 x 3 x 3 = 18
number once.

Exercise 2: Find the LCM using the listing method

a) Multiples of 5: 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 , 25
Multiples of 4: 0 , 4 , 8 , 12 , 16 , 20
LCM: 20

b) Multiples of 3: 0 , 3 , 6 , 9 , 12 , 15
Multiples of 6: 0 , 6 , 12
LCM: 6

c) Multiples of 2 : 0 , 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 , 12 , 14
Multiples of 7: 0 , 7 , 14
LCM: 14

d) Multiples of 8: 0 , 8 , 16 , 24 , 32 , 40
Multiples of 4: 0 , 4 , 8 , 12 , 16 , 20 , 24
Multiples of 6: 0 , 6 , 12 , 18 , 24
Common multiples: 0 , 24
LCM: 24

Note: The LCM of any 2 prime numbers equal their product

Example: to get the LCM of 5 and 7 find their product
5 x 7 = 35, so the LCM = 35
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Exercise 3: find the LCM using prime factorizing:

a) 6 , 9 and 8
6=2x3
9= 3x3
8=2x 2x2
LCM = 2 x 3 x 3 x 2 x 2 = 72

b) 32 and 48
32 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2
48 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x3
LCM = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 = 96

c) 8 and 12
8=2x2x2
12 = 2 x 2 x 3
LCM = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 = 24

d) 6 and 14
6=2x3
14 = 2 x 7
LCM = 2 x 3 x 7 = 42

Exercise 4: Complete
a) Composite is a number with more than one set of factor pairs.
b) 1 is a factor for all numbers
c) 0 is a multiple for all numbers
d) Prime number has only factor pair which is one and itself
e) Product Is the answer to a multiplication problem.
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 GCF or LCM

What kind of story problems What kind of story problems

might involve GCF? might involve finding LCM?
These problems usually These problems usually
involve dividing, cutting into involve something repeated,
pieces or breaking multiple items, or when two
something into groups. things occur at the same
time.

1) Nour is making snack bags for an upcoming trip. He has 6 oranges

and 12 pieces of dried fruit. He wants the snack bags to be
identical without any food left over. What is the greatest number
of snack bags Nour can make? Do you have to find the GCF of the
LCM? We will use GCF , GCF = 6 snack bags

2) Ola sells baskets of figs that each hold 9. She also sells bags of
apples that each hold 7. If she sells the same number of each,
what is the smallest quantity of each type of fruit that she sold?
Do you have to find the GCF or the LCM? We will use LCM,
LCM = 63

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3) Malak baked 30 servings of cakes and 48 servings of baklava for
her family. She wants to divide the desserts into containers so
that each person receives the same number of servings. How
many containers will she need? Do you have to find the GCF or
LCM? We will use GCF, GCf = 6 containers

3) Lara has 24 pens and 16 rulers. She wants to put them in groups.
a) What is the greatest number of groups that can be made so
that each group has the same number of items?
We will use GCF , GCF = 8 groups

b) How many pens will be in each group? 3 pens in each group

c) How many rulers will be in each group? 2 rulers in each group

4) Mona waters one of her plants every 4 days and another plant
every 6 days. If she waters both plants today. When is the next
time both plants will be watered on the same day?
We will use LCM, LCM = 12 days left

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 Unit 3 Multiplying by 2 digit number

Multiplying by powers of 10

Example: 2 x 3,000 = 6,000 (First, kick all the zeroes out)

40 x 200 = 8,000

Exercise 1: Complete
1. 4 x 1,000 = 4,000
2. 24 x 100 = 2400
3. 60 x 10 = 600
4. 1,000 x 70 = 70,000
5. 40 x 100 = 4000
6. 400,000 = 400 x 1,000
7. 800 = 8 x 100
8. 10,000 x 8 = 80,000

We can multiply by 2 digit number using 3 different ways:

1) Using Area model
2) Using distributive property
3) Using standard algorithm

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 First: Multiplying using Area model

Example: Multiply 193 x 24

First Expand 193 = 100 + 90 + 3 , 24 = 20 + 4 100 90 3
20 2000 1800 60

4 400 360 12

Then add all the products = 2000 + 1800 + 60 + 400 + 360 + 12 = 4,632

Exercise 2: Complete the area model:

40 8 500 20 5

50 2,000 400 70 35,000 1,400 350

2 80 16 6 3,000 120 30

2,000 + 400 + 80 + 16 = 2,496 35,000 + 1,400 + 3,000 + 350 + 120 + 30 = 39,900

20 4 100 70 2

30 600 120 30 3,000 2,100 60

6 120 24 8 800 560 16

600 + 120 + 120 + 24 = 864 3,000 + 2,100 + 800 + 560 + 60 + 16 = 6,536

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Exercise 3: Use area model to solve each of the following:
1. 25 x 6 = 150

2. 43 x 12 = 516

3. 125 x 42 = 5,250

4. 1,254 x 26 = 32,604

Second: Multiplying using Distributive property

Example: 46 x 27
=
(40 + 6) x (20 + 7) = (40 x 20) + (40 x 7) + (6 x 20) + (6 x 7)
800 + 280 + 120 + 42
= 1,242
Exercise 4: Distributive property
1. 15 x 26 = (10 x 20) + ( 10 X 6) + ( 5 x 20) + ( 5 x 6)

2. 254 x 42 = ( 200 x 40 ) + ( 200 x 2) + (50 X 40) + (50x 2 ) +

( 4 x 40 ) + ( 4 x 2)

3. 528 X 23 = (500 x 20) + (500 x 3) + (20 x 20) + (20 x 3) +

(8 x 20) + (8 x 3)
4. 487 x 65 = (400 x 60) + (400 x 5) + (80 x 60) + (80 x 5) +
(7 x 60) + (7 X, 5)

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Third: Multiplying using standard algorithm
Exercise 1: use standard algorithm strategy to find the result

1) 35 x 862 = 30,170 4) 7 x 134 = 938

2) 74 x 5641 = 417,434 5) 546 x 18 = 9,828

3) 2504 x 16 = 40,064 6) 18 x 107 = 1,926

Exercise 2: Complete
1) The product of 899 x 11 is closer to the product of 900 X 10

2) The estimation product of 971 x 23 is 1,000 x 20 = 20,000

3) 78 x 23 = (3 x 8) + (20 x 8) + (3 x 70) + (20 x 70)

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 Multiplication story problems
1) In February, Mona sold 402 kebabs. In March, she sold 753 kebabs.
She makes each kebab with 83 grams of meat.
How many grams of meat did she use in February and March?

February = 402 x 83 = 33,366

March = 753 x 83 = 62,499

2) Wael makes baklava. It needs 170 grams of pistachios, walnuts and

hazelnuts. In order to make enough for restaurant’s customers, he
needs to multiply his recipe by 18
How many grams of nuts will he need? 170 x 18 = 3,060

3) Ashraf runs 14 hours every week.

How many hours will he run in 25 weeks? 14 x 25 = 350

4) Youssef bought 100 pens of the same type. The price of each pen is
17 pounds.
How much money did Youssef pay? 17 x 100 = 1,700

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Unit 4
Division with whole numbers

28 ÷ 3 = 9 R1

Dividend Divisor Quotient Remainder

Remember:
6÷ 3 = 2 60 ÷ 20 = 3
60 ÷ 3 = 20 600 ÷ 20 = 30
600 ÷ 3 = 200 Note: we cross one zero
6,000 ÷ 3 = 2,000 from the divisor with one
zero from the dividend then
solve

Exercise 1: Complete
1) If 585 ÷ 5 = 117, then the dividend is 585

2) The remainder of 23 by 5 is 3

3) The quotient in 480 ÷ 10 = 48 is 48

4) 34 ÷ 4 = 8 r 2

5) 0 ÷ 15 = 0 , 15 ÷ 0 = Error

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 6) 13 ÷ 2 = 6 R 1

7) 27 ÷ 5 = 5 R 2

8) 3500 ÷ 7 = 500

9) 1800 ÷ 6 = 300

10) 4000 ÷ 5 = 800

11) 12000 ÷ 40 = 300

12) 2400 ÷ 80 = 30

13) 8100 ÷ 90 = 90

Dividing by a two digit number

We can divide by 2 digit number using 2 ways:
1) Area model method
2) Standard algorithm method

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First: Area model method

1,845 ÷ 15 =
First: write the divisor’s time table
15 x 1 = 15
15 x 2 = 30
15 x 3 = 45 1500 ÷ 15 300 ÷ 15 45 ÷ 15
15 x 4 = 60 Quotient = 100 = 20 =3
1,845 345 45
15 - 1,500 - 300 - 45
Divisor 345 45 00

Dividend

To get the final quotient, add the 3 numbers

= 100 + 20 + 3 = 123

Exercise 2: solve the following using area model(not included in exam)

1) 5,325 ÷ 25 =

2) 1,625 ÷ 13 =

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Second: Standard algorithm method
Exercise 3 : use standard algorithm to divide
1) 897 ÷ 4 = 224 R 1 4) 925 ÷ 6 = 154 R 1

2) 4,251 ÷ 34 = 125 R 1 5) 1376 ÷ 43 = 32

3) 1515 ÷ 15 = 101 6) 4,609 ÷ 13 = 354 R 7

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 Division and multistep story problems

1) A school distributed 840 books among 15 classes equally, find the

number of books in each class.
840 ÷ 15 = 56

2) A hotel consists of 180 rooms divided into some equal floors. Every
floor has 15 rooms, Find the number of floors.
180 ÷ 15 = 12

3) Mom baked a batch of 12 balah el sham. Two balah el sham fell on

the floor. If 4 children split the remaining balah el sham equally, how
many balah el sham will each child get?
12 – 2 = 10 , 10 ÷ 4 = 2 R 2

4) In one year, a textile factory used 11,650 meters of cotton, 4,950

fewer meters of silk than cotton, and 3,500 fewer meters of wool than
silk. How many meters of fabric were used in all?

Cotton = 11,650

Silk = 11,650 – 4 ,950 = 6,700

Wool = 6,700 – 3,500 = 3,200

Total meters of fabric = 11,650 + 6,700 + 3,200 = 21,550

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 5) There are 1,500 animals in one barn. There are 574 goats, 346 cows
and the rest are horses. If 80 horses were sold, how many horses are
left in that barn?

Total number of horses = 1,500 – (574 + 346) = 580

Number of horses left in the barn = 580 – 80 = 500

6) A charity wants to distribute 3,125 pounds among 25 people equally.

What is the share of each person?
3,125 ÷ 25 = 125

Complete each of the following:

1) If 4,092 ÷ 12 = 341, then 341 x 12 = 4,092

2) If 3,768 ÷ 24 = 157, then 24 x 157 = 3,768

3) If 325 ÷ 25 = 13, then 25 is called divisor

4) Quotient x divisor + remainder = dividend

5) 328 ÷ 18 = 18 R 4

6) 643 ÷ 1 = 643

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